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Vojnits K, Mohseni M, Parvinzadeh Gashti M, Nadaraja AV, Karimianghadim R, Crowther B, Field B, Golovin K, Pakpour S. Advancing Antimicrobial Textiles: A Comprehensive Study on Combating ESKAPE Pathogens and Ensuring User Safety. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:383. [PMID: 38255551 PMCID: PMC10817529 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ESKAPE pathogens, present a significant and alarming threat to public health and healthcare systems. This study addresses the urgent need to combat antimicrobial resistance by exploring alternative ways to reduce the health and cost implications of infections caused by these pathogens. To disrupt their transmission, integrating antimicrobial textiles into personal protective equipment (PPE) is an encouraging avenue. Nevertheless, ensuring the effectiveness and safety of these textiles remains a persistent challenge. To achieve this, we conduct a comprehensive study that systematically compares the effectiveness and potential toxicity of five commonly used antimicrobial agents. To guide decision making, a MULTIMOORA method is employed to select and rank the optimal antimicrobial textile finishes. Through this approach, we determine that silver nitrate is the most suitable choice, while a methoxy-terminated quaternary ammonium compound is deemed less favorable in meeting the desired criteria. The findings of this study offer valuable insights and guidelines for the development of antimicrobial textiles that effectively address the requirements of effectiveness, safety, and durability. Implementing these research outcomes within the textile industry can significantly enhance protection against microbial infections, contribute to the improvement of public health, and mitigate the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Vojnits
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Majid Mohseni
- Research and Development Laboratory, PRE Labs, Inc., Kelowna, BC V1X 7Y5, Canada;
| | | | - Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (A.V.N.); (K.G.)
| | - Ramin Karimianghadim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Ben Crowther
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Brad Field
- PRE Labs, Inc., Kelowna, BC V1X 7Y5, Canada;
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (A.V.N.); (K.G.)
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.K.); (B.C.)
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2
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Allen RA, McCormack CEM, Wuest WM. Deriving Novel Quaternary Ammonium Compound Disinfectant Scaffolds from a Natural Product: Mechanistic Insights of the Quaternization of Ianthelliformisamine C. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300253. [PMID: 37770411 PMCID: PMC10841702 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In the search for novel quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants that can evade bacterial resistance, we turned to natural products as a source of inspiration. Herein we used natural product ianthelliformisamine C as a scaffold to design a small library of QACs. We first synthesized ianthelliformisamine C via an amide coupling that allowed for facile purification without the need for protecting groups. We then alkylated and quaternized the internal amines to yield four novel QACs, but all but one demonstrated no antibacterial activity against the tested strains. Using a combination of membrane depolarization and permeabilization assays, we were able to demonstrate that ianthelliformisamine C and the active QAC analog enact cell death via membrane permeabilization, contrary to prior reports on ianthelliformisamine C's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Odžak R, Crnčević D, Sabljić A, Krce L, Paladin A, Primožič I, Šprung M. Further Study of the Polar Group's Influence on the Antibacterial Activity of the 3-Substituted Quinuclidine Salts with Long Alkyl Chains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1231. [PMID: 37627651 PMCID: PMC10451673 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are among the most potent antimicrobial agents increasingly used by humans as disinfectants, antiseptics, surfactants, and biological dyes. As reports of bacterial co- and cross-resistance to QACs and their toxicity have emerged in recent years, new attempts are being made to develop soft QACs by introducing hydrolyzable groups that allow their controlled degradation. However, the development of such compounds has been hindered by the structural features that affect the bioactivity of QACs, one of them being polarity of the substituent near the quaternary center. To further investigate the influence of the polar group on the bioactivity of QACs, we synthesized 3-aminoquinuclidine salts for comparison with their structural analogues, 3-acetamidoquinuclidines. We found that the less polar amino-substituted compounds exhibited improved antibacterial activity over their more polar amide analogues. In addition to their better minimum inhibitory concentrations, the candidates were excellent at suppressing Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and killing bacteria almost immediately, as shown by the flow cytometry measurements. In addition, two candidates, namely QNH2-C14 and QNH2-C16, effectively suppressed bacterial growth even at concentrations below the MIC. QNH2-C14 was particularly effective at subinhibitory concentrations, inhibiting bacterial growth for up to 6 h. In addition, we found that the compounds targeted the bacterial membrane, leading to its perforation and subsequent cell death. Their low toxicity to human cells and low potential to develop bacterial resistance suggest that these compounds could serve as a basis for the development of new QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Antonela Paladin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
