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Saletti M, Paolino M, Venditti J, Bonechi C, Giuliani G, Lamponi S, Tassone G, Boccia A, Botta C, Blancafort L, Poggialini F, Vagaggini C, Cappelli A. A Facile Access to Green Fluorescent Albumin Derivatives. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300862. [PMID: 38369609 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adduct (MBHA) derivative bearing a triphenylamine moiety was found to react with human serum albumin (HSA) shifting its emission from the blue to the green-yellow thus leading to green fluorescent albumin (GFA) derivatives and enlarging the platform of probes for aggregation-induced fluorescent-based detection techniques. A possible interaction of MBHA derivative 7 with a lipophilic pocket within the HSA structure was suggested by docking studies. DLS experiments showed that the reaction with HSA induce a conformational change of the protein contributing to the aggregation process of GFA derivatives. The results of investigations on the biological properties suggested that GFA retained the ability of binding drug molecules such as warfarin and diazepam. Finally, cytotoxicity evaluation studies suggested that, although the MBHA derivative 7 at 0.1 μg/mL affected the percentage of cell viability in comparison to the negative control, it cannot be considered cytotoxic, whereas at all the other concentrations≥0.5 μg/mL resulted cytotoxic at different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giusy Tassone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Boccia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - SCITEC (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - SCITEC (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. A. Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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2
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Gower-Fry L, Wängler C, Bartenstein P, Beyer L, Lindner S, Jurkschat K, Wängler B, Bailey JJ, Schirrmacher R. Silicon-Fluoride Acceptors (SiFA) for 18F-Radiolabeling: From Bench to Bedside. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:29-43. [PMID: 38006489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 (18F) is undoubtedly one of the most frequently applied radionuclides for the development of new radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) in the context of clinical cancer, neurological, and metabolic imaging. Until recently, the available radiochemical methodologies to introduce 18F into organic molecules ranging from small- to medium- and large-sized compounds were limited to a few applicable protocols. With the advent of late-stage fluorination of small aromatic, nonactivated compounds and various noncanonical labeling strategies geared toward the labeling of peptides and proteins, the molecular toolbox for PET radiotracer development was substantially extended. Especially, the noncanonical labeling methodologies characterized by the formation of Si-18F, B-18F, and Al-18F bonds give access to kit-like 18F-labeling of complex and side-group unprotected compounds, some of them already in clinical use. This chapter will particularly focus on silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) chemistry and cover the history of its conceptual design and its translation into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Gower-Fry
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Justin J Bailey
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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3
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Abstract
18F-Labeling methods for the preparation of 18F-labeled molecular probes can be classified into electrophilic fluorination, nucleophilic fluorination, metal-F coordination, and 18F/19F isotope exchange. Isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling methods demonstrate mild conditions featuring water resistance and facile high-performance liquid chromatography-free purification in direct 18F-labeling of substrates. This paper systematically reviews isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling methods sorted by the adjacent atom bonding with F, i.e., carbon and noncarbon atoms (Si, B, P, S, Ga, Fe, etc.). The respective isotope exchange mechanism, radiolabeling condition, radiochemical yield, molar activity, and stability of the 18F-product are mainly discussed for each isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling method as well as the cutting-edge application of the corresponding 18F-labeled molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shengji Lv
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhaobiao Mou
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenru Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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4
