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Ofosu-Boateng M, Shaik F, Choi S, Ekuban FA, Gebreyesus LH, Twum E, Nnamani D, Yeyeodu ST, Yadak N, Collier DM, Gyamfi MA. High-fat diet induced obesity promotes inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatotoxicity in female FVB/N mice. Biofactors 2024; 50:572-591. [PMID: 38183321 PMCID: PMC11178471 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Although obesity and subsequent liver injury are increasingly prevalent in women, female mouse models have generally shown resistance to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We evaluated control and HFD-fed male and female FVB/N mice, a strain well-suited to transgenic analyses, for phenotypic, histological, and molecular markers related to control of glucose, lipids, and inflammation in serum, liver, and perigonadal white adipose tissues. Unlike many mouse models, HFD-fed FVB/N females gained more perigonadal and mesenteric fat mass and overall body weight than their male counterparts, with increased hepatic expression of lipogenic PPARγ target genes (Cd36, Fsp27, and Fsp27β), oxidative stress genes and protein (Nqo1 and CYP2E1), inflammatory gene (Mip-2), and the pro-fibrotic gene Pai-1, along with increases in malondialdehyde and serum ALT levels. Further, inherent to females (independently of HFD), hepatic antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1, HO-1) protein levels were reduced compared to their male counterparts. In contrast, males may have been relatively protected from HFD-induced oxidative stress and liver injury by elevated mRNA and protein levels of hepatic antioxidants BHMT and Gpx2, increased fatty acid oxidation genes in liver and adipocytes (Pparδ), despite disorganized and inflamed adipocytes. Thus, female FVB/N mice offer a valuable preclinical, genetically malleable model that recapitulates many of the features of diet-induced obesity and liver damage observed in human females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvin Ofosu-Boateng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Fathima Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Sora Choi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, 27707, NC
| | - Frederick A. Ekuban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Lidya H. Gebreyesus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Elizabeth Twum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Daniel Nnamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Susan T. Yeyeodu
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, 27707, NC
- Charles River Discovery Services, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Nour Yadak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Daniel M. Collier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Maxwell A. Gyamfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, 27707, NC
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Sarkar S, Chen S, Spencer B, Situ X, Afkarian M, Matsukuma K, Corwin MT, Wang G. Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Severity Associates with FGF21 Level and Kidney Glucose Uptake. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2021; 19:491-497. [PMID: 34448598 PMCID: PMC10027339 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of fatty liver disease that has been shown to be associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mechanism for the association of NASH with CKD remains unclear. In this study, we examined the association between NASH severity and kidney glucose uptake and the liver-secreted signaling molecule fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Methods: Kinetic parameters for kidney glucose transport rate (K1) and standardized uptake value (SUV) were determined using dynamic positron emission tomography after injection of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Liver biopsies were scored for NASH activity (inflammation and ballooning), fibrosis, and steatosis FGF21 was measured from fasting serum samples. Patients were categorized by liver biopsy and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the associations. Results: Of 41 NASH patients 73% were females, 71% white, 51% with steatosis ≥2, 39% with NASH activity ≥4 and fibrosis ≥3. With severe NASH activity, kidney SUV significantly increased even when adjusted for underlying insulin-resistant (IR) state. Kidney K1 decreased significantly in higher liver activity in unadjusted models but not when adjusted for IR. FGF21 decreased with severe liver activity in adjusted models (P < 0.05) and associated with kidney K1 but not SUV. Conclusion: Our pilot data indicate that kidney glucose metabolism associates with NASH activity and FGF21 levels, suggesting a potential mechanism to NASH-induced CKD. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT02754037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Sarkar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Spencer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiaolu Situ
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maryam Afkarian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Karen Matsukuma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael T Corwin