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4
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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5
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Crnčević D, Krce L, Cvitković M, Brkljača Z, Sabljić A, Vuko E, Primožič I, Odžak R, Šprung M. New Membrane Active Antibacterial and Antiviral Amphiphiles Derived from Heterocyclic Backbone of Pyridinium-4-Aldoxime. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070775. [PMID: 35890073 PMCID: PMC9315884 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are irreplaceable membrane-active antimicrobial agents that have been widely used for nearly a century. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is one of the most potent QAS. However, recent data from the literature indicate that CPC activity against resistant bacterial strains is decreasing. The major QAS resistance pathway involves the QacR dimer, which regulates efflux pump expression. A plausible approach to address this issue is to structurally modify the CPC structure by adding other biologically active functional groups. Here, a series of QAS based on pyridine-4-aldoxime were synthesized, characterized, and tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro. Although we obtained several potent antiviral candidates, these candidates had lower antibacterial activity than CPC and were not toxic to human cell lines. We found that the addition of an oxime group to the pyridine backbone resulted in derivatives with large topological polar surfaces and with unfavorable cLog P values. Investigation of the antibacterial mode of action, involving the cell membrane, revealed altered cell morphologies in terms of corrugated and/or disrupted surface, while 87% of the cells studied exhibited a permeabilized membrane after 3 h of treatment at 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the interaction of QacR with a representative candidate showed rapid dimer disruption, whereas this was not observed for QacR and QacR bound to the structural analog CPC. This might explain the lower bioactivity of our compounds, as they are likely to cause premature expression of efflux pumps and thus activation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Mislav Cvitković
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
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6
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Fa K, Liu H, Gong H, Zhang L, Liao M, Hu X, Ciumac D, Li P, Webster J, Petkov J, Thomas RK, Lu JR. In-Membrane Nanostructuring of Cationic Amphiphiles Affects Their Antimicrobial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity: A Comparison Study between a De Novo Antimicrobial Lipopeptide and Traditional Biocides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6623-6637. [PMID: 35587380 PMCID: PMC9161444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cationic biocides have been widely used as active ingredients in personal care and healthcare products for infection control and wound treatment for a long time, but there are concerns over their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance. Designed lipopeptides are potential candidates for alleviating these issues because of their mildness to mammalian host cells and their high efficacy against pathogenic microbial membranes. In this study, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of a de novo designed lipopeptide, CH3(CH2)12CO-Lys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Ile-Ile-NH2 (C14KKGGII), were assessed against that of two traditional cationic biocides CnTAB (n = 12 and 14), with different critical aggregation concentrations (CACs). C14KKGGII was shown to be more potent against both bacteria and fungi but milder to fibroblast host cells than the two biocides. Biophysical measurements mimicking the main features of microbial and host cell membranes were obtained for both lipid monolayer models using neutron reflection and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) using fluorescein leakage and zeta potential changes. The results revealed selective binding to anionic lipid membranes from the lipopeptide and in-membrane nanostructuring that is distinctly different from the co-assembly of the conventional CnTAB. Furthermore, CnTAB binding to the model membranes showed low selectivity, and its high cytotoxicity could be attributed to both membrane lysis and chemical toxicity. This work demonstrates the advantages of the lipopeptides and their potential for further development toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fa
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Huayang Liu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Daniela Ciumac
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Peixun Li
- ISIS
Neutron Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - John Webster
- ISIS
Neutron Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Jordan Petkov
- Arc
UK Biocides Ltd, Arxada,
Hexagon Tower, Delaunays Road, Blackley, Manchester M9 8ZS, U.K.
| | - Robert K. Thomas
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Oxford, South Parks, Oxford OX1
3QZ, U.K.
