1
|
Tchatchouang S, Andre Mbongue Mikangue C, Kenmoe S, Bowo-Ngandji A, Mahamat G, Thierry Ebogo-Belobo J, Serge Mbaga D, Rodrigue Foe-Essomba J, Numfor H, Irma Kame-Ngasse G, Nyebe I, Bosco Taya-Fokou J, Zemnou-Tepap C, Félicité Yéngué J, Nina Magoudjou-Pekam J, Gertrude Djukouo L, Antoinette Kenmegne Noumbissi M, Kenfack-Momo R, Aimee Touangnou-Chamda S, Flore Feudjio A, Gael Oyono M, Paola Demeni Emoh C, Raoul Tazokong H, Zeukeng F, Kengne-Ndé C, Njouom R, Flore Donkeng Donfack V, Eyangoh S. Systematic review: Global host range, case fatality and detection rates of Mycobacterium ulcerans in humans and potential environmental sources. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 36:100457. [PMID: 39026996 PMCID: PMC11254744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fundamental aspects of the epidemiology and ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) infections including disease burden, host range, reservoir, intermediate hosts, vector and mode of transmission are poorly understood. Understanding the global distribution and burden of MU infections is a paramount to fight against Buruli ulcer (BU). Four databases were queried from inception through December 2023. After critical review of published resources on BU, 155 articles (645 records) published between 1987 and 2023 from 16 countries were selected for this review. Investigating BU in from old endemic and new emerging foci has allowed detection of MU in humans, animals, plants and various environmental samples with prevalence from 0 % up to 100 % depending of the study design. A case fatality rate between 0.0 % and 50 % was described from BU patients and deaths occurred in Central African Republic, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso and Australia. The prevalence of MU in humans was higher in Africa. Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) and non-NAAT were performed in > 38 animal species. MU has been recovered in culture from possum faeces, aquatic bugs and koala. More than 7 plant species and several environmental samples have been tested positive for MU. This review provided a comprehensive set of data on the updates of geographic distribution, the burden of MU infections in humans, and the host range of MU in non-human organisms. Although MU have been found in a wide range of environmental samples, only few of these have revealed the viability of the mycobacterium and the replicative non-human reservoirs of MU remain to be explored. These findings should serve as a foundation for further research on the reservoirs, intermediate hosts and transmission routes of MU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Hycenth Numfor
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin Gael Oyono
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Sara Eyangoh
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paulsel TQ, Williams GJ. Current State-of-the-Art Toward Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300386. [PMID: 37615926 PMCID: PMC10964317 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyketide natural products have significant promise as pharmaceutical targets for human health and as molecular tools to probe disease and complex biological systems. While the biosynthetic logic of polyketide synthases (PKS) is well-understood, biosynthesis of designer polyketides remains challenging due to several bottlenecks, including substrate specificity constraints, disrupted protein-protein interactions, and protein solubility and folding issues. Focusing on substrate specificity, PKSs are typically interrogated using synthetic thioesters. PKS assembly lines and their products offer a wealth of information when studied in a chemoenzymatic fashion. This review provides an overview of the past two decades of polyketide chemoenzymatic synthesis and their contributions to the field of chemical biology. These synthetic strategies have successfully yielded natural product derivatives while providing critical insights into enzymatic promiscuity and mechanistic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus Q Paulsel
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University Dabney Hall, Room 208, Campus Box 8204, 2620 Yarbrough Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University Dabney Hall, Room 208, Campus Box 8204, 2620 Yarbrough Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stark F, Hoffmann A, Ihle N, Loderer C, Ansorge-Schumacher MB. Extended Scope and Understanding of Zinc-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenases for Reduction of Cyclic α-Diketones. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300290. [PMID: 37167138 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are important tools for generating chiral α-hydroxyketones. Previously, only the ADH of Thauera aromatica was known to convert cyclic α-diketones with appropriate preference. Here, we extend the spectrum of suitable enzymes by three alcohol dehydrogenases from Citrifermentans bemidjiense (CibADH), Deferrisoma camini (DecADH), and Thauera phenylacetica (ThpADH). Of these, DecADH is characterized by very high thermostability; CibADH and ThpADH convert α-halogenated cyclohexanones with increased activity. Otherwise, however, the substrate spectrum of all four ADHs is highly conserved. Structural considerations led to the conclusion that conversion of diketones requires not only the expansion of the active site into a large binding pocket, but also the circumferential modification of almost all amino acid residues that form the first shell of the binding pocket. The constellation appears to be overall highly specific for the relative positioning of the carbonyl functions and the size of the C-ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Stark