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Tassone G, Paolino M, Pozzi C, Reale A, Salvini L, Giorgi G, Orlandini M, Galvagni F, Mangani S, Yang X, Carlotti B, Ortica F, Latterini L, Olivucci M, Cappelli A. Xanthopsin-Like Systems via Site-Specific Click-Functionalization of a Retinoic Acid Binding Protein. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100449. [PMID: 34647400 PMCID: PMC8934143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of light-responsive proteins to control both living or synthetic cells, is at the core of the expanding fields of optogenetics and synthetic biology. It is thus apparent that a richer reaction toolbox for the preparation of such systems is of fundamental importance. Here, we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration that Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts can be employed to perform a facile site-specific, irreversible and diastereoselective click-functionalization of a lysine residue buried into a lipophilic binding pocket and yielding an unnatural chromophore with an extended π-system. In doing so we effectively open the path to the in vitro preparation of a library of synthetic proteins structurally reminiscent of xanthopsin eubacterial photoreceptors. We argue that such a library, made of variable unnatural chromophores inserted in an easy-to-mutate and crystallize retinoic acid transporter, significantly expand the scope of the recently introduced rhodopsin mimics as both optogenetic and "lab-on-a-molecule" tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy,Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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5
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Gower-Fry L, Kronemann T, Dorian A, Pu Y, Jaworski C, Wängler C, Bartenstein P, Beyer L, Lindner S, Jurkschat K, Wängler B, Bailey JJ, Schirrmacher R. Recent Advances in the Clinical Translation of Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) 18F-Radiopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070701. [PMID: 34358127 PMCID: PMC8309031 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of silicon fluoride acceptor (SiFA) moieties into a variety of molecules, such as peptides, proteins and biologically relevant small molecules, has improved the generation of 18F-radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging. The efficient isotopic exchange radiofluorination process, in combination with the enhanced [18F]SiFA in vivo stability, make it a suitable strategy for fluorine-18 incorporation. This review will highlight the clinical applicability of [18F]SiFA-labeled compounds and discuss the significant radiotracers currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Gower-Fry
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Travis Kronemann
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Andreas Dorian
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Yinglan Pu
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Carolin Jaworski
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Justin J. Bailey
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Scroggie KR, Perkins MV, Chalker JM. Reaction of [ 18F]Fluoride at Heteroatoms and Metals for Imaging of Peptides and Proteins by Positron Emission Tomography. Front Chem 2021; 9:687678. [PMID: 34249861 PMCID: PMC8262615 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.687678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to radiolabel proteins with [18F]fluoride enables the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for the early detection, staging and diagnosis of disease. The direct fluorination of native proteins through C-F bond formation is, however, a difficult task. The aqueous environments required by proteins severely hampers fluorination yields while the dry, organic solvents that promote nucleophilic fluorination can denature proteins. To circumvent these issues, indirect fluorination methods making use of prosthetic groups that are first fluorinated and then conjugated to a protein have become commonplace. But, when it comes to the radiofluorination of proteins, these indirect methods are not always suited to the short half-life of the fluorine-18 radionuclide (110 min). This review explores radiofluorination through bond formation with fluoride at boron, metal complexes, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. The potential for these techniques to be used for the direct, aqueous radiolabeling of proteins with [18F]fluoride is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin M. Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Evaluation of Organo [ 18F]Fluorosilicon Tetrazine as a Prosthetic Group for the Synthesis of PET Radiotracers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051208. [PMID: 32156020 PMCID: PMC7179430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-18 is the most widely used positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide currently in clinical application, due to its optimal nuclear properties. The synthesis of 18F-labeled radiotracers often requires harsh reaction conditions, limiting the use of sensitive bio- and macromolecules as precursors for direct radiolabeling with fluorine-18. We aimed to develop a milder and efficient in vitro and in vivo labeling method for trans-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalized proteins, through the bioorthogonal inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with fluorine-18 radiolabeled tetrazine ([18F]SiFA-Tz). Here, we used TCO-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein, and isotopic exchange (IE) (19F/18F) chemistry as the labeling strategy. The radiolabeling of albumin-TCO with [18F]SiFA-Tz ([18F]6), providing [18F]fluoroalbumin ([18F]10) in high radiochemical yield (99.1 ± 0.2%, n = 3) and a molar activity (MA) of 1.1 GBq/µmol, confirmed the applicability of [18F]6 as a quick in vitro fluorination reagent for the TCO functionalized proteins. While the biological evaluation of [18F]6 demonstrated defluorination in vivo, limiting the utility for pretargeted applications, the in vivo stability of the radiotracer was dramatically improved when [18F]6 was used for the radiolabeling of albumin-TCO ([18F]10) in vitro, prior to administration. Due to the detected defluorination in vivo, structural optimization of the prosthetic group for improved stability is needed before further biological studies and application of pretargeted PET imaging.