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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7
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Marmion M, Macori G, Whyte P, Scannell AGM. Stress response modulation: the key to survival of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria during poultry processing. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35451951 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The control of bacterial contaminants on meat is a key area of interest in the food industry. Bacteria are exposed to a variety of stresses during broiler processing which challenge bacterial structures and metabolic pathways causing death or sublethal injury. To counter these stresses, bacteria possess robust response systems that can induce shifts in the transcriptome and proteome to enable survival. Effective adaptive responses, such as biofilm formation, shock protein production and metabolic flexibility, require rapid induction and implementation at a cellular and community level to facilitate bacterial survival in adverse conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature pertaining to the regulation of complex adaptive processes used by bacteria to survive the processing environment, with particular focus on species that impact the quality and safety of poultry products like Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitiú Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Guerrino Macori
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Amalia G M Scannell
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
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8
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Marmion M, Macori G, Ferone M, Whyte P, Scannell A. Survive and thrive: Control mechanisms that facilitate bacterial adaptation to survive manufacturing-related stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Lejcher CA, Villa EM, Fletcher JT. Merging antimicrobial and visible emission properties within 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium salts. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:474-484. [PMID: 36033131 PMCID: PMC9417110 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive molecules displaying visible wavelength emission can be useful for bioimaging, chemosensing and photodynamic therapy applications. Reported herein are 1,3,4-trisubsituted-1,2,3-triazolium salts displaying both antimicrobial and visible emission properties. Using a click chemistry approach, 2-fluorenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-anthracenyl and 1-pyrenyl units were incorporated at the N1 position, imparting visible emission properties to their triazolium bromide salts with Stokes shifts greater than 100 nm relative to the emission of their triazole precursors. The increasing size of such hydrophobic aryl units impacts minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast, and can be counterbalanced by hydrophobic substituent variation at other positions of the molecule in order to preserve bioactivity. Among the series of compounds studied are analogs displaying blue, green and yellow colored emission and MIC values as low as 0.4 μM (Gram-positive bacteria), 8 μM (Gram-negative bacteria) and 2 μM (yeast). XRD analysis validates the regioselective benzylation at the N3 position of the 1,2,3-triazole ring and the ability of such compounds to associate through dimeric intermolecular π-stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Lejcher
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Eric M. Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - James T. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
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10
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Sethi DK, Felgate H, Diaz M, Faust K, Kiy C, Clarke P, Härtel C, Rupp J, Webber MA. Chlorhexidine gluconate usage is associated with antiseptic tolerance in staphylococci from the neonatal intensive care unit. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab173. [PMID: 34806010 PMCID: PMC8599896 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravascular catheters are essential for care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) but predispose infants to catheter-associated infections including late-onset sepsis, commonly caused by CoNS. Antiseptics are applied to prevent infection with chlorhexidine (CHG) and octenidine (OCT) the most common agents used. Objectives To investigate the association between antiseptic use and bacterial susceptibility. Methods CoNS isolates were collected from two NICUs with differing antiseptic regimens: Norwich, UK (using CHG) and Lubeck, Germany (using OCT). CoNS were isolated from different body sites of babies upon admission, and weekly thereafter. Antiseptic susceptibility testing was performed, and a selection underwent genome sequencing. Results A total of 1274 isolates were collected. UK isolates (n = 863) were significantly less susceptible than German isolates (n = 411) to both CHG (mean MIC: 20.1 mg/L versus 8.9 mg/L) and OCT (mean MIC: 2.3 mg/L versus 1.6 mg/L). UK isolates taken on admission were more susceptible to CHG than subsequent isolates. No cross-resistance between the agents was seen. Genome sequencing of 122 CoNS showed the most common species to be Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and phylogenetic analysis suggested antiseptic tolerance evolved multiple times in independent lineages. There was no evidence of dominant antiseptic tolerant clones and carriage of genes previously implicated in antimicrobial susceptibility (qac, smr, norA/B), did not correlate with CHG or OCT susceptibility. Conclusions Long-term CHG use may select for CHG and OCT tolerance in CoNS. This highlights the different potential for separate antiseptic regimens to select for resistance development. This could be an important factor in developing future infection control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj K Sethi
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Heather Felgate
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Maria Diaz
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Kirstin Faust
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cemsid Kiy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Clarke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK.,Neonatal Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH), Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
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11
