1
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Baby A, John AM, Balakrishnan SP. Photoresponsive Carbon-Azobenzene Hybrids: A Promising Material for Energy Devices. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200676. [PMID: 36445807 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in renewable energy technology have been a hot topic in the field of photoresponsive materials for a sustainable community. Organic compounds that function as photoswitches is being researched and developed for use in a variety of energy storage systems. Azobenzene photoswitches can be used to store and release solar energy in solar thermal fuels. This review draws out the significance of azobenzene as photoswitches and its recent advances in solar thermal fuels. The recent developments of nano carbon templated azobenzene, their interactions and the effect of substituents are highlighted. The review also introduces their applications in solar thermal fuels and concludes with the challenges and future scope of the material. The advancements of solar thermal fuels with cost effective and desired optimal properties can be explored by scientists and engineers from different technological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Baby
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
| | - Athira Maria John
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
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2
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Canton-Vitoria R, Alsaleh AZ, Rotas G, Nakanishi Y, Shinohara H, D Souza F, Tagmatarchis N. Graphene performs the role of an electron donor in covalently interfaced porphyrin-boron azadipyrromethene dyads and manages photoinduced charge-transfer processes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15060-15072. [PMID: 36200654 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduced the versatility of free-base and zinc-metallated porphyrin (H2P and ZnP, respectively) to combine with boron azadipyrromethene (azaBDP) NIR absorbing species, for extending their photophysical interest and covalently anchored onto graphene. In particular, the covalent functionalization of graphene with those H2P-azaBDP and ZnP-azaBDP dyads ensured an invariable structure, in which both chromophores and graphene are in intimate contact, free of aggregations and impurities. Both H2P-azaBDP and ZnP-azaBDP dyads were found to perform energy transfer processes between the chromophores, however, only ZnP-azaBDP confirmed additional charge separation between the chromophores yielding the ZnP˙+-azaBDP˙- charge-separated state. On the other hand, graphene in (H2P-azaBDP)-graphene and (ZnP-azaBDP)-graphene hybrids was found to act as an electron donor, yielding (H2P-azaBDP˙-)-graphene˙+ and (ZnP-azaBDP˙-)-graphene˙+ charge-separated states at an ultrafast timescale. The creation of such donor-acceptor systems, featuring graphene as an electron donor and Vis-to-NIR electron-acceptor dyads, expands their utility when considered in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Canton-Vitoria
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios Rotas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Francis D Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 305070 Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
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3
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Lebepe TC, Parani S, Ncapayi V, Maluleke R, Mbaz GIM, Fanoro OT, Varghese JR, Komiya A, Kodama T, Oluwafemi OS. Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121295. [PMID: 34959695 PMCID: PMC8706362 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer mortality rate has increased, and conventional cancer treatments are known for having many side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new therapeutic agent or modify the existing therapeutic agents for better performance and efficiency. Herein, a synergetic phototherapeutic agent based on a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy is proposed. The phototherapeutic agent consists of water-soluble cationic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin, TMePyP), and gold nanorods (AuNRs) anchored on graphene-oxide (GO) sheet. The TMePyP was initially synthesized by Adler method, followed by methylation, while GO and AuNRs were synthesized using Hummer’s and seed-mediated methods, respectively. The structural and optical properties of TMePyP were confirmed using UV-Vis, zeta analyzer, PL, FTIR and NMR. The formation of both GO and AuNRs was confirmed by UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, TEM and zeta analyzer. TMePyP and AuNRs were anchored on GO to form GO@AuNRs-TMePyP nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was stable in RPMI and PBS medium, and, on irradiation, produced high heat than the bare AuNRs, with high photothermal efficiency. In addition, the nanocomposite produced higher singlet oxygen than TMePyP with high biocompatibility in the absence of light. These results indicated that the as-synthesized nanocomposite is a promising dual photodynamic and photothermal agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Calvin Lebepe
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Sundararajan Parani
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Vuyelwa Ncapayi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Rodney Maluleke
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Grace It Mwad Mbaz
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Jose Rajendran Varghese
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Atsuki Komiya
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Barrejón M, Arellano LM, D'Souza F, Langa F. Bidirectional charge-transfer behavior in carbon-based hybrid nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14978-14992. [PMID: 31372604 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in finding materials revealing bidirectional charge-transfer characteristics, that is, materials behaving as an electron donor or an acceptor in the presence of redox and photoactive addends, for optoelectronic applications. In this respect, carbon-based nanostructures, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have emerged as promising nanomaterials for the development of hybrid systems for bidirectional charge transfer, whose behaviour can be switched from donor-type to acceptor-type by simply changing the electroactive counterpart to which they are anchored. In this review we provide an overview of the main advances that have been made over the past few years in carbon-based hybrid architectures involving different types of carbon nanostructures and photosensitizers. In particular, carbon nanotube and graphene-based hybrid systems will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Barrejón
- Universidad de Castilla-La Manch, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), 45071-Toledo, Spain.
