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Kreimer LN, Hadlington TJ. Macrocyclic bis-diphosphenes demonstrating bimetallic exo- and endo-cyclic binding modes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:14154-14160. [PMID: 39268153 PMCID: PMC11389489 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic bis-diphosphenes, formally heavier derivatives of macrocyclic azobenzenes, are accessed for the first time. These are synthesised in a reproducible fashion, through the nickel-mediated homocoupling of xanthene-derived NHC-stabilised bis-phosphinidene units. This gives direct access to target macrocyclic bis-diphosphenes 2, featuring exo-cyclic coordinated Ni0 fragments. The endo-cyclic binding mode in 3 is realised by NHC-abstraction using CuCl, so demonstrating two homometallic binding modes for this system. Additionally, reaction with CuCl in acetonitrile yields small amounts of a tetra-metallic NiII/CuI complex, which establishes simultaneous exo- and endo-cyclic metal binding. Fluctional solution state behavior in these systems is explored through variable temperature NMR spectroscopy, in addition to computational bonding analyses, giving the first insights into this novel class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Kreimer
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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2
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Alnasr H, Mroß D, Platzek A, Nayyar B, Řičica T, Schollmeyer D, Jambor R, Hoffmann A, Jurkschat K. Intramolecularly O,N,O-Coordinated Tin(II) Salts: Syntheses, Structures, Cyclization, and Transition Metal Complexation. Chemistry 2024:e202400580. [PMID: 38838081 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We report the syntheses of tin(II) salts of the types [L1SnX]SnX3 [L1=2,6-{(i-PrO)2(O)P}2C5H3N: 1, X=Cl; 2, X=Br], [L2SnCl]SnCl3 [L2=2-{(i-PrO)Ph(O)P}-6-{(i-PrO)2(O)P}C5H3N: 3], [L3SnX]SnX3 [L3=2,6-{MeO(O)C}2C5H3N: 4, X=Cl; 5, X=Br], [L4SnX]SnX3 [L4=2,6-{Et2N(O)C}2C5H3N: 6, X=Cl; 7, X=Br]. These compounds were obtained by addition of SnX2 to the corresponding ligand inducing autoionization of the respective tin(II) halide. The thermal stability of 1, 3, and 4 was elucidated, giving, under ester cleavage and cyclisation, the tin(II) derivatives 8-12. The reaction of [L1SnCl]SnCl3 (1) with W(CO)4(thf)2 afforded the tungsten tetracarbonyl complex [{L1SnCl}{SnCl3}W(CO)4] (13), representing the first example in which a tin(II) stannate anion and a tin(II) stannylium cation simultaneously coordinate to a transition metal centre. The compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and in part by elemental analyses, IR and NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. DFT calculations accompany the experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Alnasr
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - David Mroß
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - André Platzek
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bastian Nayyar
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tomáš Řičica
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Department Chemie, Zentrale Analytik, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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4
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Jeltsch S, Kordan MA, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Synthesis and Reactivity of Fluorenyl-Based Germanium(II) Compounds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2185-2193. [PMID: 38238989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of alkyl-substituted germylenes GeFlu2, Ge(FluTMS)2, and FluTMSGeCl (Flu = 9H-fluorenyl, FluTMS = 9-trimethylsilyl-9H-fluorenyl) using bulky fluorenyl ring systems and modifications of that. GeFlu2 can only be crystallized as its three-membered ring trimer, whereby the reaction is accompanied by the formation of several byproducts, such as [Li(THF)4][Ge(Ge3Flu7H)]. These results led to the modification of the fluorenyl framework by substitution the one H atom in the 9-position by a TMS group. With the synthesis of the corresponding Li salt LiFluTMS, Ge(FluTMS)2 could be isolated in good yields in a further reaction. The homoleptic Ge(FluTMS)2 is found in its crystalline form as a monomer and thus belongs to the series of monomeric alkyl-substituted germylenes. Also, the corresponding monoalkyl-substituted halogenido germylene was isolated as a four-membered ring tetramer [FluTMSGeCl]4 during an unselective reaction. However, FluTMSGeCl undergoes significant stabilization through the formation of the monomeric phosphane adduct FluTMSGeCl·PEt3, which greatly increases the selectivity of the reaction. During further reactions of Ge(FluTMS)2 with a GeBr solution (toluol/nPr3P), more impressions of the reactivity of Ge(I)X solutions with germylenes were achieved, showing that those germylenes take part in the disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I) solutions to give oxidized Ge(IV) compounds like (FluTMS)2GeBr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jeltsch