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Fox LJ, Kelly PP, Humphreys GJ, Waigh T, Lu JR, McBain AJ. Assessing the Risk of Resistance to Cationic Biocides incorporating Realism-based and Biophysical Approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6414534. [PMID: 34718634 PMCID: PMC9113109 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The control of microorganisms is a key objective in disease prevention and in medical, industrial, domestic, and food-production environments. Whilst the effectiveness of biocides in these contexts is well-evidenced, debate continues about the resistance risks associated with their use. This has driven an increased regulatory burden, which in turn could result in a reduction of both the deployment of current biocides and the development of new compounds and formulas. Efforts to balance risk and benefit are therefore of critical importance and should be underpinned by realistic methods and a multi-disciplinary approach, and through objective and critical analyses of the literature. The current literature on this topic can be difficult to navigate. Much of the evidence for potential issues of resistance generation by biocides is based on either correlation analysis of isolated bacteria, where reports of treatment failure are generally uncommon, or laboratory studies that do not necessarily represent real biocide applications. This is complicated by inconsistencies in the definition of the term resistance. Similar uncertainties also apply to cross-resistance between biocides and antibiotics. Risk assessment studies that can better inform practice are required. The resulting knowledge can be utilised by multiple stakeholders including those tasked with new product development, regulatory authorities, clinical practitioners, and the public. This review considers current evidence for resistance and cross-resistance and outlines efforts to increase realism in risk assessment. This is done in the background of the discussion of the mode of application of biocides and the demonstrable benefits as well as the potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Fox
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul P Kelly
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Humphreys
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Waigh
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Artasensi A, Mazzotta S, Fumagalli L. Back to Basics: Choosing the Appropriate Surface Disinfectant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060613. [PMID: 34063833 PMCID: PMC8224088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
From viruses to bacteria, our lives are filled with exposure to germs. In built environments, exposure to infectious microorganisms and their byproducts is clearly linked to human health. In the last year, public health emergency surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic stressed the importance of having good biosafety measures and practices. To prevent infection from spreading and to maintain the barrier, disinfection and hygiene habits are crucial, especially when the microorganism can persist and survive on surfaces. Contaminated surfaces are called fomites and on them, microorganisms can survive even for months. As a consequence, fomites serve as a second reservoir and transfer pathogens between hosts. The knowledge of microorganisms, type of surface, and antimicrobial agent is fundamental to develop the best approach to sanitize fomites and to obtain good disinfection levels. Hence, this review has the purpose to briefly describe the organisms, the kind of risk associated with them, and the main classes of antimicrobials for surfaces, to help choose the right approach to prevent exposure to pathogens.
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13
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Mahoney AR, Safaee MM, Wuest WM, Furst AL. The silent pandemic: Emergent antibiotic resistances following the global response to SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:102304. [PMID: 33748695 PMCID: PMC7955580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the rapid development of vaccines and antivirals. However, the potential for the emergence of antibiotic resistances due to the increased use of antibacterial cleaning products and therapeutics presents an additional, underreported threat. Most antibacterial cleaners contain simple quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs); however, these compounds are steadily becoming less effective as antibacterial agents. QACs are extensively used in SARS-CoV-2-related sanitization in clinical and household settings. Similarly, due to the danger of secondary infections, antibiotic therapeutics are increasingly used as a component of COVID-19 treatment regimens, even in the absence of a bacterial infection diagnosis. The increased use of antibacterial agents as cleaners and therapeutics is anticipated to lead to novel resistances in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Mohammad Moein Safaee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
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14
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Kaplan AR, Schrank CL, Wuest WM. An Efficient Synthesis of 3-Alkylpyridine Alkaloids Enables Their Biological Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2487-2490. [PMID: 33755337 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3-Alkylpyridine alkaloids (3-APAs) isolated from the arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa are a promising group of bioactive marine alkaloids. However, due to limited bioavailability, investigations of their bioactivity have been hampered. Additionally, synthesis of a common intermediate requires the use of protecting groups and harsh conditions. In this work, we developed a simple and concise two-step route to nine different natural and synthetic haliclocyclins. These compounds displayed modest antibiotic activity against several Gram-positive bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kaplan
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - William M Wuest
