1
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Yi LN, Zhao T, Bu J, Long J, Yang Q. Directed C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Free α-Aminophosphonates: Dual Models Exploration via Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:4132-4136. [PMID: 38717283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we present the dual activation models for transient directing group-directed and amino-self-directed Pd-catalyzed α-aminophosphonate side-chain C(sp3)-H arylation. Both strategies showed facile, efficient, and single regioselectivity in the reaction between free α-aminophosphonates and aryl iodides. Furthermore, the modification of amino and late-stage functionalization of the C(sp3)-P bond from products indicates potential applications for α-aminophosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Yi
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghan Bu
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiedi Long
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Higham JI, Ma TK, Bull JA. When is an Imine Directing Group a Transient Imine Directing Group in C-H Functionalization? Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400345. [PMID: 38375941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
'Transient' C-H functionalization has emerged in recent years to describe the use of a dynamic linkage, often an imine, to direct cyclometallation and subsequent functionalization. As the field continues to grow in popularity, we consider the features that make an imine directing group transient. A transient imine should be i) formed dynamically in situ, ii) avoid discrete introduction or cleavage steps, and iii) offer the potential for catalysis in both the directing group and metal. This concept article contrasts transient imines with pioneering early studies of imines as directing groups for the formation of metallacycles and the use of preformed imines in C-H functionalization. Leading developments in the use of catalytic additives to form transient directing groups (as aldehyde or amine) are covered including selected highlights of the most recent examples of catalytic imine directed C-H functionalization with transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe I Higham
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tsz-Kan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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3
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Zhang S, Zhang G, Wang J, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Xie S, Lin Z, Yang S, Lin J, Lin H. Native Amino Group Directed Meta-Selective C-H Arylation of Primary Amines Via Pd/Norbornene Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:2495-2499. [PMID: 38506235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of remote C-H bonds in free primary amines holds significant promise for the late-stage diversification of pharmaceuticals. However, to date, the direct functionalization of the meta position of amine substrates lacking additional directing groups remains underexplored. In this Letter, we present a successful meta-C-H arylation of free primary amine derivatives using aryl iodides, resulting in synthetically valuable yields. This meta-selective C-H functionalization is achieved through a sequence involving native amino-directed Pd-catalyzed seven-membered cyclometalation, followed by the utilization of a norbornene-type transient mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yueyao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Si Xie
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Shiling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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4
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Yuan CH, Jiao L. Ligand-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Primary Aliphatic Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:29-34. [PMID: 38127514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Pd(II)/sulfoxide-2-hydroxypyridine catalytic system shows promising activity in C-H activation chemistry. In this study, we showcase how this catalytic system solves the problem of native primary amine-directed γ-C(sp3)-H arylation. Primary amines with different complexities are compatible with the established methodology, and the range of applicable substrates can be expanded to include pyridine, oxime ether, and pyridine N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yuan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Landge VG, Mishra A, Thotamune W, Bonds AL, Alahakoon I, Karunarathne A, Young MC. Selective C-H Activation of Unprotected Allylamines by Control of Catalyst Speciation. CHEM CATALYSIS 2023; 3:100809. [PMID: 37982045 PMCID: PMC10653252 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2023.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
An outstanding challenge in the Pd-catalyzed functionalization of allylamines is the control of stereochemistry. Terminal alkenes preferentially undergo Heck-type reactions, while internal alkenes may undergo a mixture of Heck and C-H activation reactions that give mixtures of stereochemical products. In the case of unprotected allylamines, the challenge in achieving C-H activation is that facile in situ formation of Pd nanoparticles leads to preferential formation of trans rather than cis-substituted products. In this study we have demonstrated the feasibility of using mono-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands as metal protecting groups to prevent aggregation and reduction, allowing the selective synthesis of free cis-arylated allylamines. This method complements Heck-selective methods, allowing complete stereochemical control over the synthesis of cinnamylamines, an important class of amine that can serve as therapeutics directly or as advanced intermediates. To highlight the utility of the methodology, we have demonstrated rapid access to mu opioid receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod G. Landge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ankita Mishra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Audrey L. Bonds
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Indunil Alahakoon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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6