- Professur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aaron Hoffmann
- Professur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Ihle
- Professur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Loderer
- Professur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schröder M, Roß T, Hemmerling F, Hahn F. Studying a Bottleneck of Multimodular Polyketide Synthase Processing: the Polyketide Structure-Dependent Performance of Ketoreductase Domains. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1030-1037. [PMID: 35412301 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ketoreductases (KRs) are canonical domains of type I polyketide synthases (PKSs). They stereoselectively reduce ACP-bound β-ketothioester intermediates and are responsible for a large part of the stereocenters in reduced polyketides. Albeit essential for the understanding and engineering of PKS, the specific effects of altering the polyketide part of KR precursors on their performance has rarely been studied. We present investigations on the substrate-dependent performance of six isolated KR domains using a library of structurally diverse surrogates for PKS thioester intermediates. A pronounced correlation between the polyketide structure and the KR performance was observed with activity and stereoselectivity diminishing with growing deviation from the natural KR precursor structure. The extent of this decrease and the profile of arising side products was characteristic for the individual KRs. Our results reinforce the importance of structure-KR performance relationships and suggest extended studies with isolated domains and whole PKS modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schröder
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Roß
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franziska Hemmerling
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stark F, Loderer C, Petchey M, Grogan G, Ansorge-Schumacher M. Advanced Insights into Catalytic and Structural Features of the Zinc-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thauera aromatica. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200149. [PMID: 35557486 PMCID: PMC9400901 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of ketones to chiral hydroxyl compounds by alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) is an established strategy for the provision of valuable precursors for fine chemicals and pharmaceutics. However, most ADHs favor linear aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, and suitable biocatalysts with preference for cyclic ketones and diketones are still scarce. Among the few candidates, the alcohol dehydrogenase from Thauera aromatica (ThaADH) stands out with a high activity for the reduction of the cyclic α‐diketone 1,2‐cyclohexanedione to the corresponding α‐hydroxy ketone. This study elucidates catalytic and structural features of the enzyme. ThaADH showed a remarkable thermal and pH stability as well as stability in the presence of polar solvents. A thorough description of the substrate scope combined with the resolution and description of the crystal structure, demonstrated a strong preference of ThaADH for cyclic α‐substituted cyclohexanones, and indicated structural determinants responsible for the unique substrate acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Stark
- TU Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden, Molecular Biotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Christoph Loderer
- TU Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden, Molecular Biotechnology, GERMANY
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wunderlich J, Roß T, Schröder M, Hahn F. Step-Economic Synthesis of Biomimetic β-Ketopolyene Thioesters and Demonstration of Their Usefulness in Enzymatic Biosynthesis Studies. Org Lett 2020; 22:4955-4959. [PMID: 32610930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biosynthetic processing of polyene thioester intermediates are complicated by limited access to appropriate substrate surrogates. We present a step-economic synthetic access to biomimetic β-ketopolyene thioesters that is based on an Ir-catalyzed reductive Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. New β-ketotriene and pentaenethioates of pantetheine and N-acetylcysteamine were exemplarily synthesized via short and concise routes. The usefulness of these compounds was demonstrated in an in vitro assay with the ketoreductase domain MycKRB from mycolactone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wunderlich
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Theresa Roß
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marius Schröder
