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Yang F, Chen C, Chen R, Yang C, Liu Z, Wen L, Xiao H, Geng B, Xia Y. Unraveling the Potential of SGK1 in Osteoporosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2025; 15:686. [PMID: 40427579 PMCID: PMC12109298 DOI: 10.3390/biom15050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease, with several million cases of fractures resulting from osteoporosis worldwide each year. This phenomenon contributes to a substantial increase in direct medical expenditures and poses a considerable socioeconomic burden. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of serum glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase 1 (SGK1) in multiple signaling pathways that regulate bone metabolism and its significant role in the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to deeply explore the mechanism of SGK1 in osteoporosis and its therapeutic potential. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the structure and activation mechanism of SGK1, its biological function, the role of SGK1 in different types of osteoporosis, and the inhibitors of SGK1. The aim is to comprehensively assess the latest research progress with regards to SGK1's role in osteoporosis, clarify its role in the regulation of bone metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic target, and lay the foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment in the future. Furthermore, by thoroughly examining the interactions between SGK1 and other molecules or signaling pathways, potential biomarkers may be identified, thereby enhancing the efficacy of early screening and intervention for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Changshun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Rongjin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Chenghui Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hefang Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yayi Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (C.C.); (R.C.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.G.)
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Hu S, Chen S, Zhu H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Zhou J. Transcriptome reveals the roles and potential mechanisms of CeRNA in the regulation of salivary gland development in the tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15:1573239. [PMID: 40370407 PMCID: PMC12075121 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1573239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction The salivary glands of female ticks rapidly degenerate after feeding. The mechanism involves programmed cell death mediated by an ecdysteroid receptor. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network has been established using miRNA and the competitive binding of three types of RNA (lncRNA, circRNA, and mRNA), that were demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of biological processes. However, the comprehensive expression profile and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network between mRNAs and ncRNAs involved in salivary gland development remain unclear. Methods In the current study, we employed whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing) at various stages of feeding to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. The ceRNA networks combining lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were predicted and constructed based on the miRanda and TargetScan databases. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed for target mRNAs with significantly different expression levels. Results We identified several pathways related to organ growth and development: Insulin secretion, the Hippo signaling pathway, the Pl3K-Akt signaling pathway, the FoxO signaling pathway, and the Ferroptosis pathway in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, and Steroid biosynthesis, Cholesterol metabolism, the FoxO signaling pathway, and the Ferroptosis pathway in the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, each of which involved insulin and ecdysteroid regulation. Discussion Our findings have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of salivary gland development and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Songqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haotian Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wu Z, Zhan W, Wu L, Yu L, Xie X, Yu F, Kong W, Bi S, Liu S, Yin G, Zhou J. The Roles of Forkhead Box O3a (FOXO3a) in Bone and Cartilage Diseases - A Narrative Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2025; 19:1357-1375. [PMID: 40034405 PMCID: PMC11874768 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s494841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Bone and cartilage diseases are significantly associated with musculoskeletal disability. However, no effective drugs are available to cure them. FOXO3a, a member of the FOXO family, has been implicated in cell proliferation, ROS detoxification, autophagy, and apoptosis. The biological functions of FOXO3a can be modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation and acetylation. Several signaling pathways, such as MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK/Sirt1 pathways, have been implicated in the development of bone and cartilage diseases by mediating the expression of FOXO3a. In particular, FOXO3a acts as a transcriptional factor in mediating the expression of various genes, such as MnSOD, CAT, BIM, BBC3, and CDK6. FOXO3a plays a critical role in the metabolism of bone and cartilage. In this article, we mainly discussed the biological functions of FOXO3a in bone and cartilage diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). FOXO3a can promote osteogenic differentiation, induce osteoblast proliferation, inhibit osteoclast activity, suppress chondrocyte apoptosis, and reduce inflammatory responses. Collectively, up-regulation of FOXO3a expression shows beneficial effects, and FOXO3a has become a potential target for bone and cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Zhan
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luhu Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xunlu Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihao Kong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Bi
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Yin
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China
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Gulzar M, Noor S, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. The role of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 in cellular signaling: Implications for drug development. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128725. [PMID: 38092114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the Ser/Thr kinase family. It regulates diverse physiological processes, including epithelial sodium channel activity, hypertension, cell proliferation, and insulin sensitivity. Due to its significant role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, SGK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target to address challenging health problems. SGK1 is associated with the development of obesity, and its overexpression enhances the sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 activity, which absorbs intestinal glucose. This review highlighted the detailed functional significance of SGK1 signaling and role in different diseases and subsequent therapeutic targeting. We aim to provide deeper mechanistic insights into understanding the pathogenesis and recent advancements in the SGK1 targeted drug development process. Small-molecule inhibitors are being developed with excellent binding affinity and improved SGK1 inhibition with desired selectivity. We have discussed small molecule inhibitors designed explicitly as potent SGK1 inhibitors and their therapeutic implications in various diseases. We further addressed the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of these SGK1 inhibitors and provided a strong scientific foundation for developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Gulzar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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He W, Fu Y, Yao S, Huang L. Programmed cell death of periodontal ligament cells. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1768-1787. [PMID: 37566596 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The periodontal ligament is a crucial tissue that provides support to the periodontium. Situated between the alveolar bone and the tooth root, it consists primarily of fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are functionally differentiated cells, whereas PDLSCs are undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. The dynamic development of these cells is intricately linked to periodontal changes and homeostasis. Notably, the regulation of programmed cell death facilitates the clearance of necrotic tissue and plays a pivotal role in immune response. However, it also potentially contributes to the loss of periodontal supporting tissues and root resorption. These findings have significant implications for understanding the occurrence and progression of periodontitis, as well as the mechanisms underlying orthodontic root resorption. Further, the regulation of periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) death is influenced by both systemic and local factors. This comprehensive review focuses on recent studies reporting the mechanisms of PDLC death and related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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