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Kitzmann WR, Freudenthal J, Reponen APM, VanOrman ZA, Feldmann S. Fundamentals, Advances, and Artifacts in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302279. [PMID: 37658497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Objects are chiral when they cannot be superimposed with their mirror image. Materials can emit chiral light with an excess of right- or left-handed circular polarization. This circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is key to promising future applications, such as highly efficient displays, holography, sensing, enantiospecific discrimination, synthesis of drugs, quantum computing, and cryptography. Here, a practical guide to CPL spectroscopy is provided. First, the fundamentals of the technique are laid out and a detailed account of recent experimental advances to achieve highly sensitive and accurate measurements is given, including all corrections required to obtain reliable results. Then the most common artifacts and pitfalls are discussed, especially for the study of thin films, for example, based on molecules, polymers, or halide perovskites, as opposed to dilute solutions of emitters. To facilitate the adoption by others, custom operating software is made publicly available, equipping the reader with the tools needed for successful and accurate CPL determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55122, Mainz, Germany
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments Inc., 7245 NE Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zachary A VanOrman
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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2
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Meskers SCJ. Circular Polarization of Luminescence as a Tool To Study Molecular Dynamical Processes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. box 513 (STW 4.37) NL 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands
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Solomon ML, Abendroth JM, Poulikakos LV, Hu J, Dionne JA. Fluorescence-Detected Circular Dichroism of a Chiral Molecular Monolayer with Dielectric Metasurfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18304-18309. [PMID: 33048539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong enhancement of molecular circular dichroism (CD) has the potential to enable efficient asymmetric photolysis, a method of chiral separation that has conventionally been impeded by insufficient yield and low enantiomeric excess. Here, we study experimentally how predicted enhancements in optical chirality density near resonant silicon nanodisks boost CD. We use fluorescence-detected circular dichroism (FDCD) spectroscopy to measure indirectly the differential absorption of circularly polarized light by a monolayer of optically active molecules functionalized to silicon nanodisk arrays. Importantly, the molecules and nanodisk antennas have spectrally coincident resonances, and our fluorescence technique allows us to deconvolute absorption in the nanodisks from the molecules. We find that enhanced FDCD signals depend on nanophotonic resonances, in good agreement with simulated differential absorption and optical chirality density, while no signal is detected from molecules adsorbed on featureless silicon surfaces. These results verify the potential of nanophotonic platforms to be used for asymmetric photolysis with lower energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Solomon
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John M Abendroth
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lisa V Poulikakos
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jack Hu
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Longhi G, Castiglioni E, Villani C, Sabia R, Menichetti S, Viglianisi C, Devlin F, Abbate S. Chiroptical properties of the ground and excited states of two thia-bridged triarylamine heterohelicenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Deng F, Ulcickas JRW, Simpson GJ. Theoretical Foundation for Electric-Dipole-Allowed Chiral-Specific Fluorescence Optical Rotary Dispersion (F-ORD) from Interfacial Assemblies. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4248-4252. [PMID: 27689450 PMCID: PMC5310532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence optical rotary dispersion (F-ORD) is proposed as a novel chiral-specific and interface-specific spectroscopic method. F-ORD measurements of uniaxial assemblies are predicted to be fully electric-dipole-allowed, with corresponding increases in sensitivity to chirality relative to chiral-specific measurements in isotropic assemblies that are commonly interpreted through coupling between electric and magnetic dynamic dipoles. Observations of strong chiral sensitivity in prior single-molecule fluorescence measurements of chiral interfacial molecules are in excellent qualitative agreement with the predictions of the F-ORD mechanism and challenging to otherwise explain. F-ORD may provide methods to suppress background fluorescence in studies of biological interfaces, as the detected signal requires both polar local order and interfacial chirality. In addition, the molecular-level descriptions of the mechanisms underpinning F-ORD may also potentially apply to aid in interpreting chiral-specific Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements of uniaxially oriented assemblies, opening up opportunities for chiral-specific and interface-specific vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Garth J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Wakabayashi M, Yokojima S, Fukaminato T, Ohtani H, Nakamura S. Anisotropic elliptical dichroism and influence of imperfection of circular polarization upon anisotropic circular dichroism. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:154102. [PMID: 25903861 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the importance of anisotropic circular dichroism, in practice, it is difficult to get rid of the artifacts that arise from the imperfection of the circular polarization. Undesirable linear dichroism, interference of two orthogonal polarization states, and linear birefringence prevent us from making accurate measurements. We propose a theoretical method for evaluating the contributions of the first two, which are thought to be the main artifacts when specimens are not thick enough. Using the time-dependent perturbation theory and taking into account the direction of light propagation toward an orientationally fixed molecule, we formulated the transition probability of systems perturbed by arbitrarily polarized light and the absorption difference associated with two kinds of polarized light. We also formulated, as an extension of the dissymmetry factor of circular dichroism, a newly defined dissymmetry factor associated with two arbitrary polarization states. Furthermore, we considered a mixed-state of photon ensemble in which polarization states distribute at a certain width around a certain average. Although the purity of polarization and ellipticity does not correspond immediately, by considering the mixed state it is possible to treat them consistently. We used quantum statistical mechanics to describe the absorption difference for two kinds of photon ensembles and applied the consequent formula to examine the reported experimental results of single-molecule chiroptical responses under discussion in the recent past. The artifacts are theoretically suggested to be sensitive to the incident direction of elliptically polarized light and to the oriented systems, the ellipticity, and the orientation of ellipse. The mixed state has little, if any, effect when the polarization state distribution is narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Wakabayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiouji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohtani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- RIKEN, Research Cluster for Innovation, Nakamura Lab, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Wakabayashi M, Yokojima S, Fukaminato T, Shiino KI, Irie M, Nakamura S. Anisotropic dissymmetry factor, g: theoretical investigation on single molecule chiroptical spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5046-57. [PMID: 24919679 DOI: 10.1021/jp409559t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A formula for an anisotropic dissymmetry factor g evaluating the chiroptical response of orientationally fixed molecules is derived. Incorporating zeroth- and first-order multipole expansion terms, it is applied to bridged triarylamine helicene molecules to examine the experimental results of single-molecule chiroptical spectroscopy. The ground- and excited-state wave functions and a series of transition moments required for the evaluation of the anisotropic g value are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The probability histograms obtained for simulated g values, uniformly sampled in regard to the direction of light propagation toward the fixed molecule, show that even for a given diastereomer, the dissymmetry factors have positive and negative values and can deviate from their averages to a considerable extent when the angle between the electric dipole transition moment and the propagation vector of the incident light is near 0 or 180°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Wakabayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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Gingras M. One hundred years of helicene chemistry. Part 3: applications and properties of carbohelicenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1051-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Surampudi SK, Nagarjuna G, Okamoto D, Chaudhuri PD, Venkataraman D. Apical Functionalization of Chiral Heterohelicenes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2074-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202623u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sravan K. Surampudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - G. Nagarjuna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Daiki Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Piyali D. Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - D. Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Das S, Powe AM, Baker GA, Valle B, El-Zahab B, Sintim HO, Lowry M, Fakayode SO, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Li M, Strongin RM, Geng ML, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:597-625. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202904n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Aleeta M. Powe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United States
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri−Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Bertha Valle
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, United States
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4409, United States
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | - Min Li
- Process Development Center, Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70805, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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