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Mishra A, Srivastava D, Raj D, Patra N, Padhi SK. Formate dehydrogenase activity by a Cu(II)-based molecular catalyst and deciphering the mechanism using DFT studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1209-1220. [PMID: 38108489 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03023g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the requirement to establish renewable energy sources, formic acid (FA), one of the most probable liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), has received great attention. Catalytic formic acid dehydrogenation in an effective and environmentally friendly manner is still a challenge. The N3Q3 ligand (N3Q3 = N,N-bis(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)quinolin-8-amine) and the square pyramidal [Cu(N3Q3)Cl]Cl complex have been synthesised in this work and characterised using several techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, EPR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations. This work investigates the dehydrogenation of formic acid using a molecular and homogeneous catalyst [Cu(N3Q3)Cl]Cl in the presence of HCOONa. The mononuclear copper complex exhibits catalytic activity towards the dehydrogenation of formic acid in H2O with the evolution of a 1 : 1 CO2 and H2 mixture. The activation energy of formic acid dehydrogenation was calculated to be Ea = 86 kJ mol-1, based on experiments carried out at various temperatures. The Gibbs free energy was found to be 82 kJ at 298 K for the decomposition of HCOOH. The DFT studies reveal that [Cu(N3Q3)(HCOO-)]+ undergoes an uphill process of rearrangement followed by decarboxylation to generate [Cu(N3Q3)(H-)]+. The initial uphill step for forming a transition state is the rate-determining step. The [Cu(N3Q3)(H-)]+ follows an activated state in the presence of HCOOH to liberate H2 and generate the [Cu(N3Q3)(OH2)]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mishra
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Diship Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Dev Raj
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Niladri Patra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Padhi
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
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Ma HZ, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Liberation of carbon monoxide from formic acid mediated by molybdenum oxyanions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15734-15746. [PMID: 37843527 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Multistage mass spectrometry experiments, isotope labelling and DFT calculations were used to explore whether selective decarbonylation of formic acid could be mediated by molybdate anions [(MoO3)x(OH)]- (x = 1 and 2) via a formal catalytic cycle involving two steps. In step 1, both molybdate anions undergo gas-phase ion-molecule reactions (IMR) with formic acid to produce the coordinated formates [(MoO3)x(O2CH)]- and H2O. In step 2, both coordinated formates [(MoO3)x(O2CH)]- undergo decarbonylation under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions to reform the molybdate anions [(MoO3)x(OH)]- (x = 1 and 2), thus closing a formal catalytic cycle. In the case of [MoO3(O2CH)]- an additional decarboxylation channel also occurs to yield [MoO3(H)]-, which is unreactive towards formic acid. The reaction between [Mo18O3(18OH)]- and formic acid gives rise to [Mo18O3(O2CH)]- highlighting that ligand substitution occurs without 18O/16O exchange between the coordinated 18OH ligand and HC16O2H. The reaction between [(MoO3)x(OD)]- (x = 1 and 2) and DCO2H initially produces [(MoO3)x(OH)]- (x = 1 and 2), indicating that D/H exchange occurs. DFT calculations were carried out to investigate the reaction mechanisms and energetics associated with both steps of the formal catalytic cycle and to better understand the competition between decarbonylation and decarboxylation, which is crucial in developing a selective catalyst. The CO and CO2 loss channels from the monomolybdate anion [MoO3(O2CH)]- have similar barrier heights which is in agreement with experimental results where both fragmentation channels are observed. In contrast, the dimolybdate anion is more selective, since the decarbonylation pathway of [(MoO3)2(O2CH)]- is both kinetically and thermodynamically favoured, which agrees with experimental observations where the CO loss channel is solely observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Ma HZ, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Near thermal, selective liberation of hydrogen from formic acid catalysed by copper hydride ate complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1574-1581. [PMID: 36656079 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A near thermal two-step catalytic cycle for the selective release of hydrogen from formic acid by mononuclear cuprate anions was revealed using multistage mass spectrometry experiments, deuterium labelling and DFT calculations. In gas-phase ion-molecule reactions, mononuclear copper hydride anions [(L)Cu(H)]- (where L = H-, O2CH-, BH4- and CN-) were found to react with formic acid (HCO2H) to yield [(L)Cu(O2CH)]- and H2. The copper formate anions [(L)Cu(O2CH)]- can decarboxylate via collision-induced dissociation (CID) to reform the copper hydride [(L)Cu(H)]-, thereby closing the two-step catalytic cycle. Analogous labelling experiments with d1-formic acid (DCO2H) reveal that the decarboxylation process also occurs spontaneously. A kinetic study was carried out to provide further insights into the species involved in this reaction. Energetics from density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the key decarboxylation