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mike Alexander Kordan
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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5
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Francis M, Nag E, Roy S. Coordination Chemistry of Bis-Cyclic Alkyl(Amino) Carbene (cAAC)-Supported Di-Phosphorus (P 2 ): An Efficient Route to Donor Base-Stabilized Elusive Di-Phosphorus-Monoxide(P 2 O)-Gold Complex. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300882. [PMID: 38009659 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The stability and reactivity studies of heavier di-atomic group-15 congeners of alkynes, e. g., the di-phosphorus (P≡P) compounds have been the topic of huge interest because of their contrasting transient properties and lower stability compared to those of the stable molecular di-nitrogen (N≡N). Herein, we depict the reactivity studies of the bis-cAAC-stabilized di-phosphorus (P2 ) having an inversely polarized phosphaalkene nature featuring the C=P double bonds with Au(I)Cl. Both the mono-, and the di-aurated phosphaalkenes with the formulae [(Me2 -cAAC=P)2 (AuCl)] (2), and [(Me2 -cAAC=P)2 (AuCl)2 ] (3), respectively have been isolated in the solid state. Moreover, for the first time, we have been able to isolate the cAAC-stabilized tetra-aurated elusive di-phosphorus-monoxide (P2 O) with the formula [(Cy-cAAC=P)-O-(P=cAAC-Cy)(AuCl)4 ] (5) in presence of oxygen. Complexes 2-3, 5 have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and further studied by NMR spectroscopy. Our findings reveal significant elongation of the CcAAC -P bonds in 2-3, 5, and the presence of aurophilic interaction in 5. Quantum chemical calculations, including density functional theory (DFT), and energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) have been performed to study the electron densities distribution and nature of bonding in 2-3, 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Ekta Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
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6
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Yadav R, Das B, Singh A, Anmol, Sharma A, Majumder C, Kundu S. Bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC)-supported phosphinidenes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16680-16687. [PMID: 37960973 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis and characterization of bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC)-stabilized phosphinidenes (1-4) are reported. Compounds 1-3 were obtained by reacting trihalophosphine [PX3, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)] with BICAAC in THF. A BICAAC-stabilized bis-phosphinidene (4) was obtained from the reduction of compound 2. All four compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations indicated the predominant C(carbene)P double bond characteristic in compounds 1-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Bindusagar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Ashi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Anmol
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Chinmoy Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Siewert JE, Schumann A, Wellnitz T, Dankert F, Hering-Junghans C. Triphosphiranes as phosphinidene-transfer agents - synthesis of regular and chelating NHC phosphinidene adducts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15747-15756. [PMID: 37846491 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we describe the general use of aryl-substituted triphosphiranes (Ar3P3; Ar = Mes, Dip, Tip) as phosphinidene transfer reagents towards N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give a library of twelve N-heterocyclic carbene phosphinidene adducts of the type ArPNHC (NHCPs), in which the NHCs have varying steric profiles, allowing a systematic evaluation of their structural and NMR-spectroscopic properties. In the next series of experiments we utilized 1,3- and 1,4-phenylene bridged bis-NHCs to access a new class of chelating bis(NHCP)s, of which three derivatives could be structurally characterized. The 1,4-phenylene derivatives were shown to be susceptible to P-CNHC bond cleavage when irradiated with an LED (396 nm), providing a rare example of phosphinidene release from NHCPs. The coordination chemistry of 1,3-phenylene bridged bis(NHCP)s towards GeCl2(dioxane) and GaI3 was investigated and revealed the formation of ion-separated cationic complexes, with significant charge transfer from the ligand to the metal center according to NBO analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - André Schumann
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Tim Wellnitz
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Siewert JE, Puerta Lombardi BM, Jannsen N, Roesler R, Hering-Junghans C. Synthesis and Ligand Properties of Chelating Bis( N-heterocyclic carbene)-Stabilized Bis(phosphinidenes). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16832-16841. [PMID: 37782848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
