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Smołka S, Patel T, Pluczyk-Małek S, Turczyn R, Krukiewicz K. Iodonium-based pro-adhesive layers for robust adhesion of PEDOT:PSS to surfaces. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2338786. [PMID: 38680949 PMCID: PMC11047218 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2338786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical grafting of organic molecules to metal surfaces has been well-known as an efficient tool enabling tailored modification of surface at the nanoscale. Among many compounds with the ability to undergo the process of electrografting, iodonium salts belong to less frequently used, especially when compared with the most popular diazonium salts. Meanwhile, due to their increased stability, iodonium salts may be used in situations where the use of diazonium salts is constrained. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the electrochemical reduction of iodonium salts on the physicochemical properties of Pt electrodes, and the possibility to form pro-adhesive layers facilitating further functionalization purposes. Consequently, we have selected four commercially available iodonium salts (diphenyliodonium chloride, bis(4-tertbutylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, (4-nitrophenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)iodonium triflate, bis(4-methylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate), and attached them to the surface of Pt electrodes by means of an electrochemical reduction process. As-formed layers were then extensively characterized in terms of wettability, roughness and charge transfer properties, and used as pro-adhesive coatings prior to the deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. Due to the increase in hydrophilicity and roughness, modified electrodes increased the stability of PEDOT:PSS coating while maintaining its high capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Smołka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Taral Patel
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sandra Pluczyk-Małek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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A mechanistic approach to the electrografting of carbon surfaces and electrochemical properties of the grafted films – A critical review. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jiang J, Song S, Guo J, Zhou J, Li J. Mechanically induced transition metal free C(sp)-H arylation of quinoxalin(on)es with diaryliodonium salts and piezoelectric BaTiO3. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hetemi D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Podvorica FI. Direct vs Indirect Grafting of Alkyl and Aryl Halides. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1844-1849. [PMID: 34125990 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The direct and indirect electrochemical grafting of alkyl and aryl halides (RX, ArX) on carbon, metal and polymer surfaces is examined. Their electrochemical reduction occurs at highly negative potential in organic solvents and very often produces carbanions because the reduction potentials of RX and ArX are more negative than those of their corresponding radicals. Therefore, direct electrografting of alkyl and aryl radicals generated from RX and ArX is not easy to perform. This obstacle is overcome using aryl radicals derived from the 2,6-dimethylbenzenediazonium salt (2,6-DMBD), which do not react on the electrode surface due to their steric hindrance but react in solution by abstracting an iodine or bromine atom from RX (X=I, Br) or ArI to give alkyl or aryl radicals. As a consequence, alkyl and aryl radicals are generated at very low driving force by diverting the reactivity of aryl radicals derived from an aryl diazonium salt; they attack the electrode surface and form strongly attached organic layers. This strategy applies to the chemical modification of polymers (polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate) by alkyl halides under heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Rr. "Dëshmorët e Kombit" p.n., 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fetah I Podvorica
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical-Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosova, Rr. "Agim Ramadani" nr 305, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1000, Tirana, Albania
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Miao W, Ni C, Xiao P, Jia R, Zhang W, Hu J. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive 2-Pyridination of Aryl Iodides with Difluoromethyl 2-Pyridyl Sulfone. Org Lett 2021; 23:711-715. [PMID: 33417469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling between aryl iodides and difluoromethyl 2-pyridyl sulfone (2-PySO2CF2H) enables C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond formation through selective C(sp2)-S bond cleavage, which demonstrates the new reactivity of 2-PySO2CF2H reagent. This method employs readily available nickel catalyst and sulfones as cross-electrophile coupling partners, providing facile access to biaryls under mild reaction conditions without pregeneration of arylmetal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Miao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rulong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Romańczyk PP, Kurek SS. Reliable reduction potentials of diaryliodonium cations and aryl radicals in acetonitrile from high-level ab initio computations. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tahara K, Kubo Y, Lindner B, Hashimoto S, Hirose S, Brown A, Hirsch B, Daukiya L, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Steric and Electronic Effects of Electrochemically Generated Aryl Radicals on Grafting of the Graphite Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2089-2098. [PMID: 30626188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grafting of aryl radicals generated by electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts has been extensively studied on various surfaces. However, there exists two unclear aspects; the first one is the generality of the blocking ability of simple functional groups toward multilayer growth, and the second one is the electronic impact of substituent groups of aryl radicals on grafting efficiency. To address these aspects, we have studied the electrochemical functionalization of graphite using aryldiazonium salts having electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups at the 3,4,5-positions. Atomic force microscopy investigation of the functionalized surfaces revealed the formation of monolayers for all aryldiazonium salts, and thus, nitro, carboxy, ester, methyl, and methoxy groups at the 3,4,5-positions of the benzene ring suppress polyaryl growth. The degree of grafting estimated by scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and Raman spectroscopy of the functionalized surfaces depends on the electronic state of the aryl radicals, in which the radicals with electron-donating groups show a high degree of functionalization, whereas those with electron-withdrawing groups exhibit a low degree of functionalization. We discuss several possibilities that affect grafting density. Though there are several factors, we hypothesize that one factor to explain the observed reactivity trend is the electronic property of the aryl radicals, namely, the relative position of the singly occupied molecular orbital energy levels of the aryl radicals with respect to the graphite Fermi energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology , Meiji University , 1-1-1 Higashimita , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Kanagawa 214-8571 , Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8, Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology , Meiji University , 1-1-1 Higashimita , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Kanagawa 214-8571 , Japan
| | - Shingo Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology , Meiji University , 1-1-1 Higashimita , Tama-ku, Kawasaki , Kanagawa 214-8571 , Japan
| | - Anton Brown
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Brandon Hirsch
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Lakshya Daukiya
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
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Pichereau L, López I, Cesbron M, Dabos-Seignon S, Gautier C, Breton T. Controlled diazonium electrografting driven by overpotential reduction: a general strategy to prepare ultrathin layers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:455-457. [PMID: 30543211 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A global and extremely simple strategy to prepare a covalently attached monolayered organic film on a carbon surface is presented. The approach is centered on the strict control of the radical polymerization traditionally observed when aryldiazonium salts are reduced. By exploiting the reductive properties of superoxide ions generated from atmospheric dioxygen at the grafting potential, the diazonium concentration is drastically lowered at the substrate/solution interface, resulting in the formation of ultrathin films. As the presented approach does not require any specific synthesis or any redox mediator addition, and is only diffusion controlled by the dissolved dioxygen, it is suitable for the preparation of a large range of functional surfaces on the nanometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 du CNRS, Université d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers F-49045 Cedex, France.
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