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Feng Y, Wang J, Yang J, Chen F, Zhang Z, Ke C, Lin J, Lin H. Native Amino Group Directed Site-Selective ε-C(sp 2)-H Iodination of Primary Amines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1348-1352. [PMID: 36825798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Selective remote C-H activating amines using unmodified NH2 as a native directing group demonstrate compelling synthetic utilities. The 3-arylpropan-1-amine moiety is present in many drugs and candidates in clinical trials. Selective iodination of 3-arylpropan-1-amines on remote aryl rings gives valuable intermediates for modifying bioactive molecules and synthesizing quinolones. Here we report the first palladium-catalyzed selective ε-C(sp2)-H iodination of free 3-arylpropan-1-amines via a seven-membered palladacycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Feng
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chongrong Ke
- National and Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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7
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Panda SS, Sharma NK. A new transient directing group diethoxyethyl-L-proline facilitates ortho-arylation of aryl-amines/-amino acids via Pd-catalyzed C(sp 2)-H activation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1468-1477. [PMID: 36655605 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02145e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mono-ortho-arylated arylamines are constituents of various natural products but their syntheses are challenging. This report describes a new synthetic methodology for the ortho-arylation of arylamines and α-aromatic amino acids (phenylglycine and phenylalanine) through a Pd-catalyzed C(sp2)-H activation using the synthetic transient directing group diethoxyethyl-L-proline (DEP). A catalytic amount of diethoxyethyl-L-proline is sufficient to form mono-arylated arylamines as the major products using aryliodides. This method could be useful for the synthesis of various biphenyl amines and novel peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree S Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatni Campus, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India. .,Homi Bhaba National Institute (HBNI)-Mumbai, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094 India
| | - Nagendra K Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatni Campus, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India. .,Homi Bhaba National Institute (HBNI)-Mumbai, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094 India
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8
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Theoretical Investigation of the Mechanism of Rh(III)-catalyzed Annulation of 2-Biphenylboronic Acid with Activated Alkene. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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10
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Yang K, Li Z, Liu C, Li Y, Hu Q, Elsaid M, Li B, Das J, Dang Y, Maiti D, Ge H. Ligand-promoted palladium-catalyzed β-methylene C-H arylation of primary aldehydes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5938-5943. [PMID: 35685787 PMCID: PMC9132077 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient directing group (TDG) strategy allowed long awaited access to the direct β-C(sp3)-H functionalization of unmasked aliphatic aldehydes via palladium catalysis. However, the current techniques are restricted to terminal methyl functionalization, limiting their structural scopes and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a direct Pd-catalyzed methylene β-C-H arylation of linear unmasked aldehydes by using 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid as a TDG and 2-pyridone as an external ligand. Density functional theory calculations provided insights into the reaction mechanism and shed light on the roles of the external and transient directing ligands in the catalytic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Zhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Yunjian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Qingyue Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Mazen Elsaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Bijin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
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11
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12
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Cheng JT, Xiao LJ, Qian SQ, Zhuang Z, Liu A, Yu JQ. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Selective Arylation of Tertiary C-H Bonds of Cyclobutylmethyl Ketones Using Transient Directing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117233. [PMID: 35112447 PMCID: PMC9084898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of selective PdII -catalyzed tertiary C-H activation of cyclobutylmethyl ketones using a transient directing group. An electron-deficient 2-pyridone ligand was identified as the optimal external ligand to enable tertiary C-H activation. A variety of cyclobutylmethyl ketones bearing quaternary carbon centers was readily accessed without preinstalling internal directing groups in up to 81 % yield and >95 : 5 regioisomeric ratios of tertiary C-H arylation to β-methylene (β-methyl) or γ-C-H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shao-Qun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - An Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Cheng J, Xiao L, Qian S, Zhuang Z, Liu A, Yu J. Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Selective Arylation of Tertiary C−H Bonds of Cyclobutylmethyl Ketones Using Transient Directing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Tang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Li‐Jun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Shao‐Qun Qian
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - An Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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14