step can occur without CID, thus in support of experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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O'Hair RAJ. ORGANOMETALLIC GAS-PHASE ION CHEMISTRY AND CATALYSIS: INSIGHTS INTO THE USE OF METAL CATALYSTS TO PROMOTE SELECTIVITY IN THE REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:782-810. [PMID: 32965774 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are valuable organic substrates as they are widely available, easy to handle, and exhibit structural and functional variety. While they are used in many standard synthetic protocols, over the past two decades numerous studies have explored new modes of metal-mediated reactivity of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Mass spectrometry-based studies can provide fundamental mechanistic insights into these new modes of reactivity. Here gas-phase models for the following catalytic transformations of carboxylic acids and their derivatives are reviewed: protodecarboxylation; dehydration; decarbonylation; reaction as coordinated bases in C-H bond activation; remote functionalization and decarboxylative C-C bond coupling. In each case the catalytic problem is defined, insights from gas-phase studies are highlighted, comparisons with condensed-phase systems are made and perspectives are reached. Finally, the potential role for mechanistic studies that integrate both gas- and condensed-phase studies is highlighted by recent studies on the discovery of new catalysts for the selective decomposition of formic acid and the invention of the new extrusion-insertion class of reactions for the synthesis of amides, thioamides, and amidines. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Spectroscopy and photochemistry of copper nitrate clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9911-9920. [PMID: 33908510 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of copper nitrate cluster anions Cu(ii)n(NO3)2n+1-, n ≤ 4, in the gas phase using ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/vis/NIR) spectroscopy provides detailed insight into the electronic structure of the copper salt and its intriguing photochemistry. In the experimentally studied region up to 5.5 eV, the spectra of copper(ii) nitrate exhibit a 3d-3d band in the vis/NIR and well-separated bands in the UV. The latter bands originate from Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) as well as n-π* transitions in the nitrate ligands. The clusters predominantly decompose by loss of neutral copper nitrate in the electronic ground state after internal conversion or via the photochemical loss of a neutral NO3 ligand after a LMCT. These two decomposition channels are in direct competition on the ground state potential energy surface for the smallest copper nitrate cluster, Cu(ii)(NO3)3-. Here, copper nitrate evaporation is thermochemically less favorable. Population of π* orbitals in the nitrate ligands may lead to N-O bond photolysis. This is observed in the UV region with a small quantum efficiency, with photochemical loss of either nitrogen dioxide or an oxygen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of anionic copper formate clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Parker K, Weragoda GK, Canty AJ, Polyzos A, Ryzhov V, O’Hair RAJ. A Two-Step Catalytic Cycle for the Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Ethane by Group 10 Metal Complexes: Role of the Metal in Reactivity and Selectivity. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Geethika K. Weragoda
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Lücken J, Auth T, Mozzi SI, Meyer F. Hexanuclear Copper(I) Hydride from the Reduction-Induced Decarboxylation of a Dicopper(II) Formate. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14347-14354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lücken
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Auth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sara Ida Mozzi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Mravak A, Krstić M, Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bonačić‐Koutecký V. Intrazeolite CO Methanation by Small Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes: Translation from Free Clusters into the Cage. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Mravak
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology - Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) Faculty of Science University of Split Ruđera Boškovića 33 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology - Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) Faculty of Science University of Split Ruđera Boškovića 33 21000 Split Croatia
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Split Ruđera Boškovića 33 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Vlasta Bonačić‐Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology - Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM) Faculty of Science University of Split Ruđera Boškovića 33 21000 Split Croatia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST) at University of Split Meštrovićevo šetalište 45 21000 Split Croatia