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Drufva EE, Hix EG, Bailey CB. Site directed mutagenesis as a precision tool to enable synthetic biology with engineered modular polyketide synthases. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:62-80. [PMID: 32637664 PMCID: PMC7327777 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a multidomain megasynthase class of biosynthetic enzymes that have great promise for the development of new compounds, from new pharmaceuticals to high value commodity and specialty chemicals. Their colinear biosynthetic logic has been viewed as a promising platform for synthetic biology for decades. Due to this colinearity, domain swapping has long been used as a strategy to introduce molecular diversity. However, domain swapping often fails because it perturbs critical protein-protein interactions within the PKS. With our increased level of structural elucidation of PKSs, using judicious targeted mutations of individual residues is a more precise way to introduce molecular diversity with less potential for global disruption of the protein architecture. Here we review examples of targeted point mutagenesis to one or a few residues harbored within the PKS that alter domain specificity or selectivity, affect protein stability and interdomain communication, and promote more complex catalytic reactivity.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACP, acyl carrier protein
- AT, acyltransferase
- DEBS, 6-deoxyerthronolide B synthase
- DH, dehydratase
- EI, enoylisomerase
- ER, enoylreductase
- KR, ketoreductase
- KS, ketosynthase
- LM, loading module
- MT, methyltransferase
- Mod, module
- PKS, polyketide synthase
- PS, pyran synthase
- Polyketide synthase
- Protein engineering
- Rational design
- SNAC, N-acetyl cysteamine
- Saturation mutagenesis
- Site directed mutagenesis
- Synthetic biology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Drufva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Elijah G. Hix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Constance B. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hollmann T, Berkhan G, Wagner L, Sung KH, Kolb S, Geise H, Hahn F. Biocatalysts from Biosynthetic Pathways: Enabling Stereoselective, Enzymatic Cycloether Formation on a Gram Scale. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollmann
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gesche Berkhan
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Wagner
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kwang Hoon Sung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Protein Facility, ILAb Co., Ltd. NP513, The Catholic University of Korea, 420-743 Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Kolb
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hendrik Geise
- Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moretto L, Vance S, Heames B, Broadhurst RW. Dissecting how modular polyketide synthase ketoreductases interact with acyl carrier protein-attached substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11457-11460. [PMID: 28980673 PMCID: PMC6038798 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interaction studies using fragments excised from the modular mycolactone polyketide synthase show that ketoreductase domains possess a generic binding site for acyl carrier protein domains and provide evidence that the pendant 5'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group plays a key role in delivering acyl substrates to the active site in the correct orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Moretto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences
, The University of Texas at Austin
,
Austin
, TX 78712
, USA
| | - Steven Vance
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd
,
Meditrina Building 260
, Babraham Research Campus
, Cambridge CB22 3AT
, UK
| | - Brennan Heames
- Department of Biochemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
80 Tennis Court Road
, Cambridge CB2 1GA
, UK
.
| | - R. William Broadhurst
- Department of Biochemistry
, University of Cambridge
,
80 Tennis Court Road
, Cambridge CB2 1GA
, UK
.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weissman KJ. Polyketide stereocontrol: a study in chemical biology. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:348-371. [PMID: 28326145 PMCID: PMC5331325 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of reduced polyketides in bacteria by modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) proceeds with exquisite stereocontrol. As the stereochemistry is intimately linked to the strong bioactivity of these molecules, the origins of stereochemical control are of significant interest in attempts to create derivatives of these compounds by genetic engineering. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this key aspect of the biosynthetic pathways. Given that much of this information has been obtained using chemical biology tools, work in this area serves as a showcase for the power of this approach to provide answers to fundamental biological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira J Weissman