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8
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Levason W, Monzittu FM, Reid G. Coordination chemistry and applications of medium/high oxidation state metal and non-metal fluoride and oxide-fluoride complexes with neutral donor ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Bucerius J, Dijkgraaf I, Mottaghy FM, Schurgers LJ. Target identification for the diagnosis and intervention of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques beyond 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging: promising tracers on the horizon. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 46:251-265. [PMID: 30302506 PMCID: PMC6267660 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic lesions obstruct blood flow in the arterial vessel wall and can rupture leading to the formation of occlusive thrombi. Conventional diagnostic tools are still of limited value for identifying the vulnerable arterial plaque and for predicting its risk of rupture and of releasing thromboembolic material. Knowledge of the molecular and biological processes implicated in the process of atherosclerosis will advance the development of imaging probes to differentiate the vulnerable plaque. The development of imaging probes with high sensitivity and specificity in identifying high-risk atherosclerotic vessel wall changes and plaques is crucial for improving knowledge-based decisions and tailored individual interventions. Arterial PET imaging with 18F-FDG has shown promising results in identifying inflammatory vessel wall changes in numerous studies and clinical trials. However, due to its limited specificity in general and its intense physiological uptake in the left ventricular myocardium that impair imaging of the coronary arteries, different PET tracers for the molecular imaging of atherosclerosis have been evaluated. This review describes biological, chemical and medical expertise supporting a translational approach that will enable the development of new or the evaluation of existing PET tracers for the identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques for better risk prediction and benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Scroggie KR, Alcock LJ, Matos MJ, Bernardes GJL, Perkins MV, Chalker JM. A silicon‐labelled amino acid suitable for late‐stage fluorination and unexpected oxidative cleavage reactions in the preparation of a key intermediate in the Strecker synthesis. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberley R. Scroggie
- Flinders University, College of Science and EngineeringSouth Australia5042 Australia
| | - Lisa J. Alcock
- Flinders University, College of Science and EngineeringSouth Australia5042 Australia
| | - Maria J. Matos
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EW United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EW United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas MonizInstituto de Medicina MolecularLisboa1649‐028 Portugal
| | - Michael V. Perkins
- Flinders University, College of Science and EngineeringSouth Australia5042 Australia
| | - Justin M. Chalker
- Flinders University, College of Science and EngineeringSouth Australia5042 Australia
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11
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Roxin Á, Zhang C, Huh S, Lepage ML, Zhang Z, Lin KS, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Preliminary evaluation of 18F-labeled LLP2A-trifluoroborate conjugates as VLA-4 (α 4β 1 integrin) specific radiotracers for PET imaging of melanoma. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:11-20. [PMID: 29597141 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transmembrane α4β1 integrin receptor, or very-late antigen 4 (VLA-4), is associated with tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, the development of chemotherapeutic drug resistance, and is overexpressed in multiple myelomas, osteosarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and melanomas. The peptidomimetic, LLP2A, is a high-affinity ligand with specificity for the extracellular portion of VLA-4 and several conjugates have been evaluated in vivo by NIR-fluorescence, 111In-SPECT and 68Ga- and 64Cu-PET imaging, but to date, not with 18F-PET. METHODS Using two highly stable organotrifluoroborate prosthetic groups: ammoniumdimethyl-trifluoroborate (AMBF3) and a new N-pyridinyl-para-trifluoroborate (N-Pyr-p-BF3), both capable of facile aqueous 18F-labeling by isotope exchange (IEX), we present the first PET imaging evaluations of two [18F]R-BF3--PEG2-LLP2A tracers using VLA-4 overexpressing B16-F10 murine melanoma tumor mouse models. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate successful one-step 18F-labeling of both conjugates with wet NCA [18F]F- in radiochemical yields of up to 11.6% within 75 min at molar activities of 40-100 GBq/μmol. Average tumor uptake values based on ex vivo biodistribution values were 4.4%ID/g (11) and 2.8%ID/g (12) using 18F-labeled LLP2A-conjugates with the two prosthetic groups: N-Pyr-p-BF3 (5) and alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonio-BF3 (AMBF3) (7), respectively, and was found to be target-specific as evidenced by in vivo blocking controls. Dynamic PET scanning and biodistribution studies revealed slow clearance of the [18F]R-BF3--PEG2-LLP2A tracers from the tumors, and also substantial uptake in the intestines, gall bladder, liver and bladder. Observed bone uptake was blockable, consistent with known VLA-4 expression in hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that these [18F]R-BF3--PEG2-LLP2A conjugates (11 and 12) are promising VLA-4 targeting radiotracers, yet, further optimization will be required to reduce uptake in the gastro-intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Center, 765 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sungjoon Huh