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5
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Umeyama T, Hanaoka T, Yamada H, Namura Y, Mizuno S, Ohara T, Baek J, Park J, Takano Y, Stranius K, Tkachenko NV, Imahori H. Exclusive occurrence of photoinduced energy transfer and switching of its direction by rectangular π-extension of nanographenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6642-6650. [PMID: 31367317 PMCID: PMC6624990 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As structure defined cutouts of the graphene lattice, nanographene molecules have gained plenty of attention because of their high potential for versatile applications in organic electronics and energy conversion devices and as ideal model systems for the better understanding of intrinsic structure-property correlations of graphenes. In this study, well-defined nanographenes with sp2 carbon networks of different sizes, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) and its rectangularly π-extended version, a short graphene nanoribbon (GNR), have been covalently functionalized with photoactive porphyrin molecules. On the basis of their spectroscopic studies, the photodynamics of the porphyrin-linked nanographenes was found to be influenced substantially by the size of the nanographenes. Photoexcitation of the porphyrin-HBC linked system led to exclusive energy transfer (EnT) from the first singlet excited state (S1) of the nanographene to the porphyrin, whereas opposite selective EnT occurred from the first and second singlet excited states (S1 and S2) of the porphyrin to the nanographene in the porphyrin-GNR linked system. In particular, ultrafast efficient EnTs from both the S2 and S1 states of the porphyrin to GNR mimic the corresponding ultrafast EnTs from the S2 and S1 states of carotenoids to chlorophylls in light-harvesting systems of natural photosynthesis. Such unique photophysical properties will be useful for the rational design of carbon-based photofunctional nanomaterials for optoelectronics and solar energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Takuma Hanaoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Hiroki Yamada
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Yuki Namura
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Satoshi Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Tomoya Ohara
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Jinseok Baek
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
| | - Yuta Takano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Kati Stranius
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland .
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland .
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . ;
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
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6
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Zhang X, Hou L, Richard F, Samorì P. Modular Preparation of Graphene‐Based Functional Architectures through Two‐Step Organic Reactions: Towards High‐Performance Energy Storage. Chemistry 2018; 24:18518-18528. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- University of StrasbourgCNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lili Hou
- University of StrasbourgCNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Fanny Richard
- University of StrasbourgCNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of StrasbourgCNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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7
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Umeyama T, Imahori H. Electron transfer and exciplex chemistry of functionalized nanocarbons: effects of electronic coupling and donor dimerization. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:352-366. [PMID: 32254123 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00024g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, research on the construction of donor-bridge-acceptor linked systems capable of efficient photoinduced charge separation has fundamentally contributed to the fields of artificial photosynthesis and solar energy conversion. Specifically, the above systems are often fabricated by using carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes, offering limitless possibilities of tuning their optical and electronic properties. Accordingly, since understanding the structure-photodynamics relationships of π-aromatic donor-bridge-nanocarbon linked systems is crucial for extracting the full potential of nanocarbon materials, this review summarizes recent research on their photophysical properties featuring nanocarbon materials as electron acceptors. In particular, we highlight the electronic coupling effects on the photodynamics of donor-bridge-nanocarbon acceptor linked systems, together with the effects of donor dimerization. On a basis of their time-resolved spectroscopic data, the photodynamics of donor-bridge-nanocarbon acceptor linked systems is shown to be substantially influenced by the formation and decay of an exciplex state, i.e., an excited-state consisting of a π-molecular donor and a nanocarbon acceptor with partial charge-transfer character. Such basic information is essential for realizing future application of carbon-based nanomaterials in optoelectronic and energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
This review summarizes the synthesis and applications of various porphyrin–carbon nanoallotrope conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya S.