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Tian M, Shao L, Su X, Zhou X, Zhang H, Wei K, Sun R, Wang J. Transient directing group enabled Pd-catalyzed C–H oxygenation of benzaldehydes and benzylic amines. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18722-18727. [PMID: 35873337 PMCID: PMC9235058 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00241h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a general protocol for <i>ortho</i>-C–H fluoroalkoxylation of benzaldehydes and benzylic amines utilizing an inexpensive amino amide as a transient directing group. In the presence of an electrophilic fluorinating bystanding oxidant and fluorinated alcohols, a wide range of benzaldehydes and benzylic amines could be oxygenated selectively at the ortho positions to afford fluoroalkyl aryl ethers. This elegant approach would provide appealing strategies for synthesis of drug molecules and natural products. A general protocol for ortho-C–H fluoroalkoxylation of benzaldehydes and benzylic amines was exploited by utilizing an inexpensive amino amide as a transient directing group.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mixiang Tian
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Shao
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosan Su
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xuhong Zhou
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Sun
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
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15
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Liu B, Romine AM, Rubel CZ, Engle KM, Shi BF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14957-15074. [PMID: 34714620 PMCID: PMC8968411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp3)-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
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16
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Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Dutta S, Li B, Rickertsen DRL, Valles DA, Seidel D. C-H Bond Functionalization of Amines: A Graphical Overview of Diverse Methods. SYNOPEN 2021; 5:173-228. [PMID: 34825124 PMCID: PMC8612105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides a concise overview of the manifold and mechanistically diverse methods that enable the functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds in amines and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel A Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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18
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Transient directing ligands for selective metal-catalysed C–H activation. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:646-659. [PMID: 37118417 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is a 'simple-to-complex' transformation that nature has perfected over millions of years of evolution. Transition-metal-catalysed C-H activation has emerged as an expeditious means to expand the chemical space by introducing diverse functionalities. Notably, among the strategies to selectively cleave a particular C-H bond, the catalytic use of a small molecule as co-catalyst to generate a transient directing group, which provides a balance between step economy and chemical productivity, has gained immense attention in recent years. This allows one to convert a desired C-H bond irrespective of its geometrical or stereochemical configuration. This Review describes the various transient directing groups used in C-H activation and explains their mechanistic significance.
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19
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Landge VG, Grant AJ, Fu Y, Rabon AM, Payton JL, Young MC. Palladium-Catalyzed γ,γ'-Diarylation of Free Alkenyl Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10352-10360. [PMID: 34161068 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The direct difunctionalization of alkenes is an effective way to construct multiple C-C bonds in one-pot using a single functional group. The regioselective dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes is therefore an important area of research to rapidly obtain complex organic molecules. Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed γ,γ'-diarylation of free alkenyl amines through interrupted chain walking for the synthesis of Z-selective alkenyl amines. Notably, while 1,3-dicarbofunctionalization of allyl groups is well precedented, the present disclosure allows 1,3-dicarbofunctionalization of highly substituted allylamines to give highly Z-selective trisubsubstituted olefin products. This cascade reaction operates via an unprotected amine-directed Mizoroki-Heck (MH) pathway featuring a β-hydride elimination to selectively chain walk to furnish a new terminal olefin which then generates the cis-selective alkenyl amines around the sterically crowded allyl moiety. This operationally simple protocol is applicable to a variety of cyclic, branched, and linear secondary and tertiary alkenylamines, and has a broad substrate scope with regard to the arene coupling partner as well. Mechanistic studies have been performed to help elucidate the mechanism, including the presence of a likely unproductive side C-H activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod G Landge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America
| | - Aaron J Grant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America
| | - Allison M Rabon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America
| | - John L Payton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry, Kenyon College, 106 College Park Dr., Gambier, Ohio 43022, United States of America
| | - Michael C Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States of America
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20
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21
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Landge V, Maxwell JM, Chand-Thakuri P, Kapoor M, Diemler ET, Young MC. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Arylation of Unprotected Allylamines. JACS AU 2021; 1:13-22. [PMID: 34467268 PMCID: PMC8395680 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed organometallic transformations of free amines are often unsuccessful due to side reactions, such as oxidation, that can occur. However, the ability to furnish the free amine products from these reactions is important for improving the utility and sustainability of these processes, especially for accessing their potential as medicinal and agrochemical agents. Notably, the 3,3-diarylallylamine motif is prevalent in a variety of biologically relevant structures, yet there are few catalytic approaches to their synthesis, and none involving the free amine. Herein, we describe a simple protocol for the arylation of cinnamylamines and the diarylation of terminal allylamines to generate a diverse group of 3,3-diarylallylamine products using a PdII precatalyst. Key features of the method are the ability to access relatively mild conditions that facilitate a broad substrate scope as well as direct diarylation of terminal allylamine substrates. In addition, several complex and therapeutically relevant molecules are included to demonstrate the utility of the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod