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mathieu L Lepage
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Center, 765 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Center, 765 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Center, 765 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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12
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Clark J, O’Hagan D. Strategies for radiolabelling antibody, antibody fragments and affibodies with fluorine-18 as tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Schirrmacher R, Wängler B, Bailey J, Bernard-Gauthier V, Schirrmacher E, Wängler C. Small Prosthetic Groups in 18F-Radiochemistry: Useful Auxiliaries for the Design of 18F-PET Tracers. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:474-492. [PMID: 28826522 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic group (PG) applications in 18F-radiochemistry play a pivotal role among current 18F-labeling techniques for the development and availability of 18F-labeled imaging probes for PET (Wahl, 2002) (1). The introduction and popularization of PGs in the mid-80s by pioneers in 18F-radiochemistry has profoundly changed the landscape of available tracers for PET and has led to a multitude of new imaging agents based on simple and efficiently synthesized PGs. Because of the chemical nature of anionic 18F- (apart from electrophilic low specific activity 18F-fluorine), radiochemistry before the introduction of PGs was limited to simple nucleophilic substitutions of leaving group containing precursor molecules. These precursors were not always available, and some target compounds were either hard to synthesize or not obtainable at all. Even with the advent of recently introduced "late-stage fluorination" techniques for the 18F-fluorination of deactivated aromatic systems, PGs will continue to play a central role in 18F-radiochemistry because of their robust and almost universal usability. The importance of PGs in radiochemistry is shown by its current significance in tracer development and exemplified by an overview of selected methodologies for PG attachment to PET tracer molecules. Especially, click-chemistry approaches to PG conjugation, while furthering the historical evolution of PGs in PET tracer design, play a most influential role in modern PG utilization. All earlier and recent multifaceted approaches in PG development have significantly enriched the contingent of modern 18F-radiochemistry procedures and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schirrmacher
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Justin Bailey
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Esther Schirrmacher
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
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Kasten BB, Ma X, Cheng K, Bu L, Slocumb WS, Hayes TR, Trabue S, Cheng Z, Benny PD. Isothiocyanate-Functionalized Bifunctional Chelates and fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) Complexes for Targeting uPAR in Prostate Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:130-42. [PMID: 26603218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing new strategies to rapidly incorporate the fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) core into biological targeting vectors in radiopharmaceuticals continues to expand as molecules become more complex and as efforts to minimize nonspecific binding increase. This work examines a novel isothiocyanate-functionalized bifunctional chelate based on 2,2'-dipicolylamine (DPA) specifically designed for complexing the fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) core. Two strategies (postlabeling and prelabeling) were explored using the isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA to determine the effectiveness of assembly on the overall yield and purity of the complex with amine containing biomolecules. A model amino acid (lysine) examined (1) amine conjugation of isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA followed by complexation with fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) (postlabeling) and (2) complexation of fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+) with isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA followed by amine conjugation (prelabeling). Conducted with stable Re and radioactive (99m)Tc analogs, both strategies formed the product in good to excellent yields under macroscopic and radiotracer concentrations. A synthetic peptide (AE105) which targets an emerging biomarker in CaP prognosis, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), was also explored using the isothiocyanate-functionalized DPA strategy. In vitro PC-3 (uPAR+) cell uptake assays with the (99m)Tc-labeled peptide (8a) showed 4.2 ± 0.5% uptake at 4 h. In a murine model bearing PC-3 tumor xenografts, in vivo biodistribution of 8a led to favorable tumor uptake (3.7 ± 0.7% ID/g) at 4 h p.i. with relatively low accumulation (<2% ID/g) in normal organs not associated with normal peptide excretion. These results illustrate the promise of the isothiocyanate-functionalized approach for labeling amine containing biological targeting vectors with fac-[M(I)(CO)3](+).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lihong Bu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Steven Trabue