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays
- B.M.S. College of Engineering
- Bengaluru
- India
| | | | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays
- B.M.S. College of Engineering
- Bengaluru
- India
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9
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Baek J, Umeyama T, Choi W, Tsutsui Y, Yamada H, Seki S, Imahori H. Formation and Photodynamic Behavior of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheet-Fullerene Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids on Semiconducting Electrodes. Chemistry 2017; 24:1561-1572. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Baek
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Wookjin Choi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamada
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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10
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Navalón S, Herance JR, Álvaro M, García H. Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Materials. Chemistry 2017; 23:15244-15275. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navalón
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - José Raúl Herance
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Center for Nanomedicine; Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN; Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Álvaro
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIC-UPV); Universitad Politécnica de Valencia; C/ Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
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11
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Fath RH, Hoseini SJ, Khozestan HG. A nanohybrid of organoplatinum(II) complex and graphene oxide as catalyst for reduction of p-nitrophenol. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Arellano LM, Barrejón M, Gobeze HB, Gómez-Escalonilla MJ, Fierro JLG, D'Souza F, Langa F. Charge stabilizing tris(triphenylamine)-zinc porphyrin-carbon nanotube hybrids: synthesis, characterization and excited state charge transfer studies. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7551-7558. [PMID: 28534917 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of single-walled (SWCNTs) and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with a charge stabilizing zinc porphyrin functionalized with triphenylamine entities has been accomplished. The synthetic approach involved the reaction of tris-(triphenylamine)porphyrinato zinc(ii) with iodobenzene functionalized nanotubes through a Sonogashira C-C cross coupling reaction under microwave irradiation conditions. Evidence of covalent functionalization and the extent of functionalization was obtained from systematic studies carried out by AFM, TGA, XPS and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The porphyrin-nanotube interactions in the SWCNT-porphyrin hybrid were probed by studies involving optical absorbance, Raman spectroscopy, steady-state and time resolved emission and electrochemical studies. The fluorescence of porphyrin in this hybrid was found to be quenched due to interactions with the CNTs. Femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies covering both the visible and near-infrared regions were supportive of excited state charge transfer interactions in the zinc porphyrin-SWCNT. The charge separated state was persistent for about 1 ns. Electron pooling experiments suggested that this donor-acceptor nanohybrid could be a useful photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Arellano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), 45071-Toledo, Spain.
