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Garcia MR, Andrade PB, Lefranc F, Gomes NGM. Marine-Derived Leads as Anticancer Candidates by Disrupting Hypoxic Signaling through Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Inhibition. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:143. [PMID: 38667760 PMCID: PMC11051506 DOI: 10.3390/md22040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The inadequate vascularization seen in fast-growing solid tumors gives rise to hypoxic areas, fostering specific changes in gene expression that bolster tumor cell survival and metastasis, ultimately leading to unfavorable clinical prognoses across different cancer types. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) emerge as druggable pivotal players orchestrating tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, thus positioning them as prime targets for cancer treatment. A range of HIF inhibitors, notably natural compounds originating from marine organisms, exhibit encouraging anticancer properties, underscoring their significance as promising therapeutic options. Bioprospection of the marine environment is now a well-settled approach to the discovery and development of anticancer agents that might have their medicinal chemistry developed into clinical candidates. However, despite the massive increase in the number of marine natural products classified as 'anticancer leads,' most of which correspond to general cytotoxic agents, and only a few have been characterized regarding their molecular targets and mechanisms of action. The current review presents a critical analysis of inhibitors of HIF-1 and HIF-2 and hypoxia-selective compounds that have been sourced from marine organisms and that might act as new chemotherapeutic candidates or serve as templates for the development of structurally similar derivatives with improved anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Garcia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
- 1H-TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nelson G. M. Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
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2
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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Wright AE. The Marine Natural Compound Dragmacidin D Selectively Induces Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Spheroids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:642. [PMID: 38132962 PMCID: PMC10871089 DOI: 10.3390/md21120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells grown in 3D spheroid cultures are considered more predictive for clinical efficacy. The marine natural product dragmacidin D induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) spheroids within 24 h of treatment while showing no cytotoxicity against the same cells grown in monolayers and treated for 72 h. The IC50 for cytotoxicity based on caspase 3/7 cleavage in the spheroid assay was 8 ± 1 µM in MDA-MB-231 cells and 16 ± 0.6 µM in MDA-MB-468 cells at 24 h. No cytotoxicity was seen at all in 2D, even at the highest concentration tested. Thus, the IC50 for cytotoxicity in the MTT assay (2D) in these cells was found to be >75 µM at 72 h. Dragmacidin D exhibited synergy when used in conjunction with paclitaxel, a current treatment for TNBC. Studies into the signaling changes using a reverse-phase protein array showed that treatment with dragmacidin D caused significant decreases in histones. Differential protein expression was used to hypothesize that its potential mechanism of action involves acting as a protein synthesis inhibitor or a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. Further testing is necessary to validate this hypothesis. Dragmacidin D also caused a slight decrease in an invasion assay in the MDA-MB-231 cells, although this failed to be statistically significant. Dragmacidin D shows intriguing selectivity for spheroids and has the potential to be a treatment option for triple-negative breast cancer, which merits further research into understanding this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (A.E.W.)
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Dactylospongia elegans—A Promising Drug Source: Metabolites, Bioactivities, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Structural-Activity Relationship. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040221. [PMID: 35447894 PMCID: PMC9033123 DOI: 10.3390/md20040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine environment has been identified as a huge reservoir of novel biometabolites that are beneficial for medical treatments, as well as improving human health and well-being. Sponges have been highlighted as one of the most interesting phyla as new metabolites producers. Dactylospongia elegans Thiele (Thorectidae) is a wealth pool of various classes of sesquiterpenes, including hydroquinones, quinones, and tetronic acid derivatives. These metabolites possessed a wide array of potent bioactivities such as antitumor, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. In the current work, the reported metabolites from D. elegans have been reviewed, including their bioactivities, biosynthesis, and synthesis, as well as the structural-activity relationship studies. Reviewing the reported studies revealed that these metabolites could contribute to new drug discovery, however, further mechanistic and in vivo studies of these metabolites are needed.
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4
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Su H, Chu T. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of the Cyclopentadienyl Tricarbonyl Technetium-99m 2-Nitroimidazole Derivatives for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 60:128583. [PMID: 35085720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia imaging agents can play an important role in the tumor treatment by avoiding the worse effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy due to the tumor hypoxia. Due to the small size and easy coordination, tricarbonyl technetium-99m can be used to label a wide range of imaging agents. In this work, the tricarbonyl 99mTc labeled small-sized hypoxia imaging agents containing 2-nitroimidazoles were prepared, which have different carbon chain lengths between cyclopentadienyl and 2-nitroimidazole, and which have one or two 2-nitroimidazole groups. The results of S180 cell experiment and biodistribution indicated that these molecules have different hypoxic selectivity. When contains one 2-nitroimidazole, as the carbon chain lengthens, which means the molecular volume becomes larger, hypoxia cellular uptake and selectivity decrease in S180 cell uptake experiment. In biodistribution study in mice bearing S180 tumor, Tc-2 (1-cyclopentadienyl-5-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-pentan-1-one tricarbonyl 99mTc complex), which has intermediate carbon chain, is better due to the more complex factors. Its tumor/blood (T/B) ratio is 3.56±0.25, tumor/muscle(T/M) ratio is 1.73±0.29 and tumor uptake is 2.23±0.24 %ID/g at 2 h. Comparing to other tricarbonyl technetium complexes containing one 2-nitroimidazole, the complexes in this work have an advantage in tumor/blood ratio and tumor uptake. This suggests that the small-volume cyclopentadienyl may have an advantage when used as a ligand. When contains two 2-nitroimidazole groups, the complex, 1-cyclopentadienyl-5-di(2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)amino-pentan-1-one tricarbonyl 99mTc complex (Tc-4), has the better results in the cell experiment than those which contain one 2-nitroimidazole group. Thus the hypoxia imaging agent contains two 2-nitroimidazole groups is more advantageous, but further modifications of Tc-4 are needed to improve its clearance rate in the blood, because the increased lipophilicity leads to a decrease in the T/B ratio of Tc-4. In conclusion, small volume hypoxia imaging agents with two 2-nitroimidazole groups may be the trend of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taiwei Chu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Preparation and Bioevaluation of Novel 99mTc-Labeled Complexes with a 2-Nitroimidazole HYNIC Derivative for Imaging Tumor Hypoxia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020158. [PMID: 33671923 PMCID: PMC7919024 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop novel 99mTc-