NHC-phosphinidene (NHCP) adducts are an emerging class of ligands with proven binding ability for main group and transition metal elements. They possess electron-rich P atoms with two lone pairs (LPs) of electrons, making them interesting platforms for the formation of multimetallic complexes. We describe herein a modular, high-yielding synthesis of bis(NHCP)s, starting from alkylidene-bridged bis(NHC)s ((IMe)2CnH2n; n = 1,3) and triphosphirane (PDip)3 (Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) as phosphinidene transfer reagent. The coordination chemistry of [{DipP(IMe)}2CH2], 1, was studied in detail, and complexes [1·FeBr2] and [1·Rh(cod)]Cl were prepared, showing that the ligand has a flexible bite angle. The dicarbonyl complex [1·Rh(CO)2]Cl, with an average value for the CO stretching frequency of 2029 cm-1, indicates a strongly donating ligand when compared to related complexes. The binding ability of the remaining two phosphorus LPs was demonstrated with AuCl(SMe2), giving the heterotrimetallic complex [1·(AuCl)2·Rh(cod)]Cl. Moreover, [1·Rh(cod)]X (X- = Cl, B(3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3)4) was tested in the catalytic hydrogenation of methyl-Z-α-acetamidocinnamate (MAC) and dimethyl itaconate (ItMe2), revealing that the chloride complex was inactive, while the BArF complex demonstrated moderate activity. Additionally, [1·Rh(cod)]Cl was shown to be moderately air- and moisture-stable, slowly decomposing to the corresponding NHC-stabilized bis-dioxophosphorane, which was independently synthesized by treating the free ligand with dry O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Braulio M Puerta Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nora Jannsen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Roland Roesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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9
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Nelmes GR, Brothers PJ, Hicks J. Convenient one‐pot synthesis and coordination chemistry of a bulky asymmetrical 9,10‐dihydroacridine‐based ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R. Nelmes
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Penelope J. Brothers
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
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Primary Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides with a Stereogenic Carbon Center Adjacent to the Phosphorus Atom: Synthesis and Anti-Markovnikov Radical Addition to Alkenes. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds with stereogenic phosphorus and carbon atoms have received increasing attention. In this regards, primary phosphines with a stereogenic carbon atom adjacent to the phosphorus atom were synthesized by the reduction in phosphonates and phosphonoselenoates with a binaphthyl group. Their oxidized products, i.e., phosphine oxides with a stereogenic tetrasubstituted carbon atom, were found to undergo BEt3-mediated radical addition to cyclohexene to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides with a diastereoselectivity of 91:9. The products were characterized by ordinary analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopies; and mass spectroscopy. Computational studies on the phosphorus-centered radical species and the obtained product implied that the thermodynamically stable radical and the adduct may be formed as a major diastereomer. The radical addition to a range of alkenes took place in an anti-Markovnikov fashion to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides. A variety of functional groups in the alkenes were tolerated under the reaction conditions to afford secondary phosphine oxides in moderate yields. Primary phosphines with an alkenyl group, which were generated in situ, underwent intramolecular cyclization to give five- and six-membered cyclic phosphines in high yields after protection by BH3.
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Baierl R, Kostenko A, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Application of ferrocene-bridged N-heterocyclic carbene stabilised bis-phosphinidenes in Sn(II) complexation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14842-14848. [PMID: 34596644 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new bidentate ferrocene-bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene-phospinidenes) (bisNHCPs) were successfully isolated by treating 1,1'-bis-(dichlorophosphine)ferrocene with N-heterocyclic carbenes, followed by dechlorination using sodium naphthalenide. The bisNHCPs were used in complexation of various Sn(II) halides and Sn(II) bistriflate (SnX2 with X = Cl, Br, I, OTf). Transmetalation to a CuCl complex and Sn(II) transfer to a bisimine was performed to investigate the stannyliumylidenes' reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Baierl
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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