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13
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Umeyama T, Baek J, Mihara J, Tkachenko NV, Imahori H. Occurrence of photoinduced charge separation by the modulation of the electronic coupling between pyrene dimers and chemically converted graphenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1025-1028. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07985g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of the pyrene dimer on graphene resulted in the final formation of a charge-separated (CS) state following an exciplex formation, while that of the pyrene monomer on graphene generated the corresponding exciplex solely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Jinseok Baek
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Junya Mihara
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- P.O. Box 541
- FIN-33101 Tampere
- Finland
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
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14
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Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
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15
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Covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide with porphyrin by means of diazonium chemistry for nonlinear optical performance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23325. [PMID: 27011265 PMCID: PMC4806317 DOI: 10.1038/srep23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-porphyrin (TPP) nanohybrids (RGO-TPP 1 and RGO-TPP 2) were prepared by two synthetic routes that involve functionalization of the RGO using diazonium salts. The microscopic structures, morphology, photophysical properties and nonlinear optical performance of the resultant RGO-TPP nanohybrids were investigated. The covalent bonding of the porphyrin-functionalized-RGO nanohybrid materials was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Attachment of the porphyrin units to the surface of the RGO by diazotization significantly improves the solubility and ease of processing of these RGO-based nanohybrid materials. Ultraviolet/visible absorption and steady-state fluorescence studies indicate considerable π-π interactions and effective photo-induced electron and/or energy transfer between the porphyrin moieties and the extended π-system of RGO. The nonlinear optical properties of RGO-TPP 1 and RGO-TPP 2 were investigated by open-aperture Z-scan measurements at 532 nm with both 4 ns and 21 ps laser pulses, the results showing that the chemical nanohybrids exhibit improved nonlinear optical properties compared to those of the benchmark material C60, and the constituent RGO or porphyrins.
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Axet M, Dechy-Cabaret O, Durand J, Gouygou M, Serp P. Coordination chemistry on carbon surfaces. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Choi HJ, Kumar NA, Baek JB. Graphene supported non-precious metal-macrocycle catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6991-6998. [PMID: 25670341 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fuel cells are promising alternative energy devices owing to their high efficiency and eco-friendliness. While platinum is generally used as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a typical fuel cell, limited reserves and prohibitively high costs limit its future use. The development of non-precious and durable metal catalysts is being constantly conceived. Graphene has been widely used as a substrate for metal catalysts due to its unique properties, thus improving stability and ORR activities. In this feature, we present an overview on the electrochemical characteristics of graphene supported non-precious metal containing macrocycle catalysts that include metal porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives. Suggested research and future development directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100, Banyeon, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea.
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Basiuk EV, Martínez-Herrera M, Alvarez-Zauco E, Henao-Holguín LV, Puente-Lee I, Basiuk VA. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with a Ni(II) tetraaza[14]annulene complex. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:7413-28. [PMID: 24257761 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The few-layer graphene, produced by exfoliation of graphite in 4-methylanisole, was noncovalently functionalized with the Ni(ii) complex of 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-3,5,7,10,12,14-hexaene (Ni(ii)-tetramethyldibenzotetraaza[14]annulene, or NiTMTAA), which is a simple model of more complex porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The resulting hybrid materials with different content of NiTMTAA were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy, as well as fluorescence and conductivity measurements. Additional information on the mechanisms of NiTMTAA interaction with graphene was obtained from density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (MM) calculations. Both experimental and theoretical results suggest that NiTMTAA forms a full double-sided adsorption layer on the graphene surface. The presence of NiTMTAA molecules in the hybrid materials obtained manifests itself in the appearance of characteristic bands in all types of electromagnetic spectra recorded; in FTIR, they are relatively weak as compared to graphene absorption bands, but dominate in Raman spectra. The morphology of the nanohybrids observed by SEM, TEM and AFM, as well as their electrical conductivity, depends on the NiTMTAA content. According to the results of DFT calculations of NiTMTAA adsorption on different graphene models, flat orientation of the complex with respect to graphene is energetically preferable, with a little difference depending on whether benzo or methyl groups contact the sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Basiuk
