1
|
Wang M, Jin Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Single-crystal polymers (SCPs): from 1D to 3D architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8165-8193. [PMID: 37929665 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal polymers (SCPs) with unambiguous chemical structures at atomic-level resolutions have attracted great attention. Obtaining precise structural information of these materials is critical as it enables a deeper understanding of the potential driving forces for specific packing and long-range order, secondary interactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Such information can ultimately lead to success in controlling the synthesis or engineering of their crystal structures for targeted applications, which could have far-reaching impact. Successful synthesis of SCPs with atomic level control of the structures, especially for those with 2D and 3D architectures, is rare. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of SCPs, including 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures. Solution synthesis, topochemical synthesis, and extreme condition synthesis are summarized and compared. Around 70 examples of SCPs with unambiguous structure information are presented, and their synthesis methods and structural analysis are discussed. This review offers critical insights into the structure-property relationships, providing guidance for the future rational design and bottom-up synthesis of a variety of highly ordered polymers with unprecedented functions and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Itoh T, Suzuki T, Kondo F, Suzuki T, Uno T, Kubo M, Tohnai N, Sanda F, Miyata M. Preservation of the Conformational Structures of Single-Polymer Crystals in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Itoh
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kondo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uno
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Kubo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Mikiji Miyata
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anderson CL, Li H, Jones CG, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Dailing EA, Liang J, Mao H, Yang C, Klivansky LM, Li X, Reimer JA, Nelson HM, Liu Y. Solution-processable and functionalizable ultra-high molecular weight polymers via topochemical synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6818. [PMID: 34819494 PMCID: PMC8613210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Topochemical polymerization reactions hold the promise of producing ultra-high molecular weight crystalline polymers. However, the totality of topochemical polymerization reactions has failed to produce ultra-high molecular weight polymers that are both soluble and display variable functionality, which are restrained by the crystal-packing and reactivity requirements on their respective monomers in the solid state. Herein, we demonstrate the topochemical polymerization reaction of a family of para-azaquinodimethane compounds that undergo facile visible light and thermally initiated polymerization in the solid state, allowing for the first determination of a topochemical polymer crystal structure resolved via the cryoelectron microscopy technique of microcrystal electron diffraction. The topochemical polymerization reaction also displays excellent functional group tolerance, accommodating both solubilizing side chains and reactive groups that allow for post-polymerization functionalization. The thus-produced soluble ultra-high molecular weight polymers display superior capacitive energy storage properties. This study overcomes several synthetic and characterization challenges amongst topochemical polymerization reactions, representing a critical step toward their broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Anderson
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - He Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiatao Liang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lackinger M, Schlüter AD. The Current Understanding of how 2D Polymers Grow Photochemically. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Technische Universität München Physik Department James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu F, Bi X, Chen X, Pan Q, Zhao Y. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal Transformations for the Preparation of Small Molecules, 1D and 2D Polymers Single Crystals. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinwen Bi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Pan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu F, Hao W, Mücke D, Pan Q, Li Z, Qi H, Zhao Y. Highly Efficient Preparation of Single-Layer Two-Dimensional Polymer Obtained from Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5636-5642. [PMID: 33848155 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional polymer (2DP) single crystal (T-2DP) with submillimeter size was synthesized by single-crystal to single-crystal transformation based on photochemical [2 + 2]-cycloaddition. A successful conversion from monomer to polymer was achieved in the single-crystal state. The structure information with an atomic resolution of both the monomer and 2DP was given through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By simply treated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) under mild conditions, an unprecedented efficiency of exfoliation was achieved. The triazine core in T-2DP could be protonated by TFA, which resulted in a solution-like sample with >60% of monolayers. The size of the exfoliated monolayer reaches to several hundreds of μm2. This is another precious example of 2DP single crystal with nearly perfect structure and large enough size. The successful preparation of the highly desirable 2DP "solution" for a long time containing large sized and large amount of 2DP monolayers may open up new prospects for the basic properties study and the applications of 2DPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qingyan Pan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hema K, Ravi A, Raju C, Sureshan KM. Polymers with advanced structural and supramolecular features synthesized through topochemical polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5361-5380. [PMID: 34168781 PMCID: PMC8179609 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are an integral part of our daily life. Hence, there are constant efforts towards synthesizing novel polymers with unique properties. As the composition and packing of polymer chains influence polymer's properties, sophisticated control over the molecular and supramolecular structure of the polymer helps tailor its properties as desired. However, such precise control via conventional solution-state synthesis is challenging. Topochemical polymerization (TP), a solvent- and catalyst-free reaction that occurs under the confinement of a crystal lattice, offers profound control over the molecular structure and supramolecular architecture of a polymer and usually results in ordered polymers. In particular, single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) TP is advantageous as we can correlate the structure and packing of polymer chains with their properties. By designing molecules appended with suitable reactive moieties and utilizing the principles of supramolecular chemistry to align them in a reactive orientation, the