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Alkahtani ME, Elbadawi M, Chapman CAR, Green RA, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Basit AW. Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301759. [PMID: 37861058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive materials have played a significant role in advancing society into the digital era. Such materials are able to harness the power of electricity and are used to control many aspects of daily life. Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging group of polymers that possess metal-like conductivity yet retain desirable polymeric features, such as processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Upon receiving an electrical stimulus, CPs can be tailored to achieve a number of responses, such as harvesting energy and stimulating tissue growth. The recent FDA approval of a CP-based material for a medical device has invigorated their research in healthcare. In drug delivery, CPs can act as electrical switches, drug release is achieved at a flick of a switch, thereby providing unprecedented control over drug release. In this review, recent developments in CP as electroactive polymers for voltage-stimuli responsive drug delivery systems are evaluated. The review demonstrates the distinct drug release profiles achieved by electroactive formulations, and both the precision and ease of stimuli response. This level of dynamism promises to yield "smart medicines" and warrants further research. The review concludes by providing an outlook on electroactive formulations in drug delivery and highlighting their integral roles in healthcare IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Alkahtani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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2
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Hsiao YS, Quiñones ED, Yen SC, Yu J, Fang JT, Chen P, Juang RS. PEDOT:PSS-Based Bioelectrodes for Multifunctional Drug Release and Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21953-21964. [PMID: 37129106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is an innovative approach for the label-free and real-time detection of cell morphology, growth, and apoptosis, thereby playing an essential role as both a viable alternative and valuable complement to conventional biochemical/pharmaceutical analysis in the field of diagnostics. Constant improvements are naturally sought to further improve the effective range and reliability of this technology. In this study, we developed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer (CP)-based bioelectrodes integrated into homemade ECIS cell-culture chamber slides for the simultaneous drug release and real-time biosensing of cancer cell viability under drug treatment. The CP comprised tailored PEDOT:PSS, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) capable of encapsulating antitumor chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX), docetaxel (DTX), and a DOX/DTX combination. This device can reliably monitor impedance signal changes correlated with cell viability on chips generated by cell adhesion onto a predetermined CP-based working electrode while simultaneously exhibiting excellent properties for both drug encapsulation and on-demand release from another CP-based counter electrode under electrical stimulation (ES) operation. Cyclic voltammetry curves and surface profile data of different CP-based coatings (without or with drugs) were used to analyze the changes in charge capacity and thickness, respectively, thereby further revealing the correlation between their drug-releasing performance under ES operation (determined using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy). Finally, antitumor drug screening tests (DOX, DTX, and DOX/DTX combination) were performed on MCF-7 and HeLa cells using our developed CP-based ECIS chip system to monitor the impedance signal changes and their related cell viability results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Edgar Daniel Quiñones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Tseng Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Shin Juang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
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3
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Marchini E, Orlandi M, Bazzanella N, Boaretto R, Cristino V, Miotello A, Caramori S, Carli S. Electrodeposited PEDOT/Nafion as Catalytic Counter Electrodes for Cobalt and Copper Bipyridyl Redox Mediators in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29181-29194. [PMID: 36033653 PMCID: PMC9404163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PEDOT-based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are generally prepared by electrodeposition, which produces polymer films endowed with the best electrocatalytic properties. This translates in fast regeneration of the redox mediator, which allows the solar cell to sustain efficient photoconversion. The sustainable fabrication of DSSCs must consider the scaling up of the entire process, and when possible, it should avoid the use of large amounts of hazardous and/or inflammable chemicals, such as organic solvents for instance. This is why electrodeposition of PEDOT-based counter electrodes should preferably be carried out in aqueous media. In this study, PEDOT/Nafion was electrodeposited on FTO and comparatively evaluated as a catalytic material in DSSCs based on either cobalt or copper electrolytes. Our results show that the electrochemical response of PEDOT/Nafion toward Co(II/III-) or Cu(I/II)-based redox shuttles was comparable to that of PEDOT/ClO4 and significantly superior to that of PEDOT/PSS. In addition, when tested for adhesion, PEDOT/Nafion films were more stable for delamination if compared to PEDOT/ClO4, a feature that may prove beneficial in view of the long-term stability of solar devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Marchini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Orlandi
