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González-Trujano ME, Páez-Martínez N, Krengel F, Martínez-Vargas D, León-Santiago M, Cruz-López B, Puentes-Guerrero JM, Díaz-Cantón JK, Reyes-Chilpa R, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL. Central nervous system activity of a Tabernaemontana arborea alkaloid extract involves serotonergic and opioidergic neurotransmission in murine models. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105602. [PMID: 37423501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tabernaemontana arborea (Apocynaceae) is a Mexican tree species known to contain ibogan type alkaloids. This study aimed at determining central nervous system-related activities of an alkaloid extract obtained from the root bark of T. arborea. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to describe the alkaloid profile of the extract. A wide dosing range (0.1 to 56.2 mg/kg) of this extract was evaluated in different murine models. Electrical brain activity was examined by electroencephalography (EEG). The extract's effects on motor coordination, ambulatory activity, and memory were analyzed based on the rotarod, open field (OFT), and object recognition tests (ORT), respectively. Antidepressant and antinociceptive activities were determined using the forced swimming test (FST) and the formalin assay, respectively. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (1 mg/kg) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) was included in the latter experiments. GC-MS analysis (μg/mg extract) confirmed the presence of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) voacangine (207.00), ibogaine (106.33), vobasine (72.81), coronaridine (30.72), and ibogamine (24.2) as principal constituents of the extract, which exhibited dose- and receptor-dependent antidepressant (0.1 to 1 mg/kg; 5-HT1A) and antinociceptive (30 and 56.2 mg/kg; opioid) effects, without altering motor coordination, ambulatory activity, and memory. EEG indicated CNS depressant activity at high doses (30 and 56.2 mg/kg). The root bark of T. arborea contains a mixture of alkaloids that may hold therapeutic value in pain relief and the treatment of psychiatric diseases without causing neurotoxic activity at effective doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - N Páez-Martínez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Laboratorio Integrativo Para el Estudio de Sustancias Inhalables Adictivas, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - F Krengel
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s/n, Alcaldía Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, Mexico
| | - D Martínez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - M León-Santiago
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - B Cruz-López
- Laboratorio Integrativo Para el Estudio de Sustancias Inhalables Adictivas, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - J M Puentes-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - J K Díaz-Cantón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - S L Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- CONAHCyT-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Escolar S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Begunov RS, Sokolov AA. Biological Activity of Condensed Pyridine Derivatives with a Bridgehead Nitrogen Atom. Pharm Chem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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A microbial supply chain for production of the anti-cancer drug vinblastine. Nature 2022; 609:341-347. [PMID: 36045295 PMCID: PMC9452304 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse family of complex plant secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties, including the essential anti-cancer therapeutics vinblastine and vincristine1. As MIAs are difficult to chemically synthesize, the world’s supply chain for vinblastine relies on low-yielding extraction and purification of the precursors vindoline and catharanthine from the plant Catharanthus roseus, which is then followed by simple in vitro chemical coupling and reduction to form vinblastine at an industrial scale2,3. Here, we demonstrate the de novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast, and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine. The study showcases a very long biosynthetic pathway refactored into a microbial cell factory, including 30 enzymatic steps beyond the yeast native metabolites geranyl pyrophosphate and tryptophan to catharanthine and vindoline. In total, 56 genetic edits were performed, including expression of 34 heterologous genes from plants, as well as deletions, knock-downs and overexpression of ten yeast genes to improve precursor supplies towards de novo production of catharanthine and vindoline, from which semisynthesis to vinblastine occurs. As the vinblastine pathway is one of the longest MIA biosynthetic pathways, this study positions yeast as a scalable platform to produce more than 3,000 natural MIAs and a virtually infinite number of new-to-nature analogues. De novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine is carried out, positioning yeast as a scalable platform to produce many monoterpene indole alkaloids.
