1
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Hu L, Zhao J. Ynamide Coupling Reagents: Origin and Advances. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:855-869. [PMID: 38452397 PMCID: PMC10956395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the pioneering work of Curtius and Fischer, chemical peptide synthesis has witnessed a century's development and evolved into a routine technology. However, it is far from perfect. In particular, it is challenged by sustainable development because the state-of-the-art of peptide synthesis heavily relies on legacy reagents and technologies developed before the establishment of green chemistry. Over the past three decades, a broad range of efforts have been made for greening peptide synthesis, among which peptide synthesis using unprotected amino acid represents an ideal and promising strategy because it does not require protection and deprotection steps. Unfortunately, C → N peptide synthesis employing unprotected amino acids has been plagued by undesired polymerization, while N → C inverse peptide synthesis with unprotected amino acids is retarded by severe racemization/epimerization owing to the iterative activation and aminolysis of high racemization/epimerization susceptible peptidyl acids. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop innovative coupling reagents and strategies with novel mechanisms that can address the long-standing notorious racemization/epimerization issue of peptide synthesis.This Account will describe our efforts in discovery of ynamide coupling reagents and their application in greening peptide synthesis. Over an eight-year journey, ynamide coupling reagents have evolved into a class of general coupling reagents for both amide and ester bond formation. In particular, the superiority of ynamide coupling reagents in suppressing racemization/epimerization enabled them to be effective for peptide fragment condensation, and head-to-tail cyclization, as well as precise incorporation of thioamide substitutions into peptide backbones. The first practical inverse peptide synthesis using unprotected amino acids was successfully accomplished by harnessing such features and taking advantage of a transient protection strategy. Ynamide coupling reagent-mediated ester bond formation enabled efficient intermolecular esterification and macrolactonization with preservation of α-chirality and the configuration of the conjugated α,β-C-C double bond. To make ynamide coupling reagents readily available with reasonable cost and convenience, we have developed a scalable one-step synthetic method from cheap starting materials. Furthermore, a water-removable ynamide coupling reagent was developed, offering a column-free purification of the target coupling product. In addition, the recycle of ynamide coupling reagent was accomplished, thereby paving the way for their sustainable industrial application.As such, this Account presents the whole story of the origin, mechanistic insights, preparation, synthetic applications, and recycle of ynamide coupling reagents with a perspective that highlights their future impact on peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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2
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Liu T, Peng Z, Lai M, Hu L, Zhao J. Inverse Peptide Synthesis Using Transient Protected Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4270-4280. [PMID: 38316681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics have experienced a rapid resurgence over the past three decades. While a few peptide drugs are biologically produced, most are manufactured via chemical synthesis. The cycle of prior protection of the amino group of an α-amino acid, activation of its carboxyl group, aminolysis with the free amino group of a growing peptide chain, and deprotection of the N-terminus constitutes the principle of conventional C → N peptide chemical synthesis. The mandatory use of the Nα-protecting group invokes two additional operations for incorporating each amino acid, resulting in poor step- and atom-economy. The burgeoning demand in the peptide therapeutic market necessitates cost-effective and environmentally friendly peptide manufacturing strategies. Inverse peptide chemical synthesis using unprotected amino acids has been proposed as an ideal and appealing strategy. However, it has remained unsuccessful for over 60 years due to severe racemization/epimerization during N → C peptide chain elongation. Herein, this challenge has been successfully addressed by ynamide coupling reagent employing a transient protection strategy. The activation, transient protection, aminolysis, and in situ deprotection were performed in one pot, thus offering a practical peptide chemical synthesis strategy formally using unprotected amino acids as the starting material. Its robustness was exemplified by syntheses of peptide active pharmaceutical ingredients. It is also amenable to fragment condensation and inverse solid-phase peptide synthesis. The compatibility to green solvents further enhances its application potential in large-scale peptide production. This study offered a cost-effective, operational convenient, and environmentally benign approach to peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zejun Peng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Manting Lai
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Long Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
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3
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Fuse S, Kanda S, Masui H. One-Flow Synthesis of Substituted Indoles via Sequential 1,2-Addition/Nucleophilic Substitution of Indolyl-3-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300909. [PMID: 37962410 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Substituted indoles are important as drugs. A number of valuable indoles have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the 3'-position of indoles. However, the preparation of an indolylmethyl electrophile containing a tertiary carbon at the 3'-position and its subsequent nucleophilic substitution are challenging owing to the instability of the electrophile. Herein, we demonstrated the rapid one-flow synthesis of indoles via sequential 1,2-addition/nucleophilic substitution of indolyl-3-carbaldehydes. The use of a microflow technology helped in suppressing the undesired reactions caused by the unstable intermediates, resulting in significantly higher yields and reproducibility compared to those under batch conditions. A crown ether was effective when 1-alkylindole-3-carboxaldehyde was used as a substrate. However, the crown ether exerted a detrimental effect when 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde was used. A total of 15 structurally diverse indole derivatives were obtained in generally acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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4