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Guobao Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Shill MC, Bepari AK, Khan M, Tasneem Z, Ahmed T, Hasan MA, Alam MJ, Hossain M, Rahman MA, Sharker SM, Shahriar M, Rahman GMS, Reza HM. Therapeutic Potentials of Colocasia affinis Leaf Extract for the Alleviation of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Diabetic Complications: In vivo and in silico-Based Studies. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:443-459. [PMID: 33642871 PMCID: PMC7903966 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s297348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) correlates with hepatic impairment, nephropathy, lipid abnormalities, and oxidative stress and subsequently complicates the disease pathogenesis. Medicinal plants have been used for the management of diabetes since ancient times. In this study, we explored the potentials of Colocasia affinis (CA), a plant known to possess anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities, as a remedy for diabetes and related complications. METHODS We induced diabetes in rats using a single intraperitoneal dose (65 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ). We next treated the rats with an ethanolic extract of leaves of CA to reveal its antidiabetic and organ-protective potentials. Biomarkers of diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured using biochemical and histopathological analysis. We also performed molecular docking for three major phytochemicals (kaempferol, myricetin, and rosmarinic acid) of CA. RESULTS Oral administration of the CA leaves extract at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses decreased blood glucose level significantly (p<0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The extract also considerably attenuated plasma HbA1c levels and normalized blood lipids, glycogen, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Additionally, treatment with the extract improved kidney complications by decreasing serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Furthermore, CA leaves extract normalized nitric oxide (NO) and advance oxidative protein products (AOPP) in diabetic rats. The extract also showed significant improvement of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione dismutase (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Besides, histological investigation demonstrated attenuation of inflammation of the vital organs, including the liver and the kidney. In silico studies revealed that three major phytochemicals (kaempferol, myricetin, and rosmarinic acid) of the ethanolic extract of leaves of CA can inhibit several molecular targets of diabetes and inflammation. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of CA for the mitigation of diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Chandra Shill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Asim Kumar Bepari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Mahi Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zarin Tasneem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tania Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asif Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahir Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Murad Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Shazid Md Sharker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Masum Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Sun J, Wang H, Yu J, Li T, Han Y. Protective effect of celastrol on type 2 diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6207-6216. [PMID: 33282271 PMCID: PMC7684594 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the protective effects of celastrol on mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to explore its underlying mechanism. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in serum were tested. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), GOT, and GPT in serum were also detected. The histopathological changes of liver tissues were observed by HE staining. The apoptosis cell number of liver tissues was measured by TUNEL staining. Nrf-2 and HO-1 protein and mRNA expression were evaluated by IHC, WB, and RT-PCR assay. Celastrol had effects to depress TG, TC, LDL-C, GPT, GOT, and MDA concentration and increase HDL-C and SOD concentration (p < .05, respectively) with dose-dependent. Compared with model group, apoptosis cell number was significantly depressed in Cel-treated groups with dose-dependent (p < .05, respectively). Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly improved in Cel-treated groups with dose-dependent (p < .05, respectively). Celastrol can inhibit the oxidative stress reaction and liver cell apoptosis via regulation Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in T2DM mice with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Sun
- The Second District of HepatopathyQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Hui‐juan Wang
- The Second District of HepatopathyQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Jun Yu
- The Second District of HepatopathyQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - TingTing Li
- The Second District of HepatopathyQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - YiDi Han
- The Second District of HepatopathyQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalQingdaoChina
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Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1273-1298. [PMID: 32591906 PMCID: PMC7462924 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) is involved in regulating tissue-specific glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to ensure homeostatic control of blood glucose levels. Reduced glucose transport activity results in aberrant use of energy substrates and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It is well established that GLUT2, the main regulator of hepatic hexose flux, and GLUT4, the workhorse in insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, are critical contributors in the control of whole-body glycemia. However, the molecular mechanism how insulin controls glucose transport across membranes and its relation to impaired glycemic control in type 2 diabetes remains not sufficiently understood. An array of circulating metabolites and hormone-like molecules and potential supplementary glucose transporters play roles in fine-tuning glucose flux between the different organs in response to an altered energy demand.
