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Schakel L, Veldhuijzen DS, Crompvoets PI, Bosch JA, Cohen S, van Middendorp H, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Visser LG, Evers AWM. Effectiveness of Stress-Reducing Interventions on the Response to Challenges to the Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Review. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2019; 88:274-286. [PMID: 31387109 PMCID: PMC6878733 DOI: 10.1159/000501645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is consistent evidence showing an interplay between psychological processes and immune function in health and disease processes. OBJECTIVES The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a concise overview of the effectiveness of stress-reducing psychological interventions on the activation of immune responses in both healthy subjects and patients. METHODS Included are 3 types of challenges: in vivo, in vitro, and psychophysiological. Such challenges are designed to mimic naturally occurring immune-related threats. RESULTS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and PsychInfo, resulting in 75 eligible studies. The risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Across all studies, a small-to-medium effect size was found for the effects of psychological interventions on optimization of the immune function (g = 0.33; 95% CI 0.22-0.43). While the largest effects were found for in vivo immune-related challenges (g = 0.61; 95% CI 0.34-0.88; especially on studies that incorporated skin tests and wound healing), studies incorporating psychophysiological challenges and in vitro immune-related stimulations similarly suggest more optimal immune responses among those receiving stress-reducing interventions (g = 0.28; 95% CI 0.15-0.42). CONCLUSION These findings showed substantial heterogeneity depending on the type of challenge, the study populations, and the intervention types. These data demonstrate support for the effectiveness of stress-reducing psychological interventions in improving immunity in studies that tested immune function by means of incorporating an in vivo,in vitro, or psychophysiological challenge. Future research should more consistently incorporate challenges into the study design to gather more insights in the mechanisms underlying the optimized immune function following a psychological intervention. This is also relevant for clinical practice, as psychological interventions can possibly supplement, or at least partially replace, current drug treatments in various somatic conditions to reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemmy Schakel
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Dieuwke S Veldhuijzen
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paige I Crompvoets
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Bosch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henriët van Middendorp
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kasos E, Kasos K, Pusztai F, Polyák Á, Kovács KJ, Varga K. CHANGES IN OXYTOCIN AND CORTISOL IN ACTIVE-ALERT HYPNOSIS: Hormonal Changes Benefiting Low Hypnotizable Participants. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2018; 66:404-427. [PMID: 30152735 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2018.1495009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that oxytocin and cortisol play an intricate role in the regulation of behavior and emotions impacting health, relationships, and well-being. Their long-term, cross-generational effect makes them an important focus of the present study. This exploratory research examined changes in oxytocin and cortisol levels and their correlations with different phenomenological measures in both hypnotist and subject during active-alert hypnosis. The level of oxytocin increased whereas the level of cortisol decreased in the hypnotist. When comparing the oxytocin changes of subjects with their hypnotizability, those with low hypnotizability scores experienced an increase in oxytocin, and those with medium and high hypnotizability scores showed no change or decrease. This could explain why clients' hypnotizability is not considered an important factor during hypnotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Kasos
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kasos
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Fanni Pusztai
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ágnes Polyák
- b Institute of Experimental Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Katalin Varga
- c Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
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Varga K. Suggestive techniques connected to medical interventions. Interv Med Appl Sci 2013; 5:95-100. [PMID: 24265898 DOI: 10.1556/imas.5.2013.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper introduces a series of articles where several detailed clinical examples will be presented on the effectiveness of using suggestive techniques in various fields of interventional medicine. The aim of this series is to raise the attention to the patients heightened openness to suggestions. By recognizing the unavoidable nature of suggestive effects on one hand we can eliminate unfavourable, negative suggestions and on the other hand go on and consciously apply positive, helpful variations. Research materials, reviews and case study will describe the way suggestions can reduce anxiety and stress connected to medical intervention, improve subjective well-being and cooperation, and increase efficiency by reducing treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Varga