G. Landge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Justin M. Maxwell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Pratibha Chand-Thakuri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Evan T. Diemler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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22
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Yuan Z, Liao J, Jiang H, Cao P, Li Y. Aldehyde catalysis - from simple aldehydes to artificial enzymes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35433-35448. [PMID: 35515689 PMCID: PMC9056934 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemists have been learning and mimicking enzymatic catalysis in various aspects of organic synthesis. One of the major goals is to develop versatile catalysts that inherit the high catalytic efficiency of enzymatic processes, while being effective for a broad scope of substrates. In this field, the study of aldehyde catalysts has achieved significant progress. This review summarizes the application of aldehydes as sustainable and effective catalysts in different reactions. The fields, in which the aldehydes successfully mimic enzymatic systems, include light energy absorption/transfer, intramolecularity introduction through tether formation, metal binding for activation/orientation and substrate activation via aldimine formation. Enantioselective aldehyde catalysis has been achieved with the development of chiral aldehyde catalysts. Direct simplification of aldehyde-dependent enzymes has also been investigated for the synthesis of noncanonical chiral amino acids. Further development in aldehyde catalysis is expected, which might also promote exploration in fields related to prebiotic chemistry, early enzyme evolution, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Undisclosed Pharmaceutical Company Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
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23
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Kapoor M, Singh A, Sharma K, Hua Hsu M. Site‐Selective C(
sp
3
)−H and C(
sp
2
)−H Functionalization of Amines Using a Directing‐Group‐Guided Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Adhish Singh
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Ming Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Taiwan 500, R.O.C Changhua
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24
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Wen F, Li Z. Glycinamide hydrochloride as a transient directing group: Synthesis of 2-benzylbenzaldehydes by C(sp3)−H arylation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1802759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wen
- College of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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25
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Wang Z, Fu Y, Zhang Q, Liu H, Wang J. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Direct γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation between Free β 2-Amino Esters and β 3-Amino Esters and Aryl Iodides Using a Catalytic Transient Directing Group. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7683-7693. [PMID: 32423204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed direct γ-C(sp3)-H arylation coupling with free β2-amino esters and β3-amino esters using a commercially available catalytic transient directing group has been developed. This approach features high efficiency, broad substrate tolerance, easily accessible starting materials, and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangjie Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Transient Directing Group‐Assisted C─H Bond Functionalization of Aliphatic Amines: Strategies for Efficiency and Site‐Selectivity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Chen YQ, Singh S, Wu Y, Wang Z, Hao W, Verma P, Qiao JX, Sunoj RB, Yu JQ. Pd-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Fluorination of Free Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9966-9974. [PMID: 32363869 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first example of free amine γ-C(sp3)-H fluorination is realized using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as the transient directing group. A wide range of cyclohexyl and linear aliphatic amines could be fluorinated selectively at the γ-methyl and methylene positions. Electron withdrawing 3,5-disubstituted pyridone ligands were identified to facilitate this reaction. Computational studies suggest that the turnover determining step is likely the oxidative addition step for methylene fluorination, while it is likely the C-H activation step for methyl fluorination. The explicit participation of Ag results in a lower energetic span for methylene fluorination and a higher energetic span for methyl fluorination, which is consistent with the experimental observation that the addition of silver salt is desirable for methylene but not for methyl fluorination. Kinetic studies on methyl fluorination suggest that the substrate and PdL are involved in the rate-determining step, indicating that the C-H activation step may be partially rate-determining. Importantly, an energetically preferred pathway has identified an interesting pyridone-assisted bimetallic transition state for the oxidative addition step in methylene fluorination, thus uncovering a potential new role of the pyridone ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Yongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pritha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Chen YQ, Wu Y, Wang Z, Qiao JX, Yu JQ. Transient Directing Group Enabled Pd-catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Oxygenation of Alkyl Amines. ACS Catal 2020; 10:5657-5662. [PMID: 33996194 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a general protocol for γ-C(sp3)-H acyloxylation and alkoxylation of free amines using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as the transient directing group. In the presence of an electrophilic fluorinating bystanding oxidant and acetic acid, a wide range of aliphatic amines could be oxygenated selectively at the γ-methyl positions. A vast variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and aliphatic acids could also be successfully coupled under this C-O bond formation reaction to afford amine containing esters. Switching the nucleophile from acids to alcohols enables alkoxylation of free amines. Importantly, natural products and drug molecules such as ibuprofen, isozepac, fenbufen, and lithocholic acid are all compatible coupling partners. Notably, synthesis of these mono-protected amino alcohols from free amino alcohols using conventional selective protection are not always feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jennifer X. Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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29
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Native amine-directed site-selective C(sp3)-H arylation of primary aliphatic amines with aryl iodides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Chand-Thakuri P, Landge VG, Kapoor M, Young MC. One-Pot C–H Arylation/Lactamization Cascade Reaction of Free Benzylamines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6626-6644. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Chand-Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Vinod G. Landge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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31
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St John-Campbell S, White AJP, Bull JA. Methylene C(sp3)–H β,β′-Diarylation of Cyclohexanecarbaldehydes Promoted by a Transient Directing Group and Pyridone Ligand. Org Lett 2020; 22:1807-1812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahra St John-Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London,White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London,White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London,White City Campus, Wood Lane W12 0BZ, U.K
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32
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Li B, Lawrence B, Li G, Ge H. Ligand‐Controlled Direct γ‐C−H Arylation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana 46202 USA
| | - Brianna Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana 46202 USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana 46202 USA
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33
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Li B, Lawrence B, Li G, Ge H. Ligand-Controlled Direct γ-C-H Arylation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3078-3082. [PMID: 31779049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The first example of PdII -catalyzed γ-C(sp3 )-H functionalization of aliphatic and benzoheteroaryl aldehydes has been developed using a transient ligand and an external ligand, concurrently. A wide array of γ-arylated aldehydes were readily accessed without preinstalling internal directing groups. The catalytic mechanism was studied by performing deuterium-labelling experiments, which indicated that the γ-C(sp3 )-H bond cleavage is the rate-limiting step during the reaction process. This reaction could be performed on a gram scale, and also demonstrated its potential application in the synthesis of new mechanofluorochromic materials with blue-shifted mechanochromic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Brianna Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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34
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Rej S, Ano Y, Chatani N. Bidentate Directing Groups: An Efficient Tool in C-H Bond Functionalization Chemistry for the Expedient Construction of C-C Bonds. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1788-1887. [PMID: 31904219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, synthetic organic chemistry discovered that directing group assisted C-H activation is a key tool for the expedient and siteselective construction of C-C bonds. Among the various directing group strategies, bidentate directing groups are now recognized as one of the most efficient devices for the selective functionalization of certain positions due to fact that its metal center permits fine, tunable, and reversible coordination. The family of bidentate directing groups permit various types of assistance to be achieved, such as N,N-dentate, N,O-dentate, and N,S-dentate auxiliaries, which are categorized based on the coordination site. In this review, we broadly discuss various C-H bond functionalization reactions for the formation of C-C bonds with the aid of bidentate directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 560-0871 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 560-0871 , Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 560-0871 , Japan
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35
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Higham JI, Bull JA. Transient imine directing groups for the C–H functionalisation of aldehydes, ketones and amines: an update 2018–2020. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7291-7315. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in C–H functionalisation using transient directing groups. Advances in directing group design, new bond forming methodologies, regio- and stereoselective processes, and new mechanistic insights are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe I. Higham
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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36
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Wen F, Li Z. Semicarbazide: A Transient Directing Group for C(
sp
3
)−H Arylation of 2‐Methylbenzaldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wen
- Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
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37
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Yuan F, Hou ZL, Pramanick PK, Yao B. Site-Selective Modification of α-Amino Acids and Oligopeptides via Native Amine-Directed γ-C(sp3)-H Arylation. Org Lett 2019; 21:9381-9385. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feipeng Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic-Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic-Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Pranab K. Pramanick
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic-Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic-Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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38
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Wang YF, Xu WG, Sun B, Yu QQ, Li TJ, Zhang FL. Monodentate Transient Directing Group Assisted Pd-Catalyzed Direct Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Benzaldehydes with Arenes toward 9-Fluorenones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13104-13111. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Gang Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Tuan-Jie Li
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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39
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Niu B, Yang K, Lawrence B, Ge H. Transient Ligand-Enabled Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2955-2969. [PMID: 30958921 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization is among the most efficient and powerful strategies in synthetic organic chemistry to derivatize otherwise inert sites of organic molecules for the construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. However, additional steps are often required to install the directing groups to realize selective C-H bond functionalization of the substrates. These tedious steps run counter to the step-economical nature of the C-H activation. In contrast, direct functionalization of the substrate by using transient ligands avoids the unnecessary steps for the pre-functionalization of the substrates. This Minireview provides a short overview of the major progress made in this field for C-H functionalization at sp2 and sp3 carbon centers with different transient working modes, including covalent, hydrogen, and ionic bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Brianna Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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40
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Li F, Zhou Y, Yang H, Wang Z, Yu Q, Zhang FL. Monodentate Transient Directing Group Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Ortho-C–H Methoxylation and Chlorination of Benzaldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3692-3695. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Heng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinqin Yu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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41
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Kapoor M, Chand-Thakuri P, Young MC. Carbon Dioxide-Mediated C(sp2)–H Arylation of Primary and Secondary Benzylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7980-7989. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Pratibha Chand-Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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42
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Lin H, Pan X, Barsamian AL, Kamenecka TM, Bannister TD. Native Directed Site-Selective δ-C(sp3)–H and δ-C(sp2)–H Arylation of Primary Amines. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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43
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Pramanick PK, Zhou Z, Hou ZL, Yao B. Free Amino Group-Directed γ-C(sp3)–H Arylation of α-Amino Esters with Diaryliodonium Triflates by Palladium Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5684-5694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranab K. Pramanick
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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44
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St John-Campbell S, Bull JA. Intramolecular palladium(ii)/(iv) catalysed C(sp 3)-H arylation of tertiary aldehydes using a transient imine directing group. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9172-9175. [PMID: 31305810 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium catalysed β-C(sp3)-H activation of tertiary aldehydes using a transient imine directing group enables intramolecular arylation to form substituted indane-aldehydes. A simple amine bearing a methyl ether (2-methoxyethan-1-amine) is the optimal TDG to promote C-H activation and reaction with an unactivated proximal C-Br bond. Substituent effects are studied in the preparation of various derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies identify a reversible C-H activation, product inhibition and suggest that oxidative addition is the turnover limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra St John-Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, UK.
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45
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St John‐Campbell S, Ou AK, Bull JA. Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Arylation of Primary Amines Using a Catalytic Alkyl Acetal to Form a Transient Directing Group. Chemistry 2018; 24:17838-17843. [PMID: 30255961 PMCID: PMC6391947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of amines is a prominent challenge due to the strong complexation of amines to transition metal catalysts, and therefore typically requires derivatization at nitrogen with a directing group. Transient directing groups (TDGs) permit C-H functionalization in a single operation, without needing these additional steps for directing group installation and removal. Here we report a palladium catalyzed γ-C-H arylation of amines using catalytic amounts of alkyl acetals as transient activators (e.g. commercially available (2,2-dimethoxyethoxy)benzene). This simple additive enables arylation of amines with a wide range of aryl iodides. Key structural features of the novel TDG are examined, demonstrating an important role for the masked carbonyl and ether functionalities. Detailed kinetic (RPKA) and mechanistic investigations determine the order in all reagents, and identify cyclopalladation as the turnover limiting step. Finally, the discovery of an unprecedented off-cycle free-amine directed ϵ-cyclopalladation of the arylation product is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra St John‐Campbell
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Alex K. Ou
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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