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Obłąk E, Futoma-Kołoch B, Wieczyńska A. Biological activity of quaternary ammonium salts and resistance of microorganisms to these compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:22. [PMID: 33428020 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) are ubiquitous in nature, being found in organisms ranging from microorganisms to vertebrates (e.g., glycine betaine, carnitine) where they have important cellular functions. QASs are also obtained by chemical synthesis. These compounds, due to their diverse chemical structure (e.g. monomeric QAS or gemini) and their biological properties, are widely used in medicine (as disinfectants, drugs, and DNA carriers), industry, environmental protection and agriculture (as preservatives, biocides, herbicides and fungicides). Discussed chemical compounds reduce the adhesion of microorganisms to various biotic and abiotic surfaces and cause the eradication of biofilms produced by pathogenic microorganisms. The properties of these chemicals depend on their chemical structure (length of the alkyl chain, linker and counterion), which has a direct impact on the physicochemical and biological activity of these compounds. QASs by incorporation into the membranes, inhibit the activity of proteins (H+-ATPase) and disrupt the transport of substances to the cell. Moreover, in the presence of QASs, changes in lipid composition (qualitative and quantitative) of plasma membrane are observed. The widespread use of disinfectants in commercial products can induce resistance in microorganisms to these surfactants and even to antibiotics. In this article we discuss the biological activity of QASs as cationic surfactants against microorganisms and their resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Obłąk
- Department of Physico-Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Wieczyńska
- Department of Physico-Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Carden RG, Sommers KJ, Schrank CL, Leitgeb AJ, Feliciano JA, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Advancements in the Development of Non-Nitrogen-Based Amphiphilic Antiseptics to Overcome Pathogenic Bacterial Resistance. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1974-1984. [PMID: 32886856 PMCID: PMC8371456 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as common disinfecting agents for the past century has led bacteria to develop resistance to such compounds. Given the alarming increase in resistant strains, new strategies are required to combat this rise in resistance. Recent efforts to probe and combat bacterial resistance have focused on studies of multiQACs. Relatively unexplored, however, have been changes to the primary atom bearing positive charge in these antiseptics. Here we review the current state of the field of both phosphonium and sulfonium amphiphilic antiseptics, both of which hold promise as novel means to address bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kyle J Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Austin J Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Javier A Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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17
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The wide-spectrum antimicrobial effect of novel N-alkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts and their mixtures; the QSAR study against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112584. [PMID: 32853858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) have been widely used for disinfection purposes because of their low price, high efficacy and low human toxicity for decades. However, precise mechanisms of action nor the powerful versatile agent against all antimicrobial species are known. In this study we have prepared 43 novel N-alkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts including 7 N,N-dialkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts differing bearing alkyl chain either of 12, 14 or 16 carbons. Together with 15 already published QASs we have studied the antimicrobial efficacy of all water-soluble compounds together with standard benzalkonium salts against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria, anaerobic spore-forming Cl. difficile, yeasts, filamentous fungi and enveloped Varicella zoster virus (VZV). To address the mechanism of action, lipophilicity seems to be a key parameter which determines antimicrobial efficacy, however, exceptions are likely to occur and therefore QSAR analysis on the efficacy against G+ and G- bacteria was applied. We showed that antibacterial activity is higher when the molecule is larger, more lipophilic, less polar, and contains fewer oxygen atoms, fewer methyl groups bound to heteroatoms or fewer hydrogen atoms bound to polarized carbon atoms. In addition, from an application point of view, we have formulated mixtures, on the basis of obtained efficiency of individual compounds, in order to receive wide-spectrum agent. All formulated mixtures completely eradicated tested G+ and G- strains, including the multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa as well as in case of yeasts. However, effect on A. fumigatus, Cl. difficile and VZV the exposition towards mixture resulted in significant reduction only. Finally, 3 out of 4 formulated mixtures were safer than reference commercial agent based on benzalkonium salts only in the skin irritation test using reconstructed human epidermidis.
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18
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Ongwae GM, Morrison KR, Allen RA, Kim S, Im W, Wuest WM, Pires MM. Broadening Activity of Polymyxin by Quaternary Ammonium Grafting. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1427-1435. [PMID: 32212668 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens continue to impose a tremendous health burden across the globe. Here, we describe a novel series of polymyxin-based agents grafted with membrane-active quaternary ammonium warheads to combine two important classes of Gram-negative antimicrobial scaffolds. The goal was to deliver a targeted quaternary ammonium warhead onto the surface of bacterial pathogens using the outer membrane homing properties of polymyxin. The most potent agents resulted in new scaffolds that retained the ability to target Gram-negative bacteria and had limited toxicity toward mammalian cells. We showed, using a molecular dynamics approach, that the new agents retained their ability to engage in specific interactions with lipopolysaccharide molecules. Significantly, the combination of quaternary ammonium and polymyxin widens the activity to the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Our results serve as an example of how two membrane-active agents can be combined to produce a class of novel scaffolds with potent biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Ongwae