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Bazzanella
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Rita Boaretto
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Miotello
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Bianchi M, De Salvo A, Asplund M, Carli S, Di Lauro M, Schulze‐Bonhage A, Stieglitz T, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Neural Interfaces for Recording and Stimulation: Fundamental Aspects and In Vivo Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104701. [PMID: 35191224 PMCID: PMC9036021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation neural interfaces for bidirectional communication with the central nervous system aim to achieve the intimate integration with the neural tissue with minimal neuroinflammatory response, high spatio-temporal resolution, very high sensitivity, and readout stability. The design and manufacturing of devices for low power/low noise neural recording and safe and energy-efficient stimulation that are, at the same time, conformable to the brain, with matched mechanical properties and biocompatibility, is a convergence area of research where neuroscientists, materials scientists, and nanotechnologists operate synergically. The biotic-abiotic neural interface, however, remains a formidable challenge that prompts for new materials platforms and innovation in device layouts. Conductive polymers (CP) are attractive materials to be interfaced with the neural tissue and to be used as sensing/stimulating electrodes because of their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, their low contact impedance, high charge storage capacitance, chemical versatility, and biocompatibility. This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based neural interfaces for extracellular recording and stimulation, focusing on those technological approaches that are successfully demonstrated in vivo. The aim is to highlight the most reliable and ready-for-clinical-use solutions, in terms of materials technology and recording performance, other than spot major limitations and identify future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Anna De Salvo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Maria Asplund
- Division of Nursing and Medical TechnologyLuleå University of TechnologyLuleå971 87Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Present address:
Department of Environmental and Prevention SciencesUniversità di FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Andreas Schulze‐Bonhage
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Epilepsy CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Life Science DepartmentUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaVia Campi 103Modena41125Italy
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5
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Sahoo S, Ghosh P, Khan MEH, De P. Recent Progress in Macromolecular Design and Synthesis of Bile Acid‐Based Polymeric Architectures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Sahoo
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
| | - Md Ezaz Hasan Khan
- School of General Education College of the North Atlantic ‐ Qatar Arab League Street Doha 24449 Qatar
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
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6
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Glyceric Prodrug of Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA): Novozym 435-Catalyzed Synthesis of UDCA-Monoglyceride. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195966. [PMID: 34641510 PMCID: PMC8513054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of steroids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Among bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the drug of choice for treating primary biliary cirrhosis and dissolving cholesterol gallstones. The clinical effectiveness of UDCA includes its choleretic activity, the capability to inhibit hydrophobic bile acid absorption by the intestine under cholestatic conditions, reducing cholangiocyte injury, stimulation of impaired biliary output, and inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis. Despite its clinical effectiveness, UDCA is poorly soluble in the gastro-duodeno-jejunal contents, and pharmacological doses of UDCA are not readily soluble in the stomach and intestine, resulting in incomplete absorption. Indeed, the solubility of 20 mg/L greatly limits the bioavailability of UDCA. Since the bioavailability of drug products plays a critical role in the design of oral administration dosages, we investigated the enzymatic esterification of UDCA as a strategy of hydrophilization. Therefore, we decided to enzymatically synthesize a glyceric ester of UDCA bile acid to produce a more water-soluble molecule. The esterification reactions between UDCA and glycerol were performed with an immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) in solvent-free and solvent-assisted systems. The characterization of the UDCA-monoglyceride, enzymatically synthesized, has been performed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, IR, and MS spectroscopy.