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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Stergiou A, Pagona G, Tagmatarchis N. Donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1580-9. [PMID: 25247140 PMCID: PMC4168901 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene research and in particular the topic of chemical functionalization of graphene has exploded in the last decade. The main aim is to increase the solubility and thereby enhance the processability of the material, which is otherwise insoluble and inapplicable for technological applications when stacked in the form of graphite. To this end, initially, graphite was oxidized under harsh conditions to yield exfoliated graphene oxide sheets that are soluble in aqueous media and amenable to chemical modifications due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups at the edges of the lattice. However, it was obvious that the high-defect framework of graphene oxide cannot be readily utilized in applications that are governed by charge-transfer processes, for example, in solar cells. Alternatively, exfoliated graphene has been applied toward the realization of some donor-acceptor hybrid materials with photo- and/or electro-active components. The main body of research regarding obtaining donor-acceptor hybrid materials based on graphene to facilitate charge-transfer phenomena, which is reviewed here, concerns the incorporation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines onto graphene sheets. Through illustrative schemes, the preparation and most importantly the photophysical properties of such graphene-based ensembles will be described. Important parameters, such as the generation of the charge-separated state upon photoexcitation of the organic electron donor, the lifetimes of the charge-separation and charge-recombination as well as the incident-photon-to-current efficiency value for some donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrids, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Pagona
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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Xu H, Wu P, Liao C, Lv C, Gu Z. Controlling the morphology and optoelectronic properties of graphene hybrid materials by porphyrin interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8951-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ragoussi ME, Katsukis G, Roth A, Malig J, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. Electron-Donating Behavior of Few-Layer Graphene in Covalent Ensembles with Electron-Accepting Phthalocyanines. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4593-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411830x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eleni Ragoussi
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Georgios Katsukis
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Alexandra Roth
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jenny Malig
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Chen Y, Huang ZH, Yue M, Kang F. Integrating porphyrin nanoparticles into a 2D graphene matrix for free-standing nanohybrid films with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:978-985. [PMID: 24287877 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic nanostructures in terms of porphyrin building blocks have shown great potential in visible-light photocatalytic applications because of their optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. Graphenes are known to provide a high-quality two-dimensional (2D) support for inorganic semiconductor nanostructures to increase the adsorption capability of the photocatalysts and an electron-transfer medium with attractive potential to enhance photogenerated charge separation. A combination of porphyrin nanostructures with graphene sheets, particularly in the form of free-standing films, is highly desirable due to its photocatalysing feasibility and convenience. Toward this aim, we demonstrate a facile method to integrate porphyrin (meso-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, p-THPP) nanoparticles (NPs) into macroscopic graphene (reduced graphene oxide, rGO) films through vacuum filtration of the co-colloids of graphene oxide (GO) and p-THPP nanoparticles (NPs) followed by gaseous reduction. The obtained p-THPP/rGO nanohybrid film exhibits enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity compared to each moiety of the hybrid, and this photocatalyst can be easily separated and recycled for successive use with excellent stability. The results show that this facile fabrication of the p-THPP/rGO nanohybrid film makes it available for high-performance optoelectronic applications, as well as for device integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Hassanpour A, Rodriguez-San Miguel D, Fierro JLG, Horrocks BR, Mas-Ballesté R, Zamora F. Supramolecular Attachment of Metalloporphyrins to Graphene Oxide and its Pyridine-Containing Derivative. Chemistry 2013; 19:10463-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cristaldi DA, Gulino A. Functionalization of SnO₂ crystals with a covalently-assembled porphyrin monolayer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:1031-1036. [PMID: 23610085 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of micro- and nano-sized metal-oxide powders offers many advantages because of their large surface areas and, therefore, the large number of functional molecules that can be grafted onto the grain surfaces. Porphyrin molecules on large band-gap semiconducting metal oxides represent key materials for many different optical and electronic applications. Herein, we have proposed a general two-step procedure for the functionalization of metal-oxide crystals with dye-sensitizers. In particular, we functionalized SnO₂ nanoparticles with a monolayer of the bifunctional trichloro[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]silane. Then, a monolayer of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphyne was covalently bound to the silanized SnO₂ grains. IR, UV/Vis, and luminescence