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Kelly R. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ryan A. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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19
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Alkhalifa S, Jennings MC, Granata D, Klein M, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC, Carnevale V. Analysis of the Destabilization of Bacterial Membranes by Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1510-1516. [PMID: 31859426 PMCID: PMC7237276 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) antiseptics has long been assumed to be straightforward membrane disruption, although the process of approaching and entering the membrane has little modeling precedent. Furthermore, questions have more recently arisen regarding bacterial resistance mechanisms, and why select classes of QACs (specifically, multicationic QACs) are less prone to resistance. In order to better understand such subtleties, a series of molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to help identify these molecular determinants, directly comparing mono-, bis-, and triscationic QACs in simulated membrane intercalation models. Three distinct membranes were simulated, mimicking the surfaces of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a neutral phospholipid control. By analyzing the resulting trajectories in the form of a timeseries analysis, insight was gleaned regarding the significant steps and interactions involved in the destabilization of phospholipid bilayers within the bacterial membranes. Finally, to more specifically probe the effect of the hydrophobic section of the amphiphile that presumably penetrates the membrane, a series of alkyl- and ester-based biscationic quaternary ammonium compounds were prepared, tested for antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alkhalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Daniele Granata
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Michael Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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20
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Malik Z. Photodynamic inactivation of antibiotic‐resistant Gram‐positive bacteria: Challenges and opportunities. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Malik
- Faculty of Life ScienceBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
- Zefat Academic College Zefat Israel
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21
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Ribič U, Jakše J, Toplak N, Koren S, Kovač M, Klančnik A, Jeršek B. Transporters and Efflux Pumps Are the Main Mechanisms Involved in Staphylococcus epidermidis Adaptation and Tolerance to Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E344. [PMID: 32121333 PMCID: PMC7143832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis cleanroom strains are often exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants, including didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). Consequently, they can adapt or even become tolerant to them. RNA-sequencing was used to investigate adaptation and tolerance mechanisms of S. epidermidis cleanroom strains (SE11, SE18), with S. epidermidis SE11Ad adapted and S. epidermidis SE18To tolerant to DDAC. Adaptation to DDAC was identified with up-regulation of genes mainly involved in transport (thioredoxin reductase [pstS], the arsenic efflux pump [gene ID, SE0334], sugar phosphate antiporter [uhpT]), while down-regulation was seen for the Agr system (agrA, arC, agrD, psm, SE1543), for enhanced biofilm formation. Tolerance to DDAC revealed the up-regulation of genes associated with transporters (L-cysteine transport [tcyB]; uracil permease [SE0875]; multidrug transporter [lmrP]; arsenic efflux pump [arsB]); the down-regulation of genes involved in amino-acid biosynthesis (lysine [dapE]; histidine [hisA]; methionine [metC]), and an enzyme involved in peptidoglycan, and therefore cell wall modifications (alanine racemase [SE1079]). We show for the first time the differentially expressed genes in DDAC-adapted and DDAC-tolerant S. epidermidis strains, which highlight the complexity of the responses through the involvement of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Ribič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Toplak
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Simon Koren
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minka Kovač
- Omega d.o.o., Dolinškova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Barbara Jeršek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.R.); (A.K.)
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22
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Morrison KR, Allen RA, Minbiole KP, Wuest WM. More QACs, more questions: Recent advances in structure activity relationships and hurdles in understanding resistance mechanisms. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:150935. [PMID: 32296251 PMCID: PMC7158862 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of antimicrobials that have been around for over a century; nevertheless, they have found continued renewal in the structures to which they can be appended. Ranging from antimicrobial polymers to adding novel modes of action to existing antibiotics, QACs have found ongoing use due to their potent properties. However, resistance against QACs has begun to emerge, and the mechanism of resistance is still only partially understood. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the field and what is known about the mechanisms of resistance so that the QACs of the future can be designed to be evermore efficacious and utilized to unearth the remaining mysteries that surround bacteria's resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Ryan A. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kevin P.C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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23
