1
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Abad J, Martínez JI, Gómez P, Más-Montoya M, Rodríguez L, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Martín-Gago JA, Curiel D, Méndez J. Two-Dimensional Self-Assembly Driven by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Benzodi-7-azaindole Molecules on Au(111). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:11591-11599. [PMID: 37377501 PMCID: PMC10291637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The control of molecular structures at the nanoscale plays a critical role in the development of materials and applications. The adsorption of a polyheteroaromatic molecule with hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites integrated in the conjugated structure itself, namely, benzodi-7-azaindole (BDAI), has been studied on Au(111). Intermolecular hydrogen bonding determines the formation of highly organized linear structures where surface chirality, resulting from the 2D confinement of the centrosymmetric molecules, is observed. Moreover, the structural features of the BDAI molecule lead to the formation of two differentiated arrangements with extended brick-wall and herringbone packing. A comprehensive experimental study that combines scanning tunneling microscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and density functional theory theoretical calculations has been performed to fully characterize the 2D hydrogen-bonded domains and the on-surface thermal stability of the physisorbed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Abad
- Applied
Physics Department, Technical University
of Cartagena, c/ Dr. Fleming s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José I. Martínez
- Department
of Low Dimensional Systems, Institute of
Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Más-Montoya
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez
- Department
of Low Dimensional Systems, Institute of
Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | | | | | - José A. Martín-Gago
- Department
of Low Dimensional Systems, Institute of
Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Méndez
- Department
of Low Dimensional Systems, Institute of
Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Sonsona IG, Carrera M, Más-Montoya M, Sánchez RS, Serafini P, Barea EM, Mora-Seró I, Curiel D. 2D-Self-Assembled Organic Materials in Undoped Hole Transport Bilayers for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22310-22319. [PMID: 37099614 PMCID: PMC10176319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces between photoactive perovskite layer and selective contacts play a key role in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The properties of the interface can be modified by the introduction of molecular interlayers between the halide perovskite and the transporting layers. Herein, two novel structurally related molecules, 1,3,5-tris(α-carbolin-6-yl)benzene (TACB) and the hexamethylated derivative of truxenotris(7-azaindole) (TTAI), are reported. Both molecules have the ability to self-assemble through reciprocal hydrogen bond interactions, but they have different degrees of conformational freedom. The benefits of combining these tripodal 2D-self-assembled small molecular materials with well-known hole transporting layers (HTLs), such as PEDOT:PSS and PTAA, in PSCs with inverted configuration are described. The use of these molecules, particularly the more rigid TTAI, enhanced the charge extraction efficiency and reduced the charge recombination. Consequently, an improved photovoltaic performance was achieved in comparison to the devices fabricated with the standard HTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sonsona
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Carrera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Más-Montoya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael S Sánchez
- Institute of Advanced Materials, University Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Patricio Serafini
- Institute of Advanced Materials, University Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eva M Barea
- Institute of Advanced Materials, University Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials, University Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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3
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Yao Y, Cheng C, Zhang C, Hu H, Wang K, De Wolf S. Organic Hole-Transport Layers for Efficient, Stable, and Scalable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203794. [PMID: 35771986 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hole-transporting layers (HTLs) are an essential component in inverted, p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) where they play a decisive role in extraction and transport of holes, surface passivation, perovskite crystallization, device stability, and cost. Currently, the exploration of efficient, stable, highly transparent and low-cost HTLs is of vital importance for propelling p-i-n PSCs toward commercialization. Compared to their inorganic counterparts, organic HTLs offer multiple advantages such as a tunable bandgap and energy level, easy synthesis and purification, solution processability, and overall low cost. Here, recent progress of organic HTLs, including conductive polymers, small molecules, and self-assembled monolayers, as utilized in inverted PSCs is systematically reviewed and summarized. Their molecular structure, hole-transport properties, energy levels, and relevant device properties and resulting performances are presented and analyzed. A summary of design principles and a future outlook toward highly efficient organic HTLs in inverted PSCs is proposed. This review aims to inspire further innovative development of novel organic HTLs for more efficient, stable, and scalable inverted PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Yao
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Caidong Cheng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, and KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Zhang F, Zhou Z, Zou C, Liu X, Xie J, Liu D, Yang S, Hou Y, Yang HG. A Self‐Formed Stable PbI
2
/NiO
x
Interface with Increased Ni
3+
Centers for Perovskite Photovoltaics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Ziren Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Can Zou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Da Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of East China University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518057 P. R. China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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5