- Chemistry Department Humboldt University of Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. UV/Vis Spectroscopy of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Metal-Ligand Photochemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:8286-8295. [PMID: 32155292 PMCID: PMC7384192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and photochemistry of copper formate clusters, CuI2(HCO2)3− and CuIIn(HCO2)2n+1−, n≤8, are investigated in the gas phase by using UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. A clear difference in the spectra of clusters with CuI and CuII copper ions is observed. For the CuI species, transitions between copper d and s/p orbitals are recorded. For stoichiometric CuII formate clusters, the spectra are dominated by copper d–d transitions and charge‐transfer excitations from formate to the vacant copper d orbital. Calculations reveal the existence of several energetically low‐lying isomers, and the energetic position of the electronic transitions depends strongly on the specific isomer. The oxidation state of the copper centers governs the photochemistry. In CuII(HCO2)3−, fast internal conversion into the electronic ground state is observed, leading to statistical dissociation; for charge‐transfer excitations, specific excited‐state reaction channels are observed in addition, such as formyloxyl radical loss. In CuI2(HCO2)3−, the system relaxes to a local minimum on an excited‐state potential‐energy surface and might undergo fluorescence or reach a conical intersection to the ground state; in both cases, this provides substantial energy for statistical decomposition. Alternatively, a CuII(HCO2)3Cu0− biradical structure is formed in the excited state, which gives rise to the photochemical loss of a neutral copper atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Ma HZ, McKay AI, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to explore formation and gas-phase chemistry of silver nanoclusters generated from the reaction of silver salts with NaBH 4 in the presence of bis(diphenylarsino)methane. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 56:e4590. [PMID: 32721080 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of mixtures of AgBF4 or AgNO3 with the capping ligand bis(diphenylarsino)methane ((Ph2 As)2 CH2 = dpam) in a solution of acetonitrile revealed the formation of the following cations: [Ag(CH3 CN)(dpam)]+ , [Ag(dpam)2 ]+ , [Ag2 (Cl)(dpam)2 ]+ , and [Ag3 (Cl)2 (dpam)3 ]+ . Addition of NaBH4 to these solutions results in the formation of the cluster cations [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)2 ]+ , [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (H)(BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (BH4 )2 (dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (H)(Cl)(dpam)3 ]+ , and [Ag3 (I)(BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , as established by ESI-MS. Use of NaBD4 confirmed that borohydride is the source of the hydride in these clusters. An Orbitrap Fusion LUMOS mass spectrometer was used to explore the gas-phase unimolecular chemistry of selected clusters via multistage mass spectrometry (MSn ) experiments employing low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) and high-energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD) experiments. The borohydride containing clusters fragment via two competing pathways: (i) ligand loss and (ii) B-H bond activation involving BH3 loss. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to calculate the energetics of the optimized structures for all precursor ions, fragment ions, and neutrals and to estimate the reaction endothermicities. Generally, there is reasonable agreement between the most abundant product ion formed and the predicted endothermicity of the associated reaction channel. The DFT calculations predicted that the novel dimer [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)2 ]+ has a paddlewheel structure in which the dpam and BH4 - ligands bridge both silver centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Desnoyer AN, Nicolay A, Ziegler MS, Torquato NA, Tilley TD. A Dicopper Platform that Stabilizes the Formation of Pentanuclear Coinage Metal Hydride Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12769-12773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Addison N. Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Micah S. Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Nicole A. Torquato
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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13
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Desnoyer AN, Nicolay A, Ziegler MS, Torquato NA, Tilley TD. A Dicopper Platform that Stabilizes the Formation of Pentanuclear Coinage Metal Hydride Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Addison N. Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Micah S. Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Nicole A. Torquato
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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14
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Decomposition of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Elementary Steps of Calcination and Carbon Dioxide Activation. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1453-1459. [PMID: 31871848 PMCID: PMC6916659 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of copper formate clusters is investigated in the gas phase by infrared multiple photon dissociation of Cu(II) n (HCO2)2n+1 -, n≤8. In combination with quantum chemical calculations and reactivity measurements using oxygen, elementary steps of the decomposition of copper formate are characterized, which play a key role during calcination as well as for the function of copper hydride based catalysts. The decomposition of larger clusters (n >2) takes place exclusively by the sequential loss of neutral copper formate units Cu(II)(HCO2)2 or Cu(II)2(HCO2)4, leading to clusters with n=1 or n=2. Only for these small clusters, redox reactions are observed as discussed in detail previously, including the formation of formic acid or loss of hydrogen atoms, leading to a variety of Cu(I) complexes. The stoichiometric monovalent copper formate clusters Cu(I) m (HCO2) m+1 -, (m=1,2) decompose exclusively by decarboxylation, leading towards copper hydrides in oxidation state +I. Copper oxide centers are obtained via reactions of molecular oxygen with copper hydride centers, species containing carbon dioxide radical anions as ligands or a Cu(0) center. However, stoichiometric copper(I) and copper(II) formate Cu(I)(HCO2)2 - and Cu(II)(HCO2)3 -, respectively, is unreactive towards oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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15