- UMR 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bayly CL, Yadav VG. Towards Precision Engineering of Canonical Polyketide Synthase Domains: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020235. [PMID: 28165430 PMCID: PMC6155766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (mPKSs) build functionalized polymeric chains, some of which have become blockbuster therapeutics. Organized into repeating clusters (modules) of independently-folding domains, these assembly-line-like megasynthases can be engineered by introducing non-native components. However, poor introduction points and incompatible domain combinations can cause both unintended products and dramatically reduced activity. This limits the engineering and combinatorial potential of mPKSs, precluding access to further potential therapeutics. Different regions on a given mPKS domain determine how it interacts both with its substrate and with other domains. Within the assembly line, these interactions are crucial to the proper ordering of reactions and efficient polyketide construction. Achieving control over these domain functions, through precision engineering at key regions, would greatly expand our catalogue of accessible polyketide products. Canonical mPKS domains, given that they are among the most well-characterized, are excellent candidates for such fine-tuning. The current minireview summarizes recent advances in the mechanistic understanding and subsequent precision engineering of canonical mPKS domains, focusing largely on developments in the past year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Bayly
- Department of Genome Sciences & Technology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sticky swinging arm dynamics: studies of an acyl carrier protein domain from the mycolactone polyketide synthase. Biochem J 2016; 473:1097-110. [PMID: 26920023 PMCID: PMC4847154 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) and loaded with acyl substrate-mimics, some 4′-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group arms swing freely, whereas others stick to the protein surface, suggesting a possible mode of interaction with enzyme domains during polyketide biosynthesis. Type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce polyketide natural products by passing a growing acyl substrate chain between a series of enzyme domains housed within a gigantic multifunctional polypeptide assembly. Throughout each round of chain extension and modification reactions, the substrate stays covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain. In the present study we report on the solution structure and dynamics of an ACP domain excised from MLSA2, module 9 of the PKS system that constructs the macrolactone ring of the toxin mycolactone, cause of the tropical disease Buruli ulcer. After modification of apo ACP with 4′-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) to create the holo form, 15N nuclear spin relaxation and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) experiments suggest that the prosthetic group swings freely. The minimal chemical shift perturbations displayed by Ppant-attached C3 and C4 acyl chains imply that these substrate-mimics remain exposed to solvent at the end of a flexible Ppant arm. By contrast, hexanoyl and octanoyl chains yield much larger chemical shift perturbations, indicating that they interact with the surface of the domain. The solution structure of octanoyl-ACP shows the Ppant arm bending to allow the acyl chain to nestle into a nonpolar pocket, whereas the prosthetic group itself remains largely solvent exposed. Although the highly reduced octanoyl group is not a natural substrate for the ACP from MLSA2, similar presentation modes would permit partner enzyme domains to recognize an acyl group while it is bound to the surface of its carrier protein, allowing simultaneous interactions with both the substrate and the ACP.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bailey CB, Pasman ME, Keatinge-Clay AT. Substrate structure-activity relationships guide rational engineering of modular polyketide synthase ketoreductases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:792-5. [PMID: 26568113 PMCID: PMC4690787 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthase ketoreductases can set two chiral centers through a single reduction. To probe the basis of stereocontrol, a structure-activity relationship study was performed with three α-methyl, β-ketothioester substrates and four ketoreductases. Since interactions with the β-ketoacyl moiety were found to be most critical, residues implicated in contacting this moiety were mutated. Two mutations were sufficient to completely reverse the stereoselectivity of the model ketoreductase EryKR1, converting it from an enzyme that generates (2S,3R)-products into one that yields (2S,3S)-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance B Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Marjolein E Pasman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Adrian T Keatinge-Clay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway Stop A5000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding W, Li Y, Zhang Q. Substrate-Controlled Stereochemistry in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1590-8. [PMID: 25844528 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are generally believed to be highly regio- and stereoselective catalysts that strictly control the reaction coordinates and dominate the final catalytic outcomes. However, recent studies have started to suggest that substrates sometimes play key roles in determining the product selectivity in enzyme catalysis. Here, we highlight several enzymatic reactions in which the stereoselectivity is, at least in large part, governed by the intrinsic properties of the substrate rather than by characteristics of the enzyme. These reactions are involved in the biosynthesis of different classes of natural products, including lanthipeptides, sactipeptides, and polyketides. Understanding the mechanism of substrate-controlled stereospecificity may not only expand our knowledge of enzyme catalysis and enzyme evolution but also guide bioengineering efforts to produce novel valuable products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Annaval T, Paris C, Leadlay PF, Jacob C, Weissman KJ. Evaluating Ketoreductase Exchanges as a Means of Rationally Altering Polyketide Stereochemistry. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1357-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Li Y, Fiers WD, Bernard S, Smith JL, Aldrich CC, Fecik RA. Polyketide intermediate mimics as probes for revealing cryptic stereochemistry of ketoreductase domains. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2914-22. [PMID: 25299319 PMCID: PMC4273979 DOI: 10.1021/cb5006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among natural product families, polyketides have shown the most promise for combinatorial biosynthesis of natural product-like libraries. Though recent research in the area has provided many mechanistic revelations, a basic-level understanding of kinetic and substrate tolerability is still needed before the full potential of combinatorial biosynthesis can be realized. We have developed a novel set of chemical probes for the study of ketoreductase domains of polyketide synthases. This chemical tool-based approach was validated using the ketoreductase of pikromycin module 2 (PikKR2) as a model system. Triketide substrate mimics 12 and 13 were designed to increase stability (incorporating a nonhydrolyzable thioether linkage) and minimize nonessential functionality (truncating the phosphopantetheinyl arm). PikKR2 reduction product identities as well as steady-state kinetic parameters were determined by a combination of LC-MS/MS analysis of synthetic standards and a NADPH consumption assay. The d-hydroxyl product is consistent with bioinformatic analysis and results from a complementary biochemical and molecular biological approach. When compared to widely employed substrates in previous studies, diketide 63 and trans-decalone 64, substrates 12 and 13 showed 2-10 fold lower K(M) values (2.4 ± 0.8 and 7.8 ± 2.7 mM, respectively), indicating molecular recognition of intermediate-like substrates. Due to an abundance of the nonreducable enol-tautomer, the k(cat) values were attenuated by as much as 15-336 fold relative to known substrates. This study reveals the high stereoselectivity of PikKR2 in the face of gross substrate permutation, highlighting the utility of a chemical probe-based approach in the study of polyketide ketoreductases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William D. Fiers
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steffen
M. Bernard
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biological
Chemistry,
and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janet L. Smith
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biological
Chemistry,
and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert A. Fecik
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
He HY, Yuan H, Tang MC, Tang GL. An Unusual Dehydratase Acting on Glycerate and a Ketoreducatse Stereoselectively Reducing α-Ketone in Polyketide Starter Unit Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Piasecki SK, Zheng J, Axelrod AJ, Detelich M, Keatinge-Clay AT. Structural and functional studies of a trans-acyltransferase polyketide assembly line enzyme that catalyzes stereoselective α- and β-ketoreduction. Proteins 2014; 82:2067-77. [PMID: 24634061 PMCID: PMC4142079 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While the cis-acyltransferase modular polyketide synthase assembly lines have largely been structurally dissected, enzymes from within the recently discovered trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthase assembly lines are just starting to be observed crystallographically. Here we examine the ketoreductase (KR) from the first polyketide synthase module of the bacillaene nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase at 2.35-Å resolution. This KR naturally reduces both α- and β-keto groups and is the only KR known to do so during the biosynthesis of a polyketide. The isolated KR not only reduced an N-acetylcysteamine-bound β-keto substrate to a D-β-hydroxy product, but also an N-acetylcysteamine-bound α-keto substrate to an L-α-hydroxy product. That the substrates must enter the active site from opposite directions to generate these stereochemistries suggests that the acyl-phosphopantetheine moiety is capable of accessing very different conformations despite being anchored to a serine residue of a docked acyl carrier protein. The features enabling stereocontrolled α-ketoreduction may not be extensive since a KR that naturally reduces a β-keto group within a cis-acyltransferase polyketide synthase was identified that performs a completely stereoselective reduction of the same α-keto substrate to generate the D-α-hydroxy product. A sequence analysis of trans-acyltransferase KRs reveals that a single residue, rather than a three-residue motif found in cis-acyltransferase KRs, is predictive of the orientation of the resulting β-hydroxyl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K. Piasecki