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González-Trujano ME, Krengel F, Reyes-Chilpa R, Villasana-Salazar B, González-Gómez JD, Santos-Valencia F, Urbina-Trejo E, Martínez A, Martínez-Vargas D. Tabernaemontana arborea and ibogaine induce paroxysmal EEG activity in freely moving mice: involvement of serotonin 5-HT 1A receptors. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:79-91. [PMID: 34999156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several Apocynaceae species, most notably Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and many Tabernaemontana species, produce ibogan-type alkaloids. Although a large amount of information exists about the Tabernaemontana genus, knowledge concerning chemistry and biological activity remains lacking for several species, especially related to their effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tabernaemontana arborea Rose ex J.D.Sm. (T. arborea) hydroalcoholic extract (30, 56.2 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) and two of its main alkaloids (ibogaine and voacangine, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity alone and in the presence of the chemical convulsant agent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 85 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. EEG spectral power analysis showed that T. arborea extract (56.2 and 100 mg/kg) and ibogaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) promoted a significant increase in the relative power of the delta band and a significant reduction in alpha band values, denoting a CNS depressant effect. Voacangine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) provoked an EEG flattening pattern. The PTZ-induced seizures were not modified in the presence of T. arborea, ibogaine, or voacangine. However, sudden death was observed in mice treated with T. arborea extract at 100 mg/kg, i.p., combined with PTZ. Because T. arborea extract (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and ibogaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.), but not voacangine (30 mg/kg, i.p.), induced paroxysmal activity in the EEG, both were explored in the presence of a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY100635, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). The antagonist abolished the paroxysmal activity provoked by T. arborea (100 mg/kg, i.p.) but not that observed with ibogaine, corroborating the participation of serotonin neurotransmission in the T. arborea effects. In conclusion, high doses of the T. arborea extract induced abnormal EEG activity due in part to the presence of ibogaine and involving serotonin 5-HT1A receptor participation. Nevertheless, other possible constituents and mechanisms might participate in this complex excitatory activity that would be interesting to explore in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Felix Krengel
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04360, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Benjamín Villasana-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - José David González-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Santos-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Urbina-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Adrián Martínez
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Epilepsia, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - David Martínez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Silva-Miranda M, Krengel F, Huerta-Salazar E, León-Santiago M, Díaz-Cantón JK, Espitia Pinzón C, Reyes-Chilpa R. Antimycobacterial Activity of Alkaloids and Extracts from Tabernaemontana alba and T. arborea. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:53-61. [PMID: 32392600 DOI: 10.1055/a-1157-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the main cause of death from a single infectious agent. Globally, according to the World Health Organization, in 2018, there were an estimated 1.2 million tuberculosis deaths. Moreover, there is a continuous appearance of drug-resistant strains. Thus, development of new antituberculosis medicines should receive high priority. Plant-derived natural products are promising candidates for this purpose. We therefore screened alkaloid extracts obtained from the root and stem barks of the Mexican Apocynaceae species Tabernaemontana alba and Tabernaemontana arborea, as well as the pure alkaloids ibogaine, voacangine, and voacamine, tested for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and cytotoxicity to mammalian Vero cells using the resazurin microtiter and the MTT assays, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-UV. T. arborea root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity against M. tuberculosis (MIC100 = 7.8 µg/mL) of the four extracts tested. HPLC suggested that voacangine and voacamine were the major components. The latter was isolated by column chromatography, and its chemical structure was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR, and MS. Unambiguous assignation was performed by HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments. Voacamine is a dimeric bis-indole-type alkaloid and is 15 times more potent than the monomeric ibogan-type alkaloids ibogaine and voacangine (MIC100 = 15.6, 250.0, and 250.0 µg/mL, respectively). However, all of these compounds showed cytotoxicity to Vero cells, with a poor selectivity index of 1.00, 0.16, and 1.42, respectively. This is the first report of voacamine activity against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Laura Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- CONACyT - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- CONACyT - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Felix Krengel
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Mayra León-Santiago
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jessica Karina Díaz-Cantón