synthesis of higher-dimensional polymers and divergent topologies has been achieved via TP. Though there are a few reviews on TP in the literature, an exclusive review showcasing the topochemical synthesis of polymers with advanced structural features is not available. In this perspective, we present selected examples of the topochemical synthesis of organic polymers with sophisticated structures like ladders, tubular polymers, alternating copolymers, polymer blends, and other interesting topologies. We also detail some strategies adopted for obtaining distinct polymers from the same monomer. Finally, we highlight the main challenges and prospects for developing advanced polymers via TP and inspire future directions in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram-695551 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hema K, Ravi A, Raju C, Pathan JR, Rai R, Sureshan KM. Topochemical polymerizations for the solid-state synthesis of organic polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4062-4099. [PMID: 33543741 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Topochemical polymerizations are solid-state reactions driven by the alignment of monomers in the crystalline state. The molecular confinement in the monomer crystal lattice offers precise control over the tacticity, packing and crystallinity of the polymer formed in the topochemical reaction. As topochemical reactions occur under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions, giving products in high yield and selectivity/specificity that do not require tedious chromatographic purification, topochemical polymerizations are highly attractive over traditional solution-phase polymer synthesis. By this method, polymers having sophisticated structures and desired topologies can be availed. Often, such ordered packing confers attractive properties to the topochemically-synthesized polymers. Diverse categories of topochemical polymerizations are known, such as polymerizations via [2+2], [4+4], [4+2], and [3+2] cycloadditions, and polymerization of diynes, triynes, dienes, trienes, and quinodimethanes, each of which proceed under suitable stimuli like heat, light or pressure. Each class of these reactions requires a unique packing arrangement of the corresponding monomers for the smooth reaction and produces polymers with distinct properties. This review is penned with the intent of bringing all the types of topochemical polymerizations into a single platform and communicating the versatility of these lattice-controlled polymerizations. We present a brief history of the development of each category and comprehensively review the topochemical synthesis of fully-organic polymers reported in the last twenty years, particularly in crystals. We mainly focus on the various molecular designs and crystal engineering strategies adopted to align monomers in a suitable orientation for polymerization. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and future perspectives in this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Javed R Pathan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Rishika Rai
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Q, Li M, Gao J, Xu P, Chen Q, Xing D, Yan J, Zaworotko MJ, Xu J, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. Fabrication of Large Single Crystals for Platinum‐Based Linear Polymers with Controlled‐Release and Photoactuator Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mingmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peixin Xu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qizhe Chen
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical SciencesBernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Republic of Ireland
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu Q, Li M, Gao J, Xu P, Chen Q, Xing D, Yan J, Zaworotko MJ, Xu J, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. Fabrication of Large Single Crystals for Platinum‐Based Linear Polymers with Controlled‐Release and Photoactuator Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18634-18640. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mingmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peixin Xu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qizhe Chen
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical SciencesBernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Republic of Ireland
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Servalli M, Celebi K, Payamyar P, Zheng L, Položij M, Lowe B, Kuc A, Schwarz T, Thorwarth K, Borgschulte A, Heine T, Zenobi R, Schlüter AD. Photochemical Creation of Covalent Organic 2D Monolayer Objects in Defined Shapes via a Lithographic 2D Polymerization. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11294-11306. [PMID: 30354049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work we prepare Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers with a trifunctional amphiphilic anthraphane monomer. Upon spreading at the air/water interface, the monomers self-assemble into 1 nm-thin monolayer islands, which are highly fluorescent and can be visualized by the naked eye upon excitation. In situ fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that in the monolayers, all the anthracene units of the monomers are stacked face-to-face forming excimer pairs, whereas at the edges of the monolayers, free anthracenes are present acting as edge groups. Irradiation of the monolayer triggers [4 + 4]-cycloadditions among the excimer pairs, effectively resulting in a two-dimensional (2D) polymerization. The polymerization reaction also completely quenches the fluorescence, allowing to draw patterns on the monomer monolayers. More interestingly, after transferring the monomer monolayer on a solid substrate, by employing masks or the laser of a confocal scanning microscope, it is possible to arbitrarily select the parts of the monolayer that one wants to polymerize. The unpolymerized regions can then be washed away from the substrate, leaving 2D macromolecular monolayer objects of the desired shape. This photolithographic process employs 2D polymerizations and affords 1 nm-thin coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Servalli
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kemal Celebi
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Payam Payamyar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Liqing Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Theoretische Chemie , Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66b , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Benjamin Lowe
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kuc
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Abteilung Ressourcenökölogie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Permosenstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- ScopeM, Institute of Biochemistry , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 3 , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Thorwarth
- Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Heine
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Theoretische Chemie , Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66b , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Abteilung Ressourcenökölogie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Permosenstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|