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Thomas B, Duval RE, Fontanay S, Varbanov M, Boisbrun M. Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Bis-thiazolium, Bis-imidazolium, and Bis-triazolium Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1232-1237. [PMID: 31115160 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the worldwide spread of bacterial drug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop new compounds that exhibit potent antibacterial activity and that are unimpaired by this phenomenon. Quaternary ammonium compounds have been used for many years as disinfectants, but recent advances have shown that polycationic derivatives exhibit much stronger activity and are less prone to bacterial resistance than commonly used monocationic compounds. In this sense, we prepared three series of new bis-cationic compounds: bis-thiazoliums, bis-imidazoliums, and bis-1,2,4-triazoliums. If some compounds of the first series showed fair antibacterial activity, most of those belonging to the two other series were highly potent, with minimum inhibitory concentrations close to 1 μg mL-1 . Some of them also exhibited low toxicity toward eukaryotic MRC-5 lung fibroblasts, and we showed that this toxicity is clearly correlated with clogP. Finally, four selected compounds were found to exhibit a clear bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, 54000, Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Privés de Metz, Metz, France
| | - Raphaël E Duval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, 54000, Nancy, France.,ABC Platform, Faculté de Pharmacie, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Fontanay
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, 54000, Nancy, France.,ABC Platform, Faculté de Pharmacie, 54000, Nancy, France
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24
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Loss of Function in Escherichia coli Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Benzalkonium Chloride. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02417-18. [PMID: 30530708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02417-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the risk of resistance associated with biocide exposure commonly involves exposing microorganisms to biocides at concentrations close to the MIC. With the aim of representing exposure to environmental biocide residues, Escherichia coli MG1655 was grown for 20 passages in the presence or absence of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) at 100 ng/liter and 1,000 ng/liter (0.0002% and 0.002% of the MIC, respectively). BAC susceptibility, planktonic growth rates, motility, and biofilm formation were assessed, and differentially expressed genes were determined via transcriptome sequencing. Planktonic growth rate and biofilm formation were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) following BAC adaptation, while BAC minimum bactericidal concentration increased 2-fold. Transcriptomic analysis identified 289 upregulated and 391 downregulated genes after long-term BAC adaptation compared with the respective control organism passaged in BAC-free medium. When the BAC-adapted bacterium was grown in BAC-free medium, 1,052 genes were upregulated and 753 were downregulated. Repeated passage solely in biocide-free medium resulted in 460 upregulated and 476 downregulated genes compared with unexposed bacteria. Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant BAC concentrations increased the expression of genes associated with efflux and reduced the expression of genes associated with outer-membrane porins, motility, and chemotaxis. This was manifested phenotypically through the loss of function (motility). Repeated passage in a BAC-free environment resulted in the upregulation of multiple respiration-associated genes, which was reflected by increased growth rate. In summary, repeated exposure of E. coli to BAC residues resulted in significant alterations in global gene expression that were associated with minor decreases in biocide susceptibility, reductions in growth rate and biofilm formation, and loss of motility.IMPORTANCE Exposure to very low concentrations of biocides in the environment is a poorly understood risk factor for antimicrobial resistance. Repeated exposure to trace levels of the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) resulted in loss of function (motility) and a general reduction in bacterial fitness but relatively minor decreases in susceptibility. These changes were accompanied by widespread changes in the Escherichia coli transcriptome. These results demonstrate the importance of including phenotypic characterization in studies designed to assess the risks of biocide exposure.
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25
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Antistaphylococcal and Antibiotic Resistance Modulatory Activities of Thirteen Cameroonian Edible Plants against Resistant Phenotypes. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:1920198. [PMID: 30057614 PMCID: PMC6051259 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1920198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, 18 methanol extracts from Cameroonian edible plants were tested for their antibacterial activities against 26 strains of S. aureus; the role of efflux pumps in the resistance of tested bacteria and the antibiotic resistance-modulating activities against selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes were also investigated. Methods Broth microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity, the role of efflux pumps, and the antibiotic resistance-modulating effects of plant extracts. Results Extracts from Dacryodes edulis seeds (DES) and Dacryodes edulis bark (DEB) were active against all 26 tested bacterial strains, within the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 256–1024 µg/mL. MIC values varied from 64 to 1024 µg/mL against 96.2% of the 26 tested bacteria for Phaseolus vulgaris leaves (PVL), 92.3% for Azadirachta indica bark (AIB), Dacryodes edulis leaves (DEL), and Ricinodendron heudelotii leaves (RHL). The lowest MIC value of 64 µg/mL was obtained with the extract from Cucurbita maxima beans (CMB) against MRSA4 strain and from Uapaca guineensis bark (UGB) against MRSA9 strain. Bacterial efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), improved the activity of DES and UGB as well as that of extracts from Hibiscus esculentus leaves (HEL) and Uapaca guineensis leaves (UGL) against resistant S. aureus strains. Antibiotic-modulating effects against more than 70% of the S. aureus strains tested were obtained when RHL (at MIC/2) was combined with CIP, ERY, and KAN (88.89%), CHL (88.89%), TET (77.78%), and STR (88.89%). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the 13 tested plants had antistaphylococcal effects and that DES, HEL, UGL, and UGB could be used in combination with EPI to combat resistance to Staphylococcus aureus. Also, it demonstrated that some studied extracts and mostly RHL could be used as antibiotic resistance modulators to fight against resistant strains of S. aureus.
