1
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Khandelwal M, Pemawat G, Khangarot RK. Recent Developments in Nucleophilic Fluorination with Potassium Fluoride (KF): A Review. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Khandelwal
- Mohanlal Sukhadia University Department of Chemistry UCOS, Durga Nursery Road 313001 Udaipur INDIA
| | - Gangotri Pemawat
- Mohanlal Sukhadia University Department of Chemistry UCOS, Durga Nursery Road 313001 Udaipur INDIA
| | - Rama Kanwar Khangarot
- Mohanlal Sukhadia University Department of Chemistry UCOS, Durga Nursery Road 313001 Udaipur INDIA
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2
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Electropolymerization without an electric power supply. Commun Chem 2022; 5:66. [PMID: 36697589 PMCID: PMC9814265 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrifying synthesis is now a common slogan among synthetic chemists. In addition to the conventional two- or three-electrode systems that use batch-type cells, recent progress in organic electrochemical processes has been significant, including microflow electrochemical reactors, Li-ion battery-like technology, and bipolar electrochemistry. Herein we demonstrate an advanced electrosynthesis method without the application of electric power based on the concept of streaming potential-driven bipolar electrochemistry. As a proof-of-concept study, the electrochemical oxidative polymerization of aromatic monomers successfully yielded the corresponding polymer films on an electrode surface, which acted as an anode under the flow of electrolyte in a microchannel without an electric power supply.
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3
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Sakagami H, Takenaka H, Iwai S, Shida N, Villani E, Gotou A, Isogai T, Yamauchi A, Kishikawa Y, Fuchigami T, Tomita I, Inagi S. A Flow Electrochemical Cell with Split Bipolar Electrode for Anodic Oxidation of Organic Compounds. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sakagami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takenaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Suguru Iwai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku 240-8501 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Akihiro Gotou
- Daikin Industries Ltd. 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya 566-8585 Settsu Osaka Japan
| | - Tomohiro Isogai
- Daikin Industries Ltd. 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya 566-8585 Settsu Osaka Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamauchi
- Daikin Industries Ltd. 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya 566-8585 Settsu Osaka Japan
| | - Yosuke Kishikawa
- Daikin Industries Ltd. 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya 566-8585 Settsu Osaka Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8502 Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho 332-0012 Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
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4
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Yin B, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Selective electrochemical fluorination of
O,S
‐acetal derivatives bearing α‐electron‐withdrawing groups. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Department of Electronic Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan
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6
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SHIDA N, VILLANI E, SANUKI M, MIYAMOTO K, GOTOU A, ISOGAI T, YAMAUCHI A, FUCHIGAMI T, TOMITA I, INAGI S. Bipolar Electrochemical Fluorination of Triphenylmethane and Bis(phenylthio)diphenylmethane Derivatives in a U-shaped Cell. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SHIDA
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Elena VILLANI
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Mokurai SANUKI
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kazuhiro MIYAMOTO
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | - Toshio FUCHIGAMI
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Ikuyoshi TOMITA
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Shinsuke INAGI
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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7
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Shida N, Takenaka H, Gotou A, Isogai T, Yamauchi A, Kishikawa Y, Nagata Y, Tomita I, Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Alkali Metal Fluorides in Fluorinated Alcohols: Fundamental Properties and Applications to Electrochemical Fluorination. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16128-16133. [PMID: 34197111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental properties of alkali metal fluorides (MF, M = Cs, K) dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or in 3,3,3-trifluoroethanol (TFE) are investigated, including solubility, conductivity, and viscosity. Solid-state structures of single crystals obtained from CsF/HFIP and CsF/TFE are described for the first time, giving insights into the multiple interactions between fluorinated alcohols and CsF. Applications in electrochemical fluorination reactions are successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takenaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Gotou
- Daikin Industries Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Isogai
- Daikin Industries Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamauchi
- Daikin Industries Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kishikawa
- Daikin Industries Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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8
