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Lee Y, Nam YS, Kim SY, Ki JE, Lee HG. Mechanistic duality of indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7688-7698. [PMID: 37476715 PMCID: PMC10355096 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel mechanistic duality has been revealed from the indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition (IHT) of N-hydroxyindole derivatives. A series of in-depth mechanistic investigations suggests that two separate mechanisms are operating simultaneously. Moreover, the relative contribution of each mechanistic pathway, the energy barrier for each pathway, and the identity of the primary pathway were shown to be the functions of the electronic properties of the substrate system. Based on the mechanistic understanding obtained, a mechanism-driven strategy for the general and efficient introduction of a heteroatom at the 3-position of indole has been developed. The reaction developed exhibits a broad substrate scope to provide the products in various forms of the functionalised indole. Moreover, the method is applicable to the introduction of both oxygen- and nitrogen-based functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Yun Seung Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Ki
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
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2
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Wei JS, Yang S, Wei Y, Shamsaddinimotlagh S, Tavakol H, Shi M. Gold( i)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alcohol or amine tethered-vinylidenecyclopropanes providing access to morpholine, piperazine or oxazepane derivatives: a carbene versus non-carbene process. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A gold(i)-catalyzed adjustable intramolecular cyclization of alcohol or amine tethered-vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Hossein Tavakol
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yang ZR, Zhang B, Long YJ, Shi M. Palladium-catalyzed hydroamination of vinylidenecyclopropane-diester with pyrroles and indoles: an approach to azaaromatic vinylcyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9926-9929. [PMID: 35979876 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03635e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of azaaromatic vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) has been disclosed in this paper by using pyrrole or indole derivatives as nucleophilic reagents to react with vinylidenecyclopropane-diesters (VDCP-diesters) in the presence of a Pd catalyst, a phosphine ligand and a base under mild conditions in up to 98% yield with a reasonable substrate scope. This reaction is one of the few examples of hydroamination at electron-rich allene's β-position. A plausible reaction mechanism has also been proposed through a zwitterionic π-propargyl N-palladium species according to the previous work and the obtained deuterium labeling experimental result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yong-Jie Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wenqing Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Melissa J. Bird
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons Research Institute, University of Wollongong,Wollongong New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Christopher J. T. Hyland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons Research Institute, University of Wollongong,Wollongong New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Guven
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Sinem Ozer
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdal Kaya
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Giresun University, 28200 Giresun, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Menges
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yüzüncü Yil University, 65100 Van, Turkey
| | - Metin Balci
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Abstract
An intramolecular rearrangement of vinylidenecyclopropanes to dimethylenecyclopropanes through C–C bond activation has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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Abstract
Gold catalysis is often the key step in the synthesis of natural products, and is a powerful tool for tandem or domino reaction processes. Both gold salts and complexes are among the most powerful soft Lewis acids for electrophilic activation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds toward a variety of nucleophiles. The core of these reactions relies on the interaction between gold catalysts and π-bonds of alkenes, alkynes, and allenes. Activation of functional groups by gold complexes provides a useful and important method for facilitating many different organic transformations with high atom efficiency. Although they are highly strained, methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) and vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) are readily accessible molecules that have served as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. Because of their unique structural and electronic properties, significant developments have been made in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as nickel, rhodium, palladium, and ruthenium during the past decades. However, less attention has been paid to the gold-catalyzed chemistry of MCPs and VDCPs. In this Account, we describe gold-catalyzed chemical transformations of MCPs and VDCPs developed both in our laboratory and by other researchers. Chemists have demonstrated that MCPs and VDCPs have amphiphilic properties. When MCPs or VDCPs are activated by a gold catalyst, subsequent nucleophilic attack by other reagents or ring-opening (ring-expansion) of the cyclopropane moiety will occur. However, the C-C double bonds of MCPs and VDCPs can also serve as nucleophilic reagents while more electrophilic reagents are present and activated by gold catalyst, and then further cascade reactions take place as triggered by the release of ring strain of cyclopropane. Based on this strategy, both our group and others have found some interesting gold-catalyzed transformations in recent years. These transformations of MCPs and VDCPs can produce a variety of polycyclic and heterocyclic structures, containing different sized skeletons. Moreover, we have carried out some isotopic labeling experiments and computational studies for mechanistic investigation. These reactions always give the desired products with high level control of chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivities, making them highly valuable for the synthesis of natural products and to the pharmaceutical industry and medicine in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Pan X, Luo Y, Ding Y, Fan X, Wu J. Assembly of Indeno[1,2-c]chromenesviaa Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Bromo-2-(cyclopropylidenemethyl)benzene with 2-Alkynylphenol. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yuan W, Tang X, Wei Y, Shi M. Gold-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Yne-Vinylidenecyclopropanes: A Three-Carbon Synthon for [3+2] Cycloadditions. Chemistry 2014; 20:3198-204. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sun YW, Xu Q, Shi M. Gold-catalyzed reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes to produce acrylate derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1969-76. [PMID: 24204408 PMCID: PMC3817539 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxabicyclic alkenes can react with electron-deficient terminal alkynes in the presence of a gold catalyst under mild conditions, affording the corresponding addition products in moderate yields. When using alkynyl esters as substrates, the (Z)-acrylate derivatives are obtained. Using but-3-yn-2-one (ethynyl ketone) as a substrate, the corresponding addition product is obtained with (E)-configuration. The proposed mechanism of these reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 MeiLong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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Yuan W, Dong X, Shi M, McDowell P, Li G. Rh(I)-catalyzed Pauson-Khand-type cycloaddition reaction of ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes with carbon monoxide (CO). Org Lett 2012; 14:5582-5. [PMID: 23098194 PMCID: PMC3509757 DOI: 10.1021/ol302705z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An intramolecular Pauson-Khand type cycloaddition reaction of ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes with carbon monoxide has been established by using [Rh(COD)Cl](2) as the catalyst. The reaction was found to be highly efficient in solvents of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to give excellent yields of 90-99%. The reaction provides easy access to a series of fused 6,5-ring structures containing spiro-cyclopropane units that are useful for drug design and development. A mechanism of this cycloaddition process has been proposed accounting for structures of resulting products that were unambiguously assigned by X-ray diffractional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Patrick McDowell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
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Yuan W, Dong X, Wei Y, Shi M. An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Alkylidenecyclobutanones by Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Enlargement of Vinylidenecyclopropanes. Chemistry 2012; 18:10501-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lu BL, Wei Y, Shi M. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Pauson–Khand-type [3 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction of Ene-Vinylidenecyclopropanes and CO: A Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Synthetic Approach for the Preparation of Aza- and Oxa-Bicyclic Compounds. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3004288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Li Lu
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic
of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic
of China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic
of China
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Li S, Luo Y, Wang X, Guo M, Wu J. 1‐Bromo‐2‐(cyclopropylidenemethyl)benzene: A Useful Building Block in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzenamine. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1691-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 (China), Fax: (+86) 216‐564‐1740
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 (China), Fax: (+86) 216‐564‐1740
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- College of Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222 (China)
| | - Minjie Guo
- College of Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222 (China)
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 (China), Fax: (+86) 216‐564‐1740
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 (China)
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Yuan W, Wei Y, Shi M, Li Y. Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with Diphenyl Diselenide in the Presence of AIBN and Thermally-Induced Further Transformations. Chemistry 2012; 18:1280-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Gold-catalyzed reactions, which have been widely explored over the past several years, are powerful tools in organic synthesis to access complex molecular frameworks, and some corresponding excellent reviews have been reported. However, little attention has been paid to summarize the reactions of strained small-ring-containing molecules catalyzed by gold. This critical review mainly puts its emphasis on the recent progress in the field of gold-catalyzed transformations of cyclopropyl-, cyclopropenyl-, epoxy- and aziridinyl-containing molecules. The rapid construction of interesting building blocks in organic synthesis from strained small rings catalyzed by gold has been summarized in this review (106 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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Lu BL, Shi M. Synthesis of Functionalized Polycyclic Compounds: Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Yne and Ene Vinylidenecyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lu BL, Shi M. Synthesis of Functionalized Polycyclic Compounds: Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Yne and Ene Vinylidenecyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12027-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu L, Shi M. Yb(OTf)3- or AuI-Catalyzed Domino Intramolecular Hydroamination and Ring-Opening of Sulfonamide-Substituted 1,1-Vinylidenecyclopropanediesters. Chemistry 2011; 17:13160-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lu BL, Shi M. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Tandem Oxidative Ring-Opening/CC Bond Cleavage Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with Secondary Amines Under an Oxygen Atmosphere. Chemistry 2011; 17:9070-5. [PMID: 21744404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Lu BL, Shi M. Oxidative Isomerization of Vinylidenecyclopropanes to Dimethylenecyclopropanes and Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Further Transformation. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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