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Soil Tilth Laboratory , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Chansaenpak K, Vabre B, Gabbaï FP. [(18)F]-Group 13 fluoride derivatives as radiotracers for positron emission tomography. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:954-71. [PMID: 26548467 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of (18)F chemistry is rapidly expanding because of the use of this radionuclide in radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Until recently, most [(18)F]-radiotracers were generated by the direct attachment of (18)F to a carbon in the organic backbone of the radiotracer. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new strategy based on the formation of an (18)F-group 13 element bond. This approach, which is rooted in the field of fluoride anion complexation/coordination chemistry, has led to the development of a remarkable family of boron, aluminium and gallium [(18)F]-fluoride anion complexing agents which can be conjugated with peptides and small molecules to generate disease specific PET radiotracers. This review is dedicated to the chemistry of these group 13 [(18)F]-fluorides anion complexing agents and their use in PET. Some of the key fluoride-binding motifs covered in this review include the trifluoroborate unit bound to neutral or cationic electron deficient backbones, the BF2 unit of BODIPY dyes, and AlF or GaF3 units coordinated to multidentate Lewis basic ligands. In addition to describing how these moieties can be converted into their [(18)F]-analogs, this review also dicusses their incorporation into bioconjugates for application in PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantapat Chansaenpak
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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16
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Methods to Increase the Metabolic Stability of (18)F-Radiotracers. Molecules 2015; 20:16186-220. [PMID: 26404227 PMCID: PMC6332123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds incorporating radiotracers that are considered foreign to the body undergo metabolic changes in vivo. Metabolic degradation of these drugs is commonly caused by a system of enzymes of low substrate specificity requirement, which is present mainly in the liver, but drug metabolism may also take place in the kidneys or other organs. Thus, radiotracers and all other pharmaceuticals are faced with enormous challenges to maintain their stability in vivo highlighting the importance of their structure. Often in practice, such biologically active molecules exhibit these properties in vitro, but fail during in vivo studies due to obtaining an increased metabolism within minutes. Many pharmacologically and biologically interesting compounds never see application due to their lack of stability. One of the most important issues of radiotracers development based on fluorine-18 is the stability in vitro and in vivo. Sometimes, the metabolism of 18F-radiotracers goes along with the cleavage of the C-F bond and with the rejection of [18F]fluoride mostly combined with high background and accumulation in the skeleton. This review deals with the impact of radiodefluorination and with approaches to stabilize the C-F bond to avoid the cleavage between fluorine and carbon.
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17
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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18
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¹⁸F-labeled silicon-based fluoride acceptors: potential opportunities for novel positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:454503. [PMID: 25157357 PMCID: PMC4135131 DOI: 10.1155/2014/454503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the recent years, radiopharmaceutical chemistry has experienced a wide variety of innovative pushes towards finding both novel and unconventional radiochemical methods to introduce fluorine-18 into radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). These "nonclassical" labeling methodologies based on silicon-, boron-, and aluminium-(18)F chemistry deviate from commonplace bonding of an [(18)F]fluorine atom ((18)F) to either an aliphatic or aromatic carbon atom. One method in particular, the silicon-fluoride-acceptor isotopic exchange (SiFA-IE) approach, invalidates a dogma in radiochemistry that has been widely accepted for many years: the inability to obtain radiopharmaceuticals of high specific activity (SA) via simple IE. METHODOLOGY The most advantageous feature of IE labeling in general is that labeling precursor and labeled radiotracer are chemically identical, eliminating the need to separate the radiotracer from its precursor. SiFA-IE chemistry proceeds in dipolar aprotic solvents at room temperature and below, entirely avoiding the formation of radioactive side products during the IE. SCOPE OF REVIEW A great plethora of different SiFA species have been reported in the literature ranging from small prosthetic groups and other compounds of low molecular weight to labeled peptides and most recently affibody molecules. CONCLUSIONS The literature over the last years (from 2006 to 2014) shows unambiguously that SiFA-IE and other silicon-based fluoride acceptor strategies relying on (18)F(-) leaving group substitutions have the potential to become a valuable addition to radiochemistry.