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Alghamdi AM, Yanagida M, Shirai Y, Andersson GG, Miyano K. Surface Passivation of Sputtered NiO x Using a SAM Interface Layer to Enhance the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12147-12157. [PMID: 35449936 PMCID: PMC9016879 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sputtered NiO x (sp-NiO x ) is a preferred hole transporting material for perovskite solar cells because of its hole mobility, ease of manufacturability, good stability, and suitable Fermi level for hole extraction. However, uncontrolled defects in sp-NiO x can limit the efficiency of solar cells fabricated with this hole transporting layer. An interfacial layer has been proposed to modify the sp-NiO x /perovskite interface, which can contribute to improving the crystallinity of the perovskite film. Herein, a 2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz) self-assembled monolayer was used to modify an sp-NiO x surface. We found that the MeO-2PACz interlayer improves the quality of the perovskite film due to an enlarged domain size, reduced charge recombination at the sp-NiO x /perovskite interface, and passivation of the defects in sp-NiO x surfaces. In addition, the band tail states are also reduced, as indicated by photothermal deflection spectroscopy, which thus indicates a reduction in defect levels. The overall outcome is an improvement in the device efficiency from 11.9% to 17.2% due to the modified sp-NiO x /perovskite interface, with an active area of 1 cm2 (certified efficiency of 16.25%). On the basis of these results, the interfacial engineering of the electronic properties of sp-NiO x /MeO-2PACz/perovskite is discussed in relation to the improved device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira
R. M. Alghamdi
- Photovoltaic
Materials Group, Center for GREEN Research on Energy and Environmental
Materials, National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Flinders
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman
Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441 City Dammam, Saudi Arabi
| | - Masatoshi Yanagida
- Photovoltaic
Materials Group, Center for GREEN Research on Energy and Environmental
Materials, National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirai
- Photovoltaic
Materials Group, Center for GREEN Research on Energy and Environmental
Materials, National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kenjiro Miyano
- Photovoltaic
Materials Group, Center for GREEN Research on Energy and Environmental
Materials, National Institute for Materials
Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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6
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Nagy M, Fiser B, Szőri M, Vanyorek L, Viskolcz B. Optical Study of Solvatochromic Isocyanoaminoanthracene Dyes and 1,5-Diaminoanthracene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1315. [PMID: 35163239 PMCID: PMC8835764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanoaminoarenes (ICAAr-s) are a novel and versatile group of solvatochromic fluorophores. Despite their versatile applicability, such as antifungals, cancer drugs and analytical probes, they still represent a mostly unchartered territory among intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) dyes. The current paper describes the preparation and detailed optical study of novel 1-isocyano-5-aminoanthrace (ICAA) and its N-methylated derivatives along with the starting 1,5-diaminoanthracene. The conversion of one of the amino groups of the diamine into an isocyano group significantly increased the polar character of the dyes, which resulted in a significant 50-70 nm (2077-2609 cm-1) redshift of the emission maximum and a broadened solvatochromic range. The fluorescence quantum yield of ICAAs is strongly influenced by the polarity of the solvent. The starting anthracene-diamine is highly fluorescent in every solvent (√f = 12-53%), while the isocyano derivatives are practically nonfluorescent in solvents more polar than dioxane. This phenomenon implies the potential application of ICAAs to probe the polarity of the medium and is favorable in practical applications, such as cell-staining, resulting in a reduced background fluorescence. The ICT character of the emission states of ICAAs are in good agreement with the computational findings presented in TD-DFT calculations and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) isosurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (B.F.); (L.V.); (B.V.)
| | | | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (B.F.); (L.V.); (B.V.)
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8
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Gómez P, Georgakopoulos S, Más-Montoya M, Cerdá J, Pérez J, Ortí E, Aragó J, Curiel D. Improving the Robustness of Organic Semiconductors through Hydrogen Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8620-8630. [PMID: 33576612 PMCID: PMC8893359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular organization plays an essential role in organic semiconductors since it determines the extent of intermolecular interactions that govern the charge transport present in all electronic applications. The benefits of hydrogen bond-directed self-assembly on charge transport properties are demonstrated by comparing two analogous pyrrole-based, fused heptacyclic molecules. The rationally designed synthesis of these materials allows for inducing or preventing hydrogen bonding. Strategically located hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites control the solid-state arrangement, favoring the supramolecular expansion of the π-conjugated surface and the subsequent π-stacking as proved by X-ray diffraction and computational calculations. The consistency observed for the performance of organic field-effect transistors and the morphology of the organic thin films corroborate that higher stability and thermal robustness are achieved in the hydrogen-bonded material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gómez
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Stamatis Georgakopoulos
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Más-Montoya
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Regional Campus
of International Excellence, Technical University
of Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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