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Sugisawa N, Ando A, Fuse S. Rapid and column-chromatography-free peptide chain elongation via a one-flow, three-component coupling approach. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6986-6991. [PMID: 37389269 PMCID: PMC10306071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short peptides are extremely important as drugs and building blocks for the syntheses of longer peptides. Both solid- and liquid-phase peptide syntheses suffer from a large number of synthetic steps, high cost, and/or tedious purification. Here, we developed a rapid, mild, inexpensive, and column-chromatography-free peptide chain elongation via a one-flow, three-component coupling (3CC) approach that is the first to use α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides (α-NCAs) both as electrophiles and nucleophiles. We demonstrated the high-yielding and column-chromatography-free syntheses of 17 tripeptides, as well as a gram-scale synthesis of a tripeptide. The total synthesis of beefy meaty peptide was achieved by repeating the 3CC approach with the addition of only one column chromatographic purification. We also demonstrated a one-flow tripeptide synthesis via in situ preparation of α-NCA starting from three readily available protected amino acids. With this study, we achieved dramatic reductions in both time and cost compared with typical solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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5
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Raman and near-infrared spectroscopy for in-line sensors. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1455-1456. [DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie M, Fathi Vavsari V, Kamangar M, Balalaie S. Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123879. [PMID: 36942077 PMCID: PMC10024322 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-123879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing interest has been observed among pharmaceutical companies in producing and selling 80 FDA-approved therapeutic peptides. However, there are many drawbacks to peptide synthesis at the academic and industrial scales, involving the use of large amounts of highly hazardous coupling reagents and solvents. This review focuses on hideous and observant wastes produced before, during, and after peptide synthesis and proposes some solutions to reduce them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamangar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Jung S, Satoh S, Daitoku H, Noguchi T, Kawashima Y, Imai N. Green diastereospecific synthesis of various medicine analogues containing dipeptides and release of the medicines by Baker's yeast. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Masui H, Fuse S. Micro-Flow <i>N</i>-Acylation Using Highly Electrophilic Acyl Ammonium Cations for Peptide and Urethane-Protected <i>N</i>-Carboxyanhydride Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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10
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Alfano AI, Lange H, Brindisi M. Amide Bonds Meet Flow Chemistry: A Journey into Methodologies and Sustainable Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102708. [PMID: 35015338 PMCID: PMC9304223 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of amide bonds is of immanent importance in organic and synthetic medicinal chemistry. Its presence in "traditional" small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, in linear or cyclic oligo- and polypeptidic actives, including pseudopeptides, has led to the development of dedicated synthetic approaches for the formation of amide bonds starting from, if necessary, suitably protected amino acids. While the use of solid supported reagents is common in traditional peptide synthesis, similar approaches targeting amide bond formation in continuous-flow mode took off more significantly, after a first publication in 2006, only a couple of years ago. Most efforts rely upon the transition of traditional approaches in flow mode, or the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis principles with flow chemistry, and advantages are mainly seen in improving space-time yields. This Review summarizes and compares the various approaches in terms of basic amide formation, peptide synthesis, and pseudopeptide generation, describing the technological approaches and the advantages that were generated by the specific flow approaches. A final discussion highlights potential future needs and perspectives in terms of greener and more sustainable syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
| | - Heiko Lange
- University of Milano-Bicocca Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesPiazza della Scienza 120126MilanItaly
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
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11
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Hattori T, Yamamoto H. Synthesis of Silacyclic Dipeptides: Peptide Elongation at Both N- and C-Termini of Dipeptide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1758-1765. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hattori
- Peptide Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Peptide Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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12
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Inami H, Asano Y, Oda M. Flow Peptide Synthesis in a Microchannel with a Reciprocating Flow of Resin Slurry. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.20we189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukako Asano
- Innovation Division, Hitachi Plant Services Co., Ltd
| | - Masashi Oda
- Innovation Division, Hitachi Plant Services Co., Ltd
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13
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Fuse S, Komuro K, Otake Y, Masui H, Nakamura H. Rapid and Mild Lactamization Using Highly Electrophilic Triphosgene in a Microflow Reactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:7525-7532. [PMID: 33496974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactams are cyclic amides that are indispensable as drugs and as drug candidates. Conventional lactamization includes acid-mediated and coupling-agent-mediated approaches that suffer from narrow substrate scope, much waste, and/or high cost. Inexpensive, less-wasteful approaches mediated by highly electrophilic reagents are attractive, but there is an imminent risk of side reactions. Herein, a methods using highly electrophilic triphosgene in a microflow reactor that accomplishes rapid (0.5-10 s), mild, inexpensive, and less-wasteful lactamization are described. Methods A and B, which use N-methylmorpholine and N-methylimidazole, respectively, were developed. Various lactams and a cyclic peptide containing acid- and/or heat-labile functional groups were synthesized in good to high yields without the need for tedious purification. Undesired reactions were successfully suppressed, and the risk of handling triphosgene was minimized by the use of microflow technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Komuro
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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14