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19
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Dijkgraaf I, Terry SYA, McBride WJ, Goldenberg DM, Laverman P, Franssen GM, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC. Imaging integrin alpha-v-beta-3 expression in tumors with an 18F-labeled dimeric RGD peptide. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 8:238-45. [PMID: 23606427 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrin αv β3 receptors are expressed on activated endothelial cells during neovascularization to maintain tumor growth. Many radiolabeled probes utilize the tight and specific association between the arginine-glycine-aspartatic acid (RGD) peptide and integrin αv β3 , but one main obstacle for any clinical application of these probes is the laborious multistep radiosynthesis of (18)F. In this study, the dimeric RGD peptide, E-[c(RGDfK)]2, was conjugated with NODAGA and radiolabeled with (18)F in a simple one-pot process with a radiolabeling yield of 20%, the whole process lasting only 45 min. NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 labeled with (18)F at a specific activity of 1.8 MBq nmol(-1) and a radiochemical purity of 100% could be achieved. The logP value of (18)F-labeled NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 was -4.26 ± 0.02. In biodistribution studies, (18)F-NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 cleared rapidly from the blood with 0.03 ± 0.01 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID g(-1)) in the blood at 2 h p.i., mainly via the kidneys, and showed good in vivo stability. Tumor uptake of (18)F-NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 (3.44 ± 0.20 %ID g(-1), 2 h p.i.) was significantly lower than that of reference compounds (68) Ga-labeled NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 (6.26 ± 0.76 %ID g(-1) ; p <0.001) and (111) In-labeled NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 (4.99 ± 0.64 %ID g(-1) ; p < 0.01). Co-injection of an excess of unlabeled NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 along with (18)F-NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 resulted in significantly reduced radioactivity concentrations in the tumor (0.85 ± 0.13 %ID g(-1)). The αv β3 integrin-expressing SK-RC-52 tumor could be successfully visualized by microPET with (18)F-labeled NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 . In conclusion, NODAGA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 could be labeled rapidly with (18)F using a direct aqueous, one-pot method and it accumulated specifically in αv β3 integrin-expressing SK-RC-52 tumors, allowing for visualization by microPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Joyard Y, Azzouz R, Bischoff L, Papamicaël C, Labar D, Bol A, Bol V, Vera P, Grégoire V, Levacher V, Bohn P. Synthesis of new 18F-radiolabeled silicon-based nitroimidazole compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3680-8. [PMID: 23665140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of new nitroimidazole compounds using silicon-[(18)F]fluorine chemistry for the potential detection of tumor hypoxia are described. [(18)F]silicon-based compounds were synthesized by coupling 2-nitroimidazole with silyldinaphtyl or silylphenyldi-tert-butyl groups and labeled by fluorolysis or isotopic exchange. Dinaphtyl compounds (6, 10) were labeled in 56-71% yield with a specific activity of 45 GBq/μmol, however these compounds ([(18)F]7 and [(18)F]11) were not stable in plasma. Phenyldi-tert-butyl compounds were labeled in 70% yield with a specific activity of 3 GBq/μmol by isotopic exchange, or in 81% yield by fluorolysis of siloxanes with a specific activity of 45 GBq/μmol. The labeled compound [(18)F]18 was stable in plasma and excreted by the liver and kidneys in vivo. In conclusion, the fluorosilylphenyldi-tert-butyl (SiFA) group is more stable in plasma than fluorosilyldiphenyl moiety. Thus, compound [(18)F]18 is suitable for further in vivo assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Joyard
- UMR 6014, COBRA, CNRS, INSA of Rouen and University of Rouen, rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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21
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Smith TAD. [18F]Fluoride labelling of macromolecules in aqueous conditions: silicon and boroaryl-based [18F]fluorine acceptors, [18F]FDG conjugation and Al18F chelation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim A. D. Smith
- Biomedical Physics Building, Division of Applied Medicine; University of Aberdeen; Foresterhill; Aberdeen; AB; 25 2TN, 01224 553481; UK
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22