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TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2020-1-71-18-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Muzumbukilwa WT, Nlooto M, Owira PMO. Hepatoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) leaf extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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8
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Sviklāne L, Olmane E, Dzērve Z, Kupčs K, Pīrāgs V, Sokolovska J. Fatty liver index and hepatic steatosis index for prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 1 diabetes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:270-276. [PMID: 28464337 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Little is known about the diagnostic value of hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and fatty liver index (FLI), as well as their link to metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We have screened the effectiveness of FLI and HSI in an observational pilot study of 40 patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS FLI and HSI were calculated for 201 patients with type 1 diabetes. Forty patients with FLI/HSI values corresponding to different risk of liver steatosis were invited for liver magnetic resonance study. In-phase/opposed-phase technique of magnetic resonance was used. Accuracy of indices was assessed from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Twelve (30.0%) patients had liver steatosis. For FLI, sensitivity was 90%; specificity, 74%; positive likelihood ratio, 3.46; negative likelihood ratio, 0.14; positive predictive value, 0.64; and negative predictive value, 0.93. For HSI, sensitivity was 86%; specificity, 66%; positive likelihood ratio, 1.95; negative likelihood ratio, 0.21; positive predictive value, 0.50; and negative predictive value, 0.92. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for FLI was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [0.72; 0.99]); for HSI 0.75 [0.58; 0.91]. Liver fat correlated with liver enzymes, waist circumference, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein. FLI correlated with C-reactive protein, liver enzymes, and blood pressure. HSI correlated with waist circumference and C-reactive protein. FLI ≥ 60 and HSI ≥ 36 were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS The tested indices, especially FLI, can serve as surrogate markers for liver fat content and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sviklāne
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Evija Olmane
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Magnetic Resonance Center DiaMed, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Dzērve
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kārlis Kupčs
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Magnetic Resonance Center DiaMed, Riga, Latvia
| | - Valdis Pīrāgs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jeļizaveta Sokolovska
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Hendek MK, Şenses F, Kisa Ü, Aksoy N, Tekin U. Is the Level of Nitric Oxide in the Dental Follicular Tissues of Impacted Third Molars With a History of Recurrent Pericoronitis a True Marker of Oxidative Stress? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:2058-2062. [PMID: 28495408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) is an indicator of oxidative stress in several tissues. Its role in dental follicular (DF) tissues of impacted third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis is not well elucidated. The present study compared NO levels between inflamed and noninflamed DF tissues of impacted third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed. The study sample included inflamed DF tissues (test group) with certain local inflammatory symptoms, such as pain, tenderness, swelling, and erythema and noninflamed DF tissues (control group) without local inflammatory symptoms of impacted mandibular third molars. Each patient contributed only 1 specimen to the samples. All tissues samples were biochemically investigated for NO levels as an indicator of oxidative stress. The primary predictor variable was inflammatory status; secondary predictor variables were age and gender. The primary outcome variable was NO level. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted. RESULTS The test group consisted of 57 patients (28 men, 29 women; mean age, 23.28 ± 5.16 yr) and the control group consisted of 57 patients (30 men, 27 women; mean age, 23.02 ± 5.42 yr). No relevant intergroup differences were noted for demographic findings such as age and gender. NO levels were significantly higher in inflamed DF tissues of impacted third molars than in noninflamed DF tissues (P < .05). CONCLUSION Results of this study showed that NO might be used as an indicator of oxidative stress and the necessity to remove impacted mandibular third molars with a history of recurrent pericoronitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karsiyaka Hendek
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Şenses
- Doctor, Atasehir Oral and Dental Health Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Üçler Kisa
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Nurkan Aksoy
- Doctor, Department of Biochemistry, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Tekin
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Ošiņa K, Rostoka E, Isajevs S, Sokolovska J, Sjakste T, Sjakste N. Effects of an Antimutagenic 1,4-Dihydropyridine AV-153 on Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthases and DNA Repair-related Enzymes and Genes in Kidneys of Rats with a Streptozotocin Model of Diabetes Mellitus. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:458-463. [PMID: 27163882 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), including diabetic nephropathy, is a complex multi-stage process, dependent on many factors including the modification of nitric oxide (NO) production and an impaired DNA repair. The goal of this work was to study in vivo effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine AV-153, known as antimutagen and DNA binder, on the expression of several genes and proteins involved in NO metabolism and DNA repair in the kidneys of rats with a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of DM. Transcription intensity was monitored by means of real-time RT-PCR and the expression of proteins by immunohistochemistry. Development of DM significantly induced PARP1 protein expression, while AV-153 (0.5 mg/kg) administration decreased it. AV-153 increased the expression of Parp1 gene in the kidneys of both intact and diabetic animals. Expression of H2afx mRNA and γH2AX histone protein, a marker of DNA breakage, was not changed in diabetic animals, but AV-153 up-regulated the expression of the gene without any impact on the protein expression. Development of DM was followed by a significant increase in iNOS enzyme expression, while AV-153 down-regulated the enzyme expression up to normal levels. iNos gene expression was also found to be increased in diabetic animals, but unlike the protein, the expression of mRNA was found to be enhanced by AV-153 administration. Expression of both eNOS protein and eNos gene in the kidneys was down-regulated, and the administration of AV-153 normalized the expression level. The effects of the compound in the kidneys of diabetic animals appear to be beneficial, as a trend for the normalization of expression of NO synthases is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristīne Ošiņa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia. .,Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia.
| | - Evita Rostoka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Isajevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jelizaveta Sokolovska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Sjakste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Nikolajs Sjakste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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