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26
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Bai PY, Qin SS, Chu WC, Yang Y, Cui DY, Hua YG, Yang QQ, Zhang E. Synthesis and antibacterial bioactivities of cationic deacetyl linezolid amphiphiles. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:925-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Increased Usage of Antiseptics Is Associated with Reduced Susceptibility in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00894-18. [PMID: 29844113 PMCID: PMC5974466 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and regimes to prevent infection are crucial in infection control. These include the decolonization of vulnerable patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage using antiseptics, including chlorhexidine and octenidine. Concern has been raised, however, regarding the possible development of biocide resistance. In this study, we assembled a panel of S. aureus isolates, including isolates collected before the development of chlorhexidine and octenidine and isolates, from a major hospital trust in the United Kingdom during a period when the decolonization regimes were altered. We observed significant increases in the MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chlorhexidine in isolates from periods of high usage of chlorhexidine. Isolates with increased MICs and MBCs of octenidine rapidly emerged after octenidine was introduced in the trust. There was no apparent cross-resistance between the two biocidal agents. A combination of variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis, PCR for qac genes, and whole-genome sequencing was used to type isolates and examine possible mechanisms of resistance. There was no expansion of a single strain associated with decreased biocide tolerance, and biocide susceptibility did not correlate with carriage of qac efflux pump genes. Mutations within the NorA or NorB efflux pumps, previously associated with chlorhexidine export, were identified, however, suggesting that this may be an important mechanism of biocide tolerance. We present evidence that isolates are evolving in the face of biocide challenge in patients and that changes in decolonization regimes are reflected in changes in susceptibility of isolates. Infection in hospitals remains a major cause of death and disease. One way in which we combat this is by decolonizing at-risk patients from carriage of bacteria which can cause disease such as MRSA. This is done with antiseptics, including chlorhexidine and octenidine. There is concern, however, that bacteria may be able to become resistant to these antiseptics. In this study, we looked at isolates of MRSA and found that there was a correlation between the use of antiseptics and increased resistance in the isolates. We also suggest that the mechanism by which these more tolerant isolates may become resistant to antiseptics is that of changing a transport pump that exports these agents. This information suggests that we need to study the impact of antiseptics on clinically important bacteria more closely.
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Craft KM, Townsend SD. The Human Milk Glycome as a Defense Against Infectious Diseases: Rationale, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:77-83. [PMID: 29140081 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Each year over 3 million people die from infectious diseases with most of these deaths being poor and young children who live in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases emerge for a multitude of reasons. On the social front, reasons include a breakdown of public health standards, international travel, and immigration (for financial, civil, and social reasons). At the molecular level, the modern rise of infectious diseases is tied to the juxtaposition of drug-resistant pathogens and a lack of new antimicrobials. The consequence is the possibility that humankind will return to the preantibiotic era wherein millions of people will perish from what should be trivial illnesses. Given the stakes, it is imperative that the chemistry community take leadership in delivering new antibiotic leads for clinical development. We believe this can happen through innovation in two areas. First is the development of novel chemical scaffolds to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The second area, which is not exclusive to the first, is the generation of antibiotics that do not cause collateral damage to the host or the host's microbiome. Both can be enabled through advances in chemical synthesis. It is with this general philosophy in mind that we hypothesized human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) could serve as novel chemical scaffolds for antibacterial development. We provide herein a personal account of our laboratory's progress toward the goal of using HMOs as a defense against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Schallenhammer SA, Duggan SM, Morrison KR, Bentley BS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Hybrid BisQACs: Potent Biscationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Merging the Structures of Two Commercial Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1931-1934. [PMID: 29068517 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) are two of the most common household antiseptics, but show weaker efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria as well as against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, relative to other S. aureus strains. We prepared 28 novel quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) that represent a hybrid of these two structures, using 1- to 2-step synthetic sequences. The biscationic (bisQAC) species prepared show uniformly potent activity against six bacterial strains tested, with nine novel antiseptics displaying single-digit micromolar activity across the board. Effects of unequal chain lengths of two installed side chains had less impact than the overall number of side chain carbon atoms present, which was optimal at 22-25 carbons. This is further indication that simple refinements to multiQAC architectures can show improvement over current household antiseptics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Zhang E, Bai PY, Cui DY, Chu WC, Hua YG, Liu Q, Yin HY, Zhang YJ, Qin S, Liu HM. Synthesis and bioactivities study of new antibacterial peptide mimics: The dialkyl cationic amphiphiles. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1489-1509. [PMID: 29126736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria is widespread. Therefore, it is urgently required to enhance the development of novel antimicrobial agents with high antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. A series of novel dialkyl cationic amphiphiles bearing two identical length lipophilic alkyl chains and one non-peptidic amide bond were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Particular compounds synthesized showed excellent antibacterial activity toward drug-sensitive bacteria such as S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli and S. enterica, and clinical isolates of drug-resistant species such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), KPC-producing and NDM-1-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). For example, the MIC values of the best compound 4g ranged from 0.5 to 2 μg/mL against all these strains. Moreover, these small molecules acted rapidly as bactericidal agents, and functioned primarily by permeabilization and depolarization of bacterial membranes. Importantly, these compounds were difficult to induce bacterial resistance and can potentially combat drug-resistant bacteria. Thus, these compounds can be developed into a new class of antibacterial peptide mimics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Peng-Yan Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - De-Yun Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Hua
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shangshang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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