measurements were used for optical characterization. The measured footprint of the grafted porphyrin molecules indicated total surface coverage of the grains. The surface electronic characterization was performed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Emission measurements revealed two strong bands at 664.1 and 721.0 nm that were attributed to the porphyrin monolayer assembled on the surface of the SnO₂ crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico A Cristaldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, and INSTM UdR of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Wang HX, Wang Q, Zhou KG, Zhang HL. Graphene in light: design, synthesis and applications of photo-active graphene and graphene-like materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1266-1283. [PMID: 23554268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene functionalized with photo-active units has become one of the most exciting topics of research in the last few years, which remarkably sustains and expands the graphene boom. The rise of photo-active graphene in photonics and optoelectronics is evidenced by a spate of recent reports on topics ranging from photodetectors, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics to photocatalysis. For these applications, the fabrication of photo-active graphene through appropriate chemical functionalization strategies is essential as pristine graphene has zero bandgap and only weak absorption of photons. Written from the chemists' point of view, up-to-date chemical functionalization of graphene with various small organic molecules, conjugated polymers, rare-earth components, and inorganic semiconductors is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the development of graphene functionalized with light-harvesting moieties, including materials synthesis, characterization, energy/charge-transfer processes, and applications in photovoltaics. Challenges currently faced by researchers and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic, Chemistry (SKLAOC), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Dirian K, Herranz MÁ, Katsukis G, Malig J, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Romero-Nieto C, Strauss V, Martín N, Guldi DM. Low dimensional nanocarbons – chemistry and energy/electron transfer reactions. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Economopoulos SP, Skondra A, Ladomenou K, Karousis N, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG, Tagmatarchis N. New hybrid materials with porphyrin-ferrocene and porphyrin-pyrene covalently linked to single-walled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40310f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Han L, Wang P, Dong S. Progress in graphene-based photoactive nanocomposites as a promising class of photocatalyst. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5814-25. [PMID: 22910810 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials based nanocomposites have gained increasing interest owing to their potential applications in many aspects, such as photocatalysis, solar cells, solar fuel, etc. Graphene, as a new type of carbon nanomaterial, has attracted consideration attention due to its unique two-dimensional conjugated structure and electronic properties. In this feature article, we cover recent advances in the applications of graphene-based photoactive nanocomposites in environmental remediation and energy conversion, including photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants, photoelectrochemical solar cells, and solar fuel production. Finally, the perspectives of the challenges and opportunities in this emerging area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, PR China
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Katsukis G, Romero-Nieto C, Malig J, Ehli C, Guldi DM. Interfacing nanocarbons with organic and inorganic semiconductors: from nanocrystals/quantum dots to extended tetrathiafulvalenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11662-11675. [PMID: 22671292 DOI: 10.1021/la301152s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the outstanding optical and electronic properties that low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials exhibit call for their implementation into optoelectronic devices. However, to harvest the enormous potential of these nanocarbons it is essential to probe them in multifunctional electron donor-acceptor systems, placing particular attention on the interactions between electron donors/electron acceptors and nanocarbons. This feature article outlines challenges and recent breakthroughs in the area of interfacing organic and inorganic semiconductors with low-dimensional nanocarbons that range from fullerenes (0D) and carbon nanotubes (1D) to graphene (2D). In the context of organic semiconductors, we focus on aromatic macrocycles and extended tetrathiafulvalenes, and CdTe nanocrystals/quantum dots represent the inorganic semiconductors. Particular emphasis is placed on designing and probing solar energy conversion nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katsukis
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Ragoussi ME, Malig J, Katsukis G, Butz B, Spiecker E, de la Torre G, Torres T, Guldi DM. Linking Photo- and Redoxactive Phthalocyanines Covalently to Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ragoussi ME, Malig J, Katsukis G, Butz B, Spiecker E, de la Torre G, Torres T, Guldi DM. Linking Photo- and Redoxactive Phthalocyanines Covalently to Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6421-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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K. C. CB, Das SK, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, D'Souza F. Ultrafast charge separation in supramolecular tetrapyrrole–graphene hybrids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11859-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36262g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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