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jianting Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Abram J. Axelrod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Madeline Detelich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adrian T. Keatinge-Clay
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He HY, Yuan H, Tang MC, Tang GL. An unusual dehydratase acting on glycerate and a ketoreducatse stereoselectively reducing α-ketone in polyketide starter unit biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11315-9. [PMID: 25160004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) usually employ a ketoreductase (KR) to catalyze the reduction of a β-keto group, followed by a dehydratase (DH) that drives the dehydration to form a double bond between the α- and β-carbon atoms. Herein, a DH*-KR* involved in FR901464 biosynthesis was characterized: DH* acts on glyceryl-S-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to yield ACP-linked pyruvate; subsequently KR* reduces α-ketone that yields L-lactyl-S-ACP as starter unit for polyketide biosynthesis. Genetic and biochemical evidence was found to support a similar pathway that is involved in the biosynthesis of lankacidins. These results not only identified new PKS domains acting on different substrates, but also provided additional options for engineering the PKS starter pathway or biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Quadri LEN. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial lipids by polyketide synthases and beyond. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:179-211. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.896859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
22
|
Hahn F, Kandziora N, Friedrich S, Leadlay PF. Synthesis of complex intermediates for the study of a dehydratase from borrelidin biosynthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:634-640. [PMID: 24778714 PMCID: PMC3999764 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the syntheses of a complex biosynthesis-intermediate analogue of the potent antitumor polyketide borrelidin and of reference molecules to determine the stereoselectivity of the dehydratase of borrelidin polyketide synthase module 3. The target molecules were obtained from a common precursor aldehyde in the form of N-acetylcysteamine (SNAc) thioesters and methyl esters in 13 to 15 steps. Key steps for the assembly of the polyketide backbone of the dehydratase substrate analogue were a Yamamoto asymmetric carbocyclisation and a Sakurai allylation as well as an anti-selective aldol reaction. Reference compounds representing the E- and Z-configured double bond isomers as potential products of the dehydratase reaction were obtained from a common precursor aldehyde by Wittig olefination and Still–Gennari olefination. The final deprotection of TBS ethers and methyl esters was performed under mildly acidic conditions followed by pig liver esterase-mediated chemoselective hydrolysis. These conditions are compatible with the presence of a coenzyme A or a SNAc thioester, suggesting that they are generally applicable to the synthesis of complex polyketide-derived thioesters suited for biosynthesis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Kandziora
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffen Friedrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Francis Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chany AC, Tresse C, Casarotto V, Blanchard N. History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat Prod Rep 2014; 30:1527-67. [PMID: 24178858 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease) have a long history that can be traced back 150 years. The successive discoveries of the mycobacteria in 1948 and of mycolactone A/B in 1999, the toxin responsible for this dramatic necrotic skin disease, resulted in a paradigm shift concerning the disease itself and in a broader sense, delineated an entirely new role for bioactive polyketides as virulence factors. The fascinating history, biology and chemistry of M. ulcerans infections are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, EA4566, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kandziora N, Andexer JN, Moss SJ, Wilkinson B, Leadlay PF, Hahn F. Uncovering the origin of Z-configured double bonds in polyketides: intermediate E-double bond formation during borrelidin biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dehydratase domain BorDH3 is assayed with a synthetic surrogate of the predicted tetraketide substrate and shown to be E-selective. Detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis of pre-borrelidin assigns the timing of the E-5 Z-isomerization to the very final steps of borrelidin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kandziora
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
- Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Steven J. Moss
- Isomerase Therapeutics
- Chesterford Research Park
- Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- John Innes Centre Norwich NR4 7UH
- UK
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
- Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kitsche A, Kalesse M. Configurational Assignment of Secondary Hydroxyl Groups and Methyl Branches in Polyketide Natural Products through Bioinformatic Analysis of the Ketoreductase Domain. Chembiochem 2013; 14:851-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
26