- Department of Affective Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
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Thompson T, Steffert T, Steed A, Gruzelier J. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of hypnosis with 3-D virtual reality animation on tiredness, mood, and salivary cortisol. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2011; 59:122-42. [PMID: 21104488 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2011.522917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Case studies suggest hypnosis with a virtual reality (VR) component may be an effective intervention; although few follow-up randomized, controlled trials have been performed comparing such interventions with standard hypnotic treatments. Thirty-five healthy participants were randomized to self-hypnosis with VR imagery, standard self-hypnosis, or relaxation interventions. Changes in sleep, cortisol levels, and mood were examined. Self-hypnosis involved 10- to 20-min. sessions visualizing a healthy immune scenario. Trait absorption was also recorded as a possible moderator. Moderated regression indicated that both hypnosis interventions produced significantly lower tiredness ratings than relaxation when trait absorption was high. When trait absorption was low, VR resulted in significantly higher engagement ratings, although this did not translate to demonstrable improvement in outcome. Results suggest that VR imagery may increase engagement relative to traditional methods, but further investigation into its potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Thompson
- Department of Psychology & Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
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Bowden D, Goddard L, Gruzelier J. A randomised controlled single-blind trial of the effects of Reiki and positive imagery on well-being and salivary cortisol. Brain Res Bull 2010; 81:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thompson T, Steffert T, Gruzelier J. Effects of guided immune-imagery: The moderating influence of openness to experience. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Batty MJ, Bonnington S, Tang BK, Hawken MB, Gruzelier JH. Relaxation strategies and enhancement of hypnotic susceptibility: EEG neurofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation and self-hypnosis. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:83-90. [PMID: 17113932 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis has been shown to be efficacious in a range of clinical conditions, including the management of chronic pain. However, not all individuals are able to enter a hypnotic state, thereby limiting the clinical utility of this technique. We sought to determine whether hypnotic susceptibility could be increased using three methods thought to facilitate relaxation, with particular interest in an EEG neurofeedback protocol which elevated the theta to alpha ratio. This was compared with progressive muscle relaxation and self-hypnosis. Ten subjects with moderate levels of susceptibility (2-7/12) were randomly assigned to each condition and assessed for hypnotic susceptibility prior to and upon completion of 10 sessions of training. Hypnotic susceptibility increased post-training in all groups, providing further evidence that operant control over the theta/alpha ratio is possible, but contrary to our predictions, elevation of the theta/alpha ratio proved no more successful than the other interventions. Nonetheless, all three techniques successfully enhanced hypnotic susceptibility in over half of the participants (17/30), a similar incidence to that reported using other methods. As previously reported, the majority who were not susceptible to modification were at the lower levels of susceptibility, and the greater increases tended to occur in the more susceptible subjects. However, here enhancement was disclosed in some at low levels, and capability was found of reaching high levels, both features not typically reported. Further research is warranted.
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Laidlaw T, Bennett BM, Dwivedi P, Naito A, Gruzelier J. Quality of life and mood changes in metastatic breast cancer after training in self-hypnosis or Johrei: a short report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Capafons A. Clinical applications of ‘waking’ hypnosis from a cognitive-behavioural perspective: from efficacy to efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bennett BM, Laidlaw TM, Dwivedi P, Naito A, Gruzelier JH. A qualitative study of the experience of self-hypnosis or Johrei in metastatic breast cancer using interpretative phenomenological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Naito A, Laidlaw TM, Henderson DC, Farahani L, Dwivedi P, Gruzelier JH. The impact of self-hypnosis and Johrei on lymphocyte subpopulations at exam time: a controlled study. Brain Res Bull 2003; 62:241-53. [PMID: 14698357 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective randomised controlled trial, 48 students were randomly assigned to stress reduction training before exams with self-hypnosis, Johrei or a mock neurofeedback relaxation control. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and self-reported stress (Perceived Stress Scale) were measured before training and 1-2 months later as exams approached. Absolute number and percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes, CD3(-)CD56(+) Natural Killer cells (NK cells) and NK cell cytotoxic activity was measured from venous blood. Stressed participants showed small but significant declines in both CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cell percentages and NK cell cytotoxic activity levels while CD3(+)CD4(+) T cell percentages increased, changes supported by correlations with perceived stress. The effects of stress were moderated in those who learned Johrei at exam time; 11/12 showed increases in CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cell percentages with decreased percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells, effects not seen in the relaxation control group. Stress was also buffered in those who learned and practised self-hypnosis in whom CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cell and CD3(+)CD4(+) T cell levels were maintained, and whose CD3(+)CD8(+) T cell percentages, shown previously to decline with exams, increased. The results compliment beneficial effects on mood of self-hypnosis and Johrei. The results are in keeping with beneficial influences of self-hypnosis and provide the first evidence of the suggestive value of the Japanese Johrei procedure for stress reduction, which clearly warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Naito
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Gruzelier JH. The role of psychological intervention in modulating aspects of immune function in relation to health and well-being. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 52:383-417. [PMID: 12498112 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)52017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Gruzelier
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A personal review is presented of the functional basis of activation, withdrawal and unreality, individual differences in schizophrenia that Venables et al. pioneered. Activated and withdrawn syndromes were delineated from the totality of symptoms by classifying unmedicated patients on the basis of lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses. A neuropsychological syndrome translation led to a syndrome hemispheric imbalance model supported by a literature review disclosing widespread cortical and infracortical involvement extending to motoneurone excitability, with validation from tests of learning, memory and evoked responses including the P300. It is contended that the centrality of arousal, the extensive substrate and the evidence of asymmetry modification with recovery and treatment all implicate specific and nonspecific thalamo-cortical systems whose uncoupling may lead to dysfunction of input, cognition and to unreality symptoms (found inconsistently related to asymmetry). The three syndromes have developmental associations including immune competence, ventricular changes and lateral asymmetry, putative regressive neuronal changes in connectivity and electrocortical measures of connectivity, as well as sensory gating and anomalies of P50 suppression and habituation. Replication of the syndromal structure in psychometric schizotypy indicates that syndrome expression is based on the premorbid personality, compatible with evidence of early determinants of the approach/withdrawal balance in social encounters. Functional considerations for the nature of schizophrenia support neurophysiological approaches to treatment such as neurofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gruzelier
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Gruzelier J, Smith F, Nagy A, Henderson D. Cellular and humoral immunity, mood and exam stress: the influences of self-hypnosis and personality predictors. Int J Psychophysiol 2001; 42:55-71. [PMID: 11451479 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of self-hypnosis training on immune function and mood were examined in medical students at exam time. Hypnosis involved relaxation and imagery directed at improved immune function and increased energy, alertness and concentration. Hypotheses were made about activated and withdrawn personality differences. Eight high and eight low hypnotically susceptible participants were given 10 sessions of hypnosis, one live and nine tape-recorded, and were compared with control subjects (N=12). CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD56 NK cells and blood cortisol were assayed. Life-style, activated vs. withdrawn temperament, arousal and anxiety questionnaires were administered. Self-hypnosis buffered the decline found in controls in NK (P<0.002) and CD8 cells (P<0.0.07) and CD8/CD4% (P<0.06) (45-35% order of magnitude differences) while there was an increase in cortisol (P<0.05). The change in NK cell counts correlated positively with changes in both CD8 cells and cortisol. Results were independent of changes in life-style. Energy ratings were higher after hypnosis (P<0.01), and increased calmness with hypnosis correlated with an increase in CD4 counts (P<0.01). The activated temperament, notably the cognitive subscale (speaking and thinking quickly), was predictive of exam levels of T and B lymphocytes (P&z.Lt;0.08-P<0.02), and reaching r=0.72 (P<0.001) in the non-intervention control group. The sizeable influences on cell-mediated immunity achieved by a relatively brief, low cost psychological intervention in the face of a compelling, but routine, stress in young, healthy adults have implications for illness prevention and for patients with compromised immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gruzelier
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behaviour, Imperial College Medical School, St. Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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