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Kruppa SV, Groß C, Gui X, Bäppler F, Kwasigroch B, Sun Y, Diller R, Klopper W, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Riehn C, Thiel WR. Photoinitiated Charge Transfer in a Triangular Silver(I) Hydride Complex and Its Oxophilicity. Chemistry 2019; 25:11269-11284. [PMID: 31188502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of a triangular silver(I) hydride complex, [Ag3 (μ3 -H)(μ2 -dcpm)3 ](PF6 )2 ([P](PF6 )2 , dcpm=bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane), designed with "UV-silent" bis-phosphine ligands, provokes hydride-to-Ag3 single and double electron transfer. The nature of the electronic transitions has been authenticated by absorption and photodissociation spectroscopy in parallel with high-level quantum-chemical computations utilizing the GW method and Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW-BSE). Specific photofragments of mass-selected [P]2+ ions testify to charge transfer and competing pathways resulting from the unique [Ag3 (μ3 -H)]2+ scaffold. This structural motif of [P](PF6 )2 has been unequivocally verified by 1 H NMR spectroscopy in concert with DFT and X-ray diffraction structural analysis, which revealed short equilateral Ag-Ag distances (dAgAg =3.08 Å) within the range of argentophilic interactions. The reduced radical cation [P]. + exhibits strong oxophilicity, forming [P+O2 ].+ ,which is a model intermediate for silver oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Cedric Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Bäppler
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Björn Kwasigroch
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Werner R Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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16
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Piacentino EL, Parker K, Gilbert TM, O'Hair RAJ, Ryzhov V. Role of Ligand in the Selective Production of Hydrogen from Formic Acid Catalysed by the Mononuclear Cationic Zinc Complexes [(L)Zn(H)] + (L=tpy, phen, and bpy). Chemistry 2019; 25:9959-9966. [PMID: 31090119 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of zinc-based catalysts was evaluated for their efficiency in decomposing formic acid into molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas phase using quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry experiments. The effectiveness of the catalysts in the series [(L)Zn(H)]+ , where L=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2'-bipyrydine (bpy), was found to depend on the ligand used, which turned out to be fundamental in tuning the catalytic properties of the zinc complex. Specifically, [(tpy)Zn(H)]+ displayed the fastest reaction with formic acid proceeding by dehydrogenation to produce the zinc formate complex [(tpy)Zn(O2 CH)]+ and H2 . The catalysts [(L)Zn(H)]+ are reformed by decarboxylating the zinc formate complexes [(L)Zn(O2 CH)]+ by collision-induced dissociation, which is the only reaction channel for each of the ligands used. The decarboxylation reaction was found to be reversible, since the zinc hydride complexes [(L)Zn(H)]+ react with carbon dioxide yielding the zinc formate complex. This reaction was again substantially faster for L=tpy than L=phen or bpy. The energetics and mechanisms of these processes were modelled using several levels of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Experimental results are fully supported by the computational predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra L Piacentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Thomas M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
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17
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Release of Formic Acid from Copper Formate: Hydride, Proton-Coupled Electron and Hydrogen Atom Transfer All Play their Role. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1420-1424. [PMID: 30958610 PMCID: PMC6563433 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the mechanism for the transformation of carbon dioxide to formate with copper hydride is well understood, it is not clear how formic acid is ultimately released. Herein, we show how formic acid is formed in the decomposition of the copper formate clusters Cu(II)(HCOO)3- and Cu(II)2 (HCOO)5- . Infrared irradiation resonant with the antisymmetric C-O stretching mode activates the cluster, resulting in the release of formic acid and carbon dioxide. For the binary cluster, electronic structure calculations indicate that CO2 is eliminated first, through hydride transfer from formate to copper. Formic acid is released via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to a second formate ligand, evidenced by close to zero partial charge and spin density at the hydrogen atom in the transition state. Concomitantly, the two copper centers are reduced from Cu(II) to Cu(I). Depending on the detailed situation, either PCET or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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18