|
Zou Y, Yin H, Kong D, Deng Z, Lin S. ATrans-Acting Ketoreductase in Biosynthesis of a Symmetric Polyketide Dimer SIA7248. Chembiochem 2013; 14:679-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
27
|
Piasecki SK, Taylor CA, Detelich JF, Liu J, Zheng J, Komsoukaniants A, Siegel DR, Keatinge-Clay AT. Employing modular polyketide synthase ketoreductases as biocatalysts in the preparative chemoenzymatic syntheses of diketide chiral building blocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1331-40. [PMID: 22035802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chiral building blocks are valuable intermediates in the syntheses of natural products and pharmaceuticals. A scalable chemoenzymatic route to chiral diketides has been developed that includes the general synthesis of α-substituted, β-ketoacyl N-acetylcysteamine thioesters followed by a biocatalytic cycle in which a glucose-fueled NADPH-regeneration system drives reductions catalyzed by isolated modular polyketide synthase (PKS) ketoreductases (KRs). To identify KRs that operate as active, stereospecific biocatalysts, 11 isolated KRs were incubated with 5 diketides and their products were analyzed by chiral chromatography. KRs that naturally reduce small polyketide intermediates were the most active and stereospecific toward the panel of diketides. Several biocatalytic reactions were scaled up to yield more than 100 mg of product. These syntheses demonstrate the ability of PKS enzymes to economically and greenly generate diverse chiral building blocks on a preparative scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Piasecki
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strohmeier GA, Pichler H, May O, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Application of Designed Enzymes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4141-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100386u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver May
- DSM—Innovative Synthesis BV, Geleen, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Javidpour P, Korman TP, Shakya G, Tsai SC. Structural and biochemical analyses of regio- and stereospecificities observed in a type II polyketide ketoreductase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4638-49. [PMID: 21506596 DOI: 10.1021/bi200335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type II polyketides include antibiotics such as tetracycline and chemotherapeutics such as daunorubicin. Type II polyketides are biosynthesized by the type II polyketide synthase (PKS) that consists of 5-10 stand-alone domains. In many type II PKSs, the type II ketoreductase (KR) specifically reduces the C9-carbonyl group. How the type II KR achieves such a high regiospecificity and the nature of stereospecificity are not well understood. Sequence alignment of KRs led to a hypothesis that a well-conserved 94-XGG-96 motif may be involved in controlling the stereochemistry. The stereospecificity of single-, double-, and triple-mutant combinations of P94L, G95D, and G96D were analyzed in vitro and in vivo for the actinorhodin KR (actKR). The P94L mutation is sufficient to change the stereospecificity of actKR. Binary and ternary crystal structures of both wild-type and P94L actKR were determined. Together with assay results, docking simulations, and cocrystal structures, a model for stereochemical control is presented herein that elucidates how type II polyketides are introduced into the substrate pocket such that the C9-carbonyl can be reduced with high regio- and stereospecificities. The molecular features of actKR important for regio- and stereospecificities can potentially be applied in biosynthesizing new polyketides via protein engineering that rationally controls polyketide keto reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Javidpour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kwan DH, Tosin M, Schläger N, Schulz F, Leadlay PF. Insights into the stereospecificity of ketoreduction in a modular polyketide synthase. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2053-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Ko KS, Alexander MD, Fontaine SD, Biggs-Houck JE, La Clair JJ, Burkart MD. Synthetic studies on the mycolactone core. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5159-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Valenzano CR, Lawson RJ, Chen AY, Khosla C, Cane DE. The biochemical basis for stereochemical control in polyketide biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18501-11. [PMID: 19928853 PMCID: PMC3699857 DOI: 10.1021/ja908296m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking features of complex polyketides is the presence of numerous methyl- and hydroxyl-bearing stereogenic centers. To investigate the biochemical basis for the control of polyketide stereochemistry and to establish the timing and mechanism of the epimerization at methyl-bearing centers, a series of incubations was carried out using reconstituted components from a variety of modular polyketide synthases. In all cases the stereochemistry of the product was directly correlated with the intrinsic stereospecificity of the ketoreductase domain, independent of the particular chain elongation domains that were used, thereby establishing that methyl group epimerization, when it does occur, takes place after ketosynthase-catalyzed chain elongation. The finding that there were only minor differences in the rates of product formation observed for parallel incubations using an epimerizing ketoreductase domain and the nonepimerizing ketoreductase domain supports the proposal that the epimerization is catalyzed by the ketoreductase domain itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara R. Valenzano