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Silicon-[18F]Fluorine Radiochemistry: Basics, Applications and Challenges. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/app2020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kostikov AP, Chin J, Orchowski K, Niedermoser S, Kovacevic MM, Aliaga A, Jurkschat K, Wängler B, Wängler C, Wester HJ, Schirrmacher R. Oxalic acid supported Si-18F-radiofluorination: one-step radiosynthesis of N-succinimidyl 3-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzoate ([18F]SiFB) for protein labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:106-14. [PMID: 22148255 DOI: 10.1021/bc200525x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Succinimidyl 3-(di-tert-butyl[(18)F]fluorosilyl)benzoate ([(18)F]SiFB), a novel synthon for one-step labeling of proteins, was synthesized via a simple (18)F-(19)F isotopic exchange. A new labeling technique that circumvents the cleavage of the highly reactive active ester moiety under regular basic (18)F-labeling conditions was established. In order to synthesize high radioactivity amounts of [(18)F]SiFB, it was crucial to partially neutralize the potassium oxalate/hydroxide that was used to elute (18)F(-) from the QMA cartridge with oxalic acid to prevent decomposition of the active ester moiety. Purification of [(18)F]SiFB was performed by simple solid-phase extraction, which avoided time-consuming HPLC and yielded high specific activities of at least 525 Ci/mmol and radiochemical yields of 40-56%. In addition to conventional azeotropic drying of (18)F(-) in the presence of [K(+)⊂2.2.2.]C(2)O(4), a strong anion-exchange (SAX) cartridge was used to prepare anhydrous (18)F(-) for nucleophilic radio-fluorination omitting the vacuum assisted drying of (18)F(-). Using a lyophilized mixture of [K(+)⊂2.2.2.]OH resolubilized in acetonitrile, the (18)F(-) was eluted from the SAX cartridge and used directly for the [(18)F]SiFB synthesis. [(18)F]SiFB was applied to the labeling of various proteins in likeness to the most commonly used labeling synthon in protein labeling, N-succinimidyl-4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]SFB). Rat serum albumin (RSA), apo-transferrin, a β-cell-specific single chain antibody, and erythropoietin were successfully labeled with [(18)F]SiFB in good radiochemical yields between 19% and 36%. [(18)F]SiFB- and [(18)F]SFB-derivatized RSA were directly compared as blood pool imaging agents in healthy rats using small animal positron emission tomography. Both compounds demonstrated identical biodistributions in healthy rats, accurately visualizing the blood pool with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Kostikov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Iovkova-Berends L, Wängler C, Zöller T, Höfner G, Wanner KT, Rensch C, Bartenstein P, Kostikov A, Schirrmacher R, Jurkschat K, Wängler B. t-Bu2SiF-derivatized D2-receptor ligands: the first SiFA-containing small molecule radiotracers for target-specific PET-imaging. Molecules 2011; 16:7458-79. [PMID: 21892125 PMCID: PMC6264418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, radiolabeling and in vitro evaluation of new silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) derivatized D(2)-receptor ligands is reported. The SiFA-technology simplifies the introduction of fluorine-18 into target specific biomolecules for Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET). However, one of the remaining challenges, especially for small molecules such as receptor-ligands, is the bulkiness of the SiFA-moiety. We therefore synthesized four Fallypride SiFA-conjugates derivatized either directly at the benzoic acid ring system (SiFA-DMFP, SiFA-FP, SiFA-DDMFP) or at the butyl-side chain (SiFA-M-FP) and tested their receptor affinities. We found D(2)-receptor affinities for all compounds in the nanomolar range (K(i(SiFA-DMFP)) = 13.6 nM, K(i(SiFA-FP)) = 33.0 nM, K(i(SiFA-DDMFP)) = 62.7 nM and K(i(SiFA-M-FP)) = 4.21 nM). The radiofluorination showed highest yields when 10 nmol of the precursors were reacted with [(18)F]fluoride/TBAHCO(3) in acetonitrile. After a reversed phased cartridge purification the desired products could be isolated as an injectable solution after only 10 min synthesis time with radiochemical yields (RCY) of more than 40% in the case of SiFA-DMFP resulting in specific activities >41 GBq/µmol (>1,100 Ci/mmol). Furthermore, the radiolabeled products were shown to be stable in the injectable solutions, as well as in human plasma, for at least 90 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljuba Iovkova-Berends
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Zöller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Theodor Wanner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexey Kostikov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (K.J.); (B.W.); Tel.: +49-231-755-3800 (K.J.); +49-89-7095-7543 (B.W.); Fax: +49-231-755-5048 (K.J.); +49-89-7095-4648 (B.W.)
| | - Björn Wängler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (K.J.); (B.W.); Tel.: +49-231-755-3800 (K.J.); +49-89-7095-7543 (B.W.); Fax: +49-231-755-5048 (K.J.); +49-89-7095-4648 (B.W.)
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25
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McBride WJ, D'Souza CA, Sharkey RM, Goldenberg DM. The radiolabeling of proteins by the [18F]AlF method. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 70:200-4. [PMID: 21890371 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new ([(18)F]AlF)(2+)-binding ligand that contains 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetate (NODA) attached to a methyl phenylacetic acid group (MPA) was conjugated to N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (EM) to form NODA-MPAEM. The NODA-MPAEM was labeled with ([(18)F]AlF)(2+) at 105°C in 49-82% yield and conjugated at room temperature to an antibody Fab' fragment in 69-80% yield (total time ∼50min) and with retention of immunoreactivity. These data indicate that the rapid and simple [(18)F]AlF-labeling method can be easily adapted for preparing heat-sensitive compounds with (18)F quickly and in high yields.