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Nakajima T, Kamiryo Y, Kishimoto M, Imai K, Nakamae K, Ura Y, Tanase T. Synergistic Cu2 Catalysts for Formic Acid Dehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8732-8736. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshia Kamiryo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masayo Kishimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kaho Imai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakamae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanase
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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19
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O'Hair RAJ, Mravak A, Krstić M, Bonačić‐Koutecký V. Models Facilitating the Design of a New Metal‐Organic Framework Catalyst for the Selective Decomposition of Formic Acid into Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. J. O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Rd Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Antonija Mravak
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology – Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST) University of Split Poljička cesta 35 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology – Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST) University of Split Poljička cesta 35 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Vlasta Bonačić‐Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology – Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST) University of Split Poljička cesta 35 21000 Split Croatia
- Chemistry Department Humboldt University of Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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20
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Desulfination versus decarboxylation as a means of generating three- and five-coordinate organopalladium complexes [(phen)nPd(C6H5)]+ (n = 1 and 2) to study their fundamental bimolecular reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Jin Q, Li J, Ariafard A, Canty AJ, O'Hair RA. Formation and reactions of the 1, 8-naphthyridine (napy) ligated geminally dimetallated phenyl complexes [(napy)Cu 2(Ph)] +, [(napy)Ag 2(Ph)] + and [(napy)CuAg(Ph)] . EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:30-43. [PMID: 30773925 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718795959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion trap mass spectrometry experiments and density functional theory calculations have been used to examine the routes to the formation of the 1,8-naphthyridine (napy) ligated geminally dimetallated phenyl complexes [(napy)Cu2(Ph)]+, [(napy)Ag2(Ph)]+ and [(napy)CuAg(Ph)]+ via extrusion of CO2 or SO2 under collision-induced dissociation conditions from their corresponding precursor complexes [(napy)Cu2(O2CPh)]+, [(napy)Ag2(O2CPh)]+, [(napy)CuAg(O2CPh)]+ and [(napy)Cu2(O2SPh)]+, [(napy)Ag2(O2SPh)]+, [(napy)CuAg(O2SPh)]+. Desulfination was found to be more facile than decarboxylation. Density functional theory calculations reveal that extrusion proceeds via two transition states: TS1 enables isomerization of the O, O-bridged benzoate to its O-bound form; TS2 involves extrusion of CO2 or SO2 with the concomitant formation of the organometallic cation and has the highest barrier. Of all the organometallic cations, only [(napy)Cu2(Ph)]+ reacts with water via hydrolysis to give [(napy)Cu2(OH)]+, consistent with density functional theory calculations which show that hydrolysis proceeds via the initial formation of the adduct [(napy)Cu2(Ph)(H2O)]+ which then proceeds via TS3 in which the coordinated H2O is deprotonated by the coordinated phenyl anion to give the product complex [(napy)Cu2(OH)(C6H6)]+, which then loses benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Jin
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiaye Li
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Allan J Canty
- 3 School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Aj O'Hair
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Cheng GJ, Zhong XM, Wu YD, Zhang X. Mechanistic understanding of catalysis by combining mass spectrometry and computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12749-12764. [PMID: 31560354 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mass spectrometry and computational chemistry has been proven to be powerful for exploring reaction mechanisms. The former provides information of reaction intermediates, while the latter gives detailed reaction energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiu-Mei Zhong
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
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23
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Jiang LX, Li XN, Li ZY, Li HF, He SG. H2 dissociation by Au1-doped closed-shell titanium oxide cluster anions. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1805107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zi-yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hai-fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng-gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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24
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Ma HZ, White JM, Mulder RJ, Reid GE, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Synthesis, structure, and condensed-phase reactivity of [Ag3(μ3-H)(μ3-BH4)LPh3](BF4) (LPh = bis(diphenylphosphino)amine) with CS2. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14713-14725. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to monitor the reaction of AgBF4, bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa = (Ph2P)2NH = LPh) and NaBH4 in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z. Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | | | - Gavin E. Reid
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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