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108
| | - Rachel J. Lawson
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108
| | - Alice Y. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buruli ulcer: reductive evolution enhances pathogenicity of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:50-60. [PMID: 19079352 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Buruli ulcer is an emerging human disease caused by infection with a slow-growing pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans, that produces mycolactone, a cytotoxin with immunomodulatory properties. The disease is associated with wetlands in certain tropical countries, and evidence for a role of insects in transmission of this pathogen is growing. Comparative genomic analysis has revealed that M. ulcerans arose from Mycobacterium marinum, a ubiquitous fast-growing aquatic species, by horizontal transfer of a virulence plasmid that carries a cluster of genes for mycolactone production, followed by reductive evolution. Here, the ecology, microbiology, evolutionary genomics and immunopathology of Buruli ulcer are reviewed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Pidot SJ, Hong H, Seemann T, Porter JL, Yip MJ, Men A, Johnson M, Wilson P, Davies JK, Leadlay PF, Stinear TP. Deciphering the genetic basis for polyketide variation among mycobacteria producing mycolactones. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:462. [PMID: 18840298 PMCID: PMC2569948 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycolactones are immunosuppressive and cytotoxic polyketides, comprising five naturally occurring structural variants (named A/B, C, D, E and F), produced by different species of very closely related mycobacteria including the human pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans. In M. ulcerans strain Agy99, mycolactone A/B is produced by three highly homologous type I polyketide megasynthases (PKS), whose genes (mlsA1: 51 kb, mlsA2: 7.2 kb and mlsB: 42 kb) are found on a 174 kb plasmid, known as pMUM001. Results We report here comparative genomic analysis of pMUM001, the complete DNA sequence of a 190 kb megaplasmid (pMUM002) from Mycobacterium liflandii 128FXT and partial sequence of two additional pMUM replicons, combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. These data reveal how PKS module and domain differences affecting MlsB correlate with the production of mycolactones E and F. For mycolactone E these differences from MlsB in M. ulcerans Agy99 include replacement of the AT domain of the loading module (acetate to propionate) and the absence of an entire extension module. For mycolactone F there is also a reduction of one extension module but also a swap of ketoreductase domains that explains the characteristic stereochemistry of the two terminal side-chain hydroxyls, an arrangement unique to mycolactone F Conclusion The mycolactone PKS locus on pMUM002 revealed the same large, three-gene structure and extraordinary pattern of near-identical PKS domain sequence repetition as observed in pMUM001 with greater than 98.5% nucleotide identity among domains of the same function. Intra- and inter-strain comparisons suggest that the extreme sequence homogeneity seen among the mls PKS genes is caused by frequent recombination-mediated domain replacement. This work has shed light on the evolution of mycolactone biosynthesis among an unusual group of mycobacteria and highlights the potential of the mls locus to become a toolbox for combinatorial PKS biochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Meier JL, Barrows-Yano T, Foley TL, Wike CL, Burkart MD. The unusual macrocycle forming thioesterase of mycolactone. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:663-71. [PMID: 18493665 DOI: 10.1039/b801397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactone is a polyketide natural product secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the organism responsible for the tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer. The finding that this small molecule virulence factor is sufficient to reconstitute the necrotic pathology associated with Buruli ulcer suggests that a better understanding of mycolactone biosynthesis, particularly the processes which are distinct from those in human metabolism, may provide a unique avenue for the development of selective therapeutics. In the present study we have cloned, expressed, and biochemically characterized the putative macrocycle forming thioesterase for mycolactone, MLSA2 TE. We have evaluated the enzyme both as the truncated thioesterase domain and as a carrier protein-linked didomain construct. The results of these analyses distinguish MLSA2 TE from traditional fatty acid and polyketide synthase TE-domains in terms of its sequence, kinetic parameters, and susceptibility to traditional active-site directed inhibitors. These findings suggest that MLSA2 TE utilizes a unique biochemical mechanism for macrocycle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|