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Villani E, Inagi S. Mapping the Distribution of Potential Gradient in Bipolar Electrochemical Systems through Luminol Electrochemiluminescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8152-8160. [PMID: 34081445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry has been regarded as a powerful and sustainable electrochemical process for the synthesis of novel functional materials. The appealing features of this electrochemical technology, such as the wireless nature of the bipolar electrode (BPE) and the possibility to drive simultaneously electrochemical reactions on multiple BPEs placed in the same electrochemical cell, together with the possibility to change the shape and positioning of the driving electrodes, give significant freedom to design reaction systems. Nevertheless, the cell geometry dramatically affects the distribution and intensity of the potential gradient generated on the BPE surface and its monitoring is hampered due to the wireless nature of the BPE. In the present study, we propose the use of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an electrochemical imaging technique to map the distribution of potential gradient in bipolar electrochemical cells with different geometries. The proposed approach exploits the strong ECL emission of luminol/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) system generated at the anodic pole of the BPE, when the total applied voltage (Etot) is strong enough to trigger the electrochemical reaction. Since luminol ECL emission is rather intense and relatively stable, the evolution of the potential distribution as a function of Etot can be monitored using a digital camera, allowing the elucidation of the potential distribution profile in every bipolar configuration. The suggested approach represents a valuable and reliable method to map the potential gradient in bipolar electrochemical systems and can be readily employed in every type of bipolar configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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9
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Hernández-Valdés D, Sadeghi S. Electrochemical Radiofluorination of Small Molecules: New Advances. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2397-2410. [PMID: 34010479 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of new 18 F-based radiopharmaceuticals constantly demands innovations in the search for new radiofluorination methods. [18 F]fluoride is the simplest and most convenient chemical form of the isotope for the synthesis of 18 F-based radiopharmaceuticals. The ease of production and handling, as well as the possibility of obtaining high molar activities, makes it the preferred choice for radiofluorination. However, the use of [18 F]fluoride in late-stage radiofluorination comes with challenges, especially for the radiolabeling of electron-rich molecules where SN 2 and SN Ar reactions are not suitable. New developments in fluorination chemistry have been extensively studied to overcome these difficulties. Selective electrochemical oxidation of precursors, using a controlled potential, is one method to create reactive intermediates and overcome the activation energy required for nucleophilic fluorination of electron-rich moieties. This method has been used for years in cold fluorination of organic molecules and more recently has been adapted as an alternative to traditional radiofluorination methods. Although relatively young, this field stands out as a promising route for the synthesis of new PET probes as well as fluorinated pharmaceuticals. This review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical radiofluorination as an alternative for the late-stage radiolabeling of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hernández-Valdés
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4 L8, Canada
| | - Saman Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4 L8, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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10
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Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Martins GM, Braga AL. Electrohalogenation of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2578-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we target sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon fluorination, chlorination, bromination and iodination reactions using electrolysis as a redox medium. Mechanistic insights and substrate reactivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
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11
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Zhou Y, Shida N, Koizumi Y, Endo K, Tomita I, Inagi S. Fabrication of One-Dimensional Polymer Nanowires by Templated Bipolar Electropolymerization Promoted by Electrophoretic Effect. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Koizumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kaoru Endo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Selective Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:322-334. [PMID: 32017527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organofluorine compounds are key materials applied in daily life because of their versatile utility as functional materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Development of the selective fluorination of organic molecules under safe conditions is therefore one of the most important subjects in modern synthetic organofluorine chemistry. Thus, various electrophilic fluorination reagents such as XeF2, (PhSO2)2NF (NFSI), Et2NSF3 (DAST), (MeOCH2CH2)2NSF3 (Deoxofluor), 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor), N-fluoropyridinium salts, and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (Fluolead) have been developed for chemical fluorination to date and the development of new fluorinating reagents is still ongoing. Electrochemical synthesis has recently attracted much attention from the perspective of green sustainable chemistry because no hazardous reagents are required and scale-up is generally easy. Although electrochemical perfluorination of organic compounds using a nickel anode in anhydrous HF has been well-established to manufacture perfluoro-functional materials, electrochemical partial fluorination (selective electrochemical fluorination) has been underdeveloped due to the low nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and anode passivation, which interferes with electrolysis. Selective electrochemical fluorination can be commonly achieved in aprotic solvents containing fluoride ions to provide mostly mono- and difluorinated products. Electrolysis is conducted at constant potentials slightly higher than the first oxidation potential of a substrate. Constant current electrolysis is also effective for selective fluorination in many cases. Choice of the combination of a supporting fluoride salt and an electrolytic solvent is most important to accomplish efficient selective fluorination. In this Account, we focus on our recent work on the electrochemical mono- and difluorination of various organic compounds and their synthetic application. We first briefly explain our research background of electrochemical fluorination. Main factors such as the effects of fluoride salts as supporting electrolytes, electrolytic solvents, and anode materials on the selectivity and efficiency of fluorination are discussed. Next, effects of PEG oligomer additives