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clara Espitia Pinzón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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González B, Fagúndez C, Peixoto de Abreu Lima A, Suescun L, Sellanes D, Seoane GA, Carrera I. Efficient Access to the Iboga Skeleton: Optimized Procedure to Obtain Voacangine from Voacanga africana Root Bark. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16755-16762. [PMID: 34250335 PMCID: PMC8264847 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids are a group of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with promising and intriguing biological activities. Ibogaine is the representative member of the series and has become widely known as a potent atypical psychedelic with promising effects to treat substance use disorder. Nowadays, an efficient and scalable enantioselective total synthesis of ibogaine and related iboga alkaloids is still lacking, so direct extraction from natural sources or semi-synthetic schemes are the methods of choice to obtain them in a preparative scale. In particular, ibogaine can be obtained either by a low yielding direct isolation from Tabernanthe iboga or using a semi-synthetic procedure from voacangine, an iboga alkaloid occurring in a higher yield in the root bark of Voacanga africana. In this work, we describe an optimized process to obtain voacangine from V. africana root bark as a precursor of the iboga scaffold. Using a direct acetone-based extraction procedure (0.5 kg of root bark), voacangine was isolated in ∼0.8% of root bark dried weight, while the major alkaloids isolated from the bark were identified as iboga-vobasinyl dimers (∼3.7%) such as voacamine and voacamidine. Since these alkaloids contain the voacangine moiety in their structure, the cleavage of the dimers was further optimized, affording an extra amount of voacangine in ∼50% isolated molar yield. In this manner, the total amount of voacangine obtained by application of the whole procedure to the plant material (extraction and dimer cleavage) could almost duplicate the content originally found in the root bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno González
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Catherine Fagúndez
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Peixoto de Abreu Lima
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leopoldo Suescun
- Laboratorio
de Cristalografía, Química del Estado Sólido
y Materiales, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría
de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diver Sellanes
- Siquimia
SRL, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 91000 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A. Seoane
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Iyer RN, Favela D, Zhang G, Olson DE. The iboga enigma: the chemistry and neuropharmacology of iboga alkaloids and related analogs. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:307-329. [PMID: 32794540 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020 Few classes of natural products have inspired as many chemists and biologists as have the iboga alkaloids. This family of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids includes the anti-addictive compound ibogaine as well as catharanthine, a precursor to the chemotherapeutic vinblastine. Despite being known for over 120 years, these small molecules continue to challenge our assumptions about biosynthetic pathways, catalyze our creativity for constructing complex architectures, and embolden new approaches for treating mental illness. This review will cover recent advances in both the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of iboga alkaloids as well as their use as next-generation neurotherapeutics. Whenever appropriate, we provide historical context for the discoveries of the past decade and indicate areas that have yet to be resolved. While significant progress regarding their chemistry and pharmacology has been made since the 1960s, it is clear that the iboga alkaloids will continue to stoke scientific innovation for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab N Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - David Favela
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Krengel F, Dickinson J, Jenks C, Reyes-Chilpa R. Quantitative Evaluation of a Mexican and a Ghanaian Tabernaemontana Species as Alternatives to Voacanga africana for the Production of Antiaddictive Ibogan Type Alkaloids. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000002. [PMID: 32232967 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In continuation of our efforts to provide quantitative information on antiaddictive ibogan type alkaloid-producing Tabernaemontana species, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to compare the alkaloid profiles of the barks and/or leaves of one Mexican and one African species - T. arborea and T. crassa, respectively, with the primary sources of commercially available semisynthetic ibogaine, Voacanga africana root and stem bark. The qualitative and quantitative similarities between T. arborea and V. africana barks consolidate previous reports regarding the potential of the former as a promising alternative source of voacangine and ibogaine. The results also suggest that T. crassa could be used to produce conopharyngine and ibogaline, two compounds with the same basic skeletal structure and possibly similar antiaddictive properties as ibogaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krengel
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación, Coyoacán, C.P., 04360, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.,Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación, Coyoacán, C.P., 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación, Coyoacán, C.P., 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
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