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Muramatsu W, Yamamoto H. Peptide Bond Formation of Amino Acids by Transient Masking with Silylating Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6792-6797. [PMID: 33929829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot peptide bond-forming reaction has been developed using unprotected amino acids and peptides. Two different silylating reagents, HSi[OCH(CF3)2]3 and MTBSTFA, are instrumental for the successful implementation of this approach, being used for the activation and transient masking of unprotected amino acids and peptides at C-termini and N-termini, respectively. Furthermore, CsF and imidazole are used as catalysts, activating HSi[OCH(CF3)2]3 and also accelerating chemoselective silylation. This method is versatile as it tolerates side chains that bear a range of functional groups, while providing up to >99% yields of corresponding peptides without any racemization or polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Muramatsu
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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15
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Hosoya M, Shiino G, Tsuno N. A Practical Transferring Method from Batch to Flow Synthesis of Dipeptides via Acid Chloride Assisted by Simulation of the Reaction Rate. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosoya
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Go Shiino
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsuno
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
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16
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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17
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Abstract
Developments that result in high-yielding, low-cost, safe, scalable, and less-wasteful processes are the most important goals in synthetic organic chemistry. Continuous-flow reactions have garnered much attention due to many advantages over conventional batch reactions that include precise control of short reaction times and temperatures, low risk in handling dangerous compounds, and ease in scaling up synthesis. Combinations of continuous-flow reactions with homogeneous, metal-free catalysts further enhances advantages that include low-cost and ready availability, low toxicity, higher stability in air and water, and increased synthetic efficiency due to the avoidance of the time-consuming removal of toxic metal traces. This review summarizes recently reported continuous-flow reactions using metal-free homogeneous catalysts and classifies them either as acidic catalysts, basic catalysts, or miscellaneous catalysts. In addition, we compare the results between continuous-flow conditions and conventional batch conditions to reveal the advantages of using flow reactions with metal-free homogeneous catalysts.
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18
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Kurasaki H, Nagaya A, Kobayashi Y, Matsuda A, Matsumoto M, Morimoto K, Taguri T, Takeuchi H, Handa M, Cary DR, Nishizawa N, Masuya K. Isostearyl Mixed Anhydrides for the Preparation of N-Methylated Peptides Using C-Terminally Unprotected N-Methylamino Acids. Org Lett 2020; 22:8039-8043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Kurasaki
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nagaya
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ayumu Matsuda
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Matsumoto
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Koki Morimoto
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomonori Taguri
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Takeuchi
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan
| | - Michiharu Handa
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Cary
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan
| | - Keiichi Masuya
- PeptiDream, Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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19
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Vrijsen JH, Rasines Mazo A, Junkers T, Qiao GG. Accelerated Polypeptide Synthesis via
N
‐Carboxyanhydride Ring Opening Polymerization in Continuous Flow. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000071. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Hendrik Vrijsen
- The Polymer Science Group Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Organic and (Bio‐)Polymer Chemistry Institute for Materials Research Hasselt University Agoralaan D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Alicia Rasines Mazo
- The Polymer Science Group Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Organic and (Bio‐)Polymer Chemistry Institute for Materials Research Hasselt University Agoralaan D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Greg Guanghua Qiao
- The Polymer Science Group Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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20
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Magtaan JK, Devocelle M, Kelleher F. Assessing the correlation of microscopy-based and volumetry-based measurements for resin swelling in a range of potential greener solvents for SPPS. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3250. [PMID: 32215981 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The degree of resin swelling in a particular solvent system is one of the critical parameters for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and for solid-phase synthesis in general. Methods used for measuring the degree of resin swelling include microscopy-based and volumetry-based methods. This study describes and compares the use of both methods for a number of commercially available resins commonly used in SPPS, with a range of solvents, which have been identified in the literature as 'greener' than DCM, DMF and NMP. The results were analysed by statistical methods, and a significant correlation between the two distinct methods has been demonstrated for the first time. The results will likely be used, in conjunction with other literature methods, to help in choosing both the resin and solvent system for greener SPPS, as well as for continuous flow SPPS, which is of growing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Kevin Magtaan
- Molecular Design & Synthesis Group, Centre of Applied Science for Health, TU Dublin Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fintan Kelleher
- Molecular Design & Synthesis Group, Centre of Applied Science for Health, TU Dublin Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Mata A, Weigl U, Flögel O, Baur P, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Acyl azide generation and amide bond formation in continuous-flow for the synthesis of peptides. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acyl azides were safely generated by using nitrous acid in water and reactedin situwithin a flow system. The acyl azide was efficiently extracted into the organic phase containing an amine nucleophile for a highly enantioselective peptide coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | | | | | - Pius Baur
- Cilag AG
- 8200 Schaffhausen
- Switzerland
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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