enhancing the nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and organic solvent-free systems using poly(HF) salt ionic liquids as well as recyclable mediatory systems for electrochemical fluorination are described. The desulfurizative monofluorination of xanthate and gem-difluorination of benzothioate and dithioacetals are briefly mentioned. Regioselective anodic fluorination of various heterocyclic compounds having a phenylthio group as electroauxiliary and heterocycles containing sulfur and other heteroatoms are also described. In addition, a boryl group is shown to be a good leaving group for anodic fluorination. Moreover, electrochemically α,α-difluorinated phenylsulfides and phenylselenides are illustrated to be useful for photochemical C-H difluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Finally, this Account also highlights highly diastereoselective fluorination of aliphatic heterocyclic and open-chain compounds, as well as new electrolytic fluorination methods using inorganic fluoride salts such as KF and CsF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Shida N, Inagi S. Bipolar electrochemistry in synergy with electrophoresis: electric field-driven electrosynthesis of anisotropic polymeric materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14327-14336. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of bipolar electrochemistry and electrophoresis enables facile access to various anisotropic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
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14
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Liu J, Yang X, Li F, Yang Z, Xie J, Li Y, He J. Area‐Step Cyclic Voltammetry for Assessing Local Electrocatalytic Activity of Gradient Materials. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Fan Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Jian‐Bo He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Tunxi Road Hefei 230009 P.R. China
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15
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Shida N, Zhou Y, Inagi S. Bipolar Electrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Electrifying Functional Material Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2598-2608. [PMID: 31436076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a powerful method for the synthesis of organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials based on electron-transfer-driven reactions at the substrate/electrode interface. The use of electricity for synthetic reactions without the need for hazardous chemical oxidants and reductants is recognized as a green and sustainable method. Other advantages include control of the reaction selectivity by tuning the electrode potentials. A different mode for driving electrochemical reactions has recently been proposed, in which bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are available as wireless electrodes that undergo anodic and cathodic reactions simultaneously. Bipolar electrochemistry is an old technology that has recently garnered renewed attention because of the interesting features of BPEs: (i) the wireless nature of a BPE is useful for sensors and material synthesis; (ii) the gradient potential distribution on BPEs is a powerful tool for the preparation of gradient surfaces and materials; and (iii) electrophoresis is available for effective electrolysis. In addition to these unique features, a BPE system only requires a small amount of supporting electrolyte in principle, whereas a large amount of electrolyte is necessary in conventional electrochemistry. Hence, bipolar electrochemistry is an inherently green and sustainable chemical process for the synthesis of materials. In this Account, recent progress in bipolar electrochemistry for the electrosynthesis of functional materials is summarized. The wireless nature of BPEs was utilized for symmetry breaking to produce anisotropic materials based on the site-selective modification of conductive objects by electrodeposition and electropolymerization. Potential gradients on a BPE interface have been successfully used as controllable templates to form molecular or polymeric gradient materials, which are potentially applicable for high throughput analytical equipment or as biomimetic materials. The electric field necessary to drive BPEs is also potentially useful to induce the directed migration of charged species. The synergetic effects of electrophoresis and electrolysis were also successfully demonstrated to obtain various functional materials. These features of bipolar electrochemistry and the various combinations of techniques have the potential to change the methodologies of material synthesis. Furthermore, the fundamental principle of bipolar electrochemistry infers that very small amounts of supporting electrolyte are necessary for an electrode system, which is expected to lead new methods of sustainable organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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16
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Sandford C, Edwards MA, Klunder KJ, Hickey DP, Li M, Barman K, Sigman MS, White HS, Minteer SD. A synthetic chemist's guide to electroanalytical tools for studying reaction mechanisms. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6404-6422. [PMID: 31367303 PMCID: PMC6615219 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring reactive intermediates can provide vital information in the study of synthetic reaction mechanisms, enabling the design of new catalysts and methods. Many synthetic transformations are centred on the alteration of oxidation states, but these redox processes frequently pass through intermediates with short life-times, making their study challenging. A variety of electroanalytical tools can be utilised to investigate these redox-active intermediates: from voltammetry to in situ spectroelectrochemistry and scanning electrochemical microscopy. This perspective provides an overview of these tools, with examples of both electrochemically-initiated processes and monitoring redox-active intermediates formed chemically in solution. The article is designed to introduce synthetic organic and organometallic chemists to electroanalytical techniques and their use in probing key mechanistic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Kevin J Klunder
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - David P Hickey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Koushik Barman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
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