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26
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Smith GE, Sladen HL, Biagini SCG, Blower PJ. Inorganic approaches for radiolabelling biomolecules with fluorine-18 for imaging with positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6196-205. [PMID: 21499604 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for radiolabelling biomolecules such as proteins and peptides with fluorine-18 for PET imaging rely on carbon-fluorine bond formation and are complex and inefficient. Several non-carbon elements form strong bonds (i.e. with high bond enthalpy) with fluorine, but with lower activation energy for their formation compared to carbon-fluorine bonds, whilst preserving a relatively high kinetic stability. In particular, by incorporating boron-, aluminium- and silicon-containing prosthetic groups into biomolecules, promising results have recently been achieved in the radiolabelling with F-18-fluoride under mild aqueous conditions, affording a level of convenience, efficiency and specific activity potentially superior to those offered by conventional C-F bond formation methods. The promise already shown by these early studies heralds a new branch of bioconjugate radiochemistry involving a wider range of "fluoridephilic" elements for synthesis of PET molecular imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth E Smith
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, UK SE1 7EH
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27
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Wängler C, Waser B, Alke A, Iovkova L, Buchholz HG, Niedermoser S, Jurkschat K, Fottner C, Bartenstein P, Schirrmacher R, Reubi JC, Wester HJ, Wängler B. One-Step 18F-Labeling of Carbohydrate-Conjugated Octreotate-Derivatives Containing a Silicon-Fluoride-Acceptor (SiFA): In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation as Tumor Imaging Agents for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2289-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100316c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wängler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Alke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ljuba Iovkova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hans-Georg Buchholz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sabrina Niedermoser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Fottner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Reubi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Björn Wängler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Department of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, Department of Nuclear Medicine and I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany, and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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28
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Li Z, Conti PS. Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for positron emission tomography. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1031-51. [PMID: 20854860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging technology that allows the visualization of interactions between molecular probes and biological targets. Molecules that either direct or are subject to homeostatic controls in biological systems could be labeled with the appropriate radioisotopes for the quantitative measurement of selected molecular interactions during normal tissue homeostasis and again after perturbations of the normal state. In particular, positron emission tomography (PET) offers picomolar sensitivity and is a fully translational technique that requires specific probes radiolabeled with a usually short-lived positron-emitting radionuclide. PET has provided the capability of measuring biological processes at the molecular and metabolic levels in vivo by the detection of the gamma rays formed as a result of the annihilation of the positrons emitted. Despite the great wealth of information that such probes can provide, the potential of PET strongly depends on the availability of suitable PET radiotracers. However, the development of new imaging probes for PET is far from trivial and radiochemistry is a major limiting factor for the field of PET. In this review, we provided an overview of the most common chemical approaches for the synthesis of PET-labeled molecules and highlighted the most recent developments and trends. The discussed PET radionuclides include ¹¹C (t₁(/)₂=20.4min), ¹³N (t₁(/)₂=9.9min), ¹⁵O (t₁(/)₂=2min), ⁶⁸Ga (t₁(/)₂=68min), ¹⁸F (t₁(/)₂=109.8min), ⁶⁴Cu (t₁(/)₂=12.7h), and ¹²⁴I (t₁(/)₂=4.12d).
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29
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Boutureira O, D'Hooge F, Fernández-González M, Bernardes GJL, Sánchez-Navarro M, Koeppe JR, Davis BG. Fluoroglycoproteins: ready chemical site-selective incorporation of fluorosugars into proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8142-4. [PMID: 20714547 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tag-and-modify strategy allows the practical synthesis of homogenous fluorinated glyco-amino acids, peptides and proteins carrying a fluorine label in the sugar and allows access to first examples of directly radiolabelled ([(18)F]-glyco)proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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30
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Jacobson O, Chen X. PET designated flouride-18 production and chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:1048-59. [PMID: 20388116 PMCID: PMC3617500 DOI: 10.2174/156802610791384298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technology which allows for four-dimensional, quantitative determination of the distribution of labeled biological compounds within the human body. PET is becoming an increasingly important tool for the measurement of physiological, biochemical and pharmacological functions at the molecular level in healthy and pathological conditions. This review will focus on Flouride-18, one of the common isotopes used for PET imaging, which has a half life of 109.8 minutes. This isotope can be produced with an efficient yield in a cyclotron as a nucleophile or as an electrophile. Flouride-18 can be thereafter introduced into small molecules or biomolecules using various chemical synthetic routes, to give the desired imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, USA
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31
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Gill HS, Tinianow JN, Ogasawara A, Flores JE, Vanderbilt AN, Raab H, Scheer JM, Vandlen R, Williams SP, Marik J. A Modular Platform for the Rapid Site-Specific Radiolabeling of Proteins with 18F Exemplified by Quantitative Positron Emission Tomography of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5816-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman S. Gill
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jeff N. Tinianow
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Annie Ogasawara
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Judith E. Flores
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Alexander N. Vanderbilt
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Helga Raab
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Justin M. Scheer
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Simon-P. Williams
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jan Marik
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging
- Protein Chemistry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
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