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7
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Cazorla E, Ruano G, Babeli I, Ginebra MP, García-Torres J, Alemán C. Electroresponsive Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Hydrophobic Drugs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6228-6240. [PMID: 33449669 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive biomaterials have attracted significant attention for the construction of on-demand drug release systems. The possibility of using external stimulation to trigger drug release is particularly enticing for hydrophobic compounds, which are not easily released by simple diffusion. In this work, an electrochemically active hydrogel, which has been prepared by gelling a mixture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and alginate (Alg), has been loaded with curcumin (CUR), a hydrophobic drug with a wide spectrum of clinical applications. The PEDOT/Alg hydrogel is electrochemically active and organizes as segregated PEDOT- and Alg-rich domains, explaining its behavior as an electroresponsive drug delivery system. When loaded with CUR, the hydrogel demonstrates a controlled drug release upon application of a negative electrical voltage. Comparison with the release profiles obtained applying a positive voltage and in the absence of electrical stimuli indicates that the release mechanism dominating this system is complex because of not only the intermolecular interactions between the drug and the polymeric network but also the loading of a hydrophobic drug in a water-containing delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08930, Spain
| | - Eric Cazorla
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Guillem Ruano
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Ismael Babeli
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08930, Spain.,Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08930, Spain
| | - Jose García-Torres
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08930, Spain.,Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08930, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08930, Spain
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8
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Liu C, Nguyen MA, Alvarez-Ciara A, Franklin M, Bennett C, Domena JB, Kleinhenz NC, Blanco Colmenares GA, Duque S, Chebbi AF, Bernard B, Olivier JH, Prasad A. Surface Modifications of an Organic Polymer-Based Microwire Platform for Sustained Release of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4613-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Michelle A. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Anabel Alvarez-Ciara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Melissa Franklin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Justin B. Domena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Noah C. Kleinhenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Blanco Colmenares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Sebastian Duque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Aisha F. Chebbi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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9
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Carli S, Di Lauro M, Bianchi M, Murgia M, De Salvo A, Prato M, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Water-Based PEDOT:Nafion Dispersion for Organic Bioelectronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29807-29817. [PMID: 32512998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The water dispersion of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most used material precursors in organic electronics also thanks to its industrial production. There is a growing interest for conductive polymers that could be alternative surrogates or replace PEDOT:PSS in some applications. A recent study by our group compared electrodeposited PEDOT:Nafion vs PEDOT:PSS in the use for neural recordings. Here, we introduce an easy and reproducible synthetic protocol to prepare a water dispersion of PEDOT:Nafion. The conductivity of the pristine material is on the order of 2 S cm-1 and was improved up to ≈6 S cm-1 upon treatment with ethylene glycol. Faster ion transfer was assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and, interestingly, an improved adhesion was observed for coatings of the new PEDOT:Nafion dispersion on glass substrates, even without the addition of the silane cross-linker needed for PEDOT:PSS. As proof of concept, we demonstrate the use of this novel water dispersion of PEDOT:Nafion in three different organic electronic device architectures, namely, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), a memristor, and an artificial synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna De Salvo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Carli S, Bianchi M, Zucchini E, Di Lauro M, Prato M, Murgia M, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Electrodeposited PEDOT:Nafion Composite for Neural Recording and Stimulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900765. [PMID: 31489795 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays are used for recording and stimulation in neurosciences both in vitro and in vivo. The electrodeposition of conductive polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is widely adopted to improve both the in vivo recording and the charge injection limit of metallic microelectrodes. The workhorse of conductive polymers in the neurosciences is PEDOT:PSS, where PSS represents polystyrene-sulfonate. In this paper, the counterion is the fluorinated polymer Nafion, so the composite PEDOT:Nafion is deposited onto a flexible neural microelectrode array. PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes exhibit comparable in vivo recording capability to the reference PEDOT:PSS, providing a large signal-to-noise ratio in a murine animal model. Importantly, PEDOT:Nafion exhibits a minimized polarization during electrical stimulation, thereby resulting in an improved charge injection limit equal to 4.4 mC cm-2 , almost 80% larger than the 2.5 mC cm-2 that is observed for PEDOT:PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Elena Zucchini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Section of Human PhysiologyUniversity of Ferrara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization FacilityIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)CNR 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Section of Human PhysiologyUniversity of Ferrara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia 41125 Modena Italy
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11
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Molina BG, Cuesta S, Besharatloo H, Roa JJ, Armelin E, Alemán C. Free-Standing Faradaic Motors Based on Biocompatible Nanoperforated Poly(lactic Acid) Layers and Electropolymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29427-29435. [PMID: 31313896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electro-chemo-mechanical response of robust and flexible free-standing films made of three nanoperforated poly(lactic acid) (pPLA) layers separated by two anodically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layers has been demonstrated. The mechanical and electrochemical properties of these films, which are provided by pPLA and PEDOT, respectively, have been studied by nanoindentation, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge assays. The unprecedented combination of properties obtained for this system is appropriated for its utilization as a Faradaic motor, also named artificial muscle. Application of square potential waves has shown important bending movements in the films, which can be repeated for more than 500 cycles without damaging its mechanical integrity. Furthermore, the actuator is able to push a huge amount of mass, as it has been proved by increasing the mass of the passive pPLA up to 328% while keeping the mass of electroactive PEDOT unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda G Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Cuesta
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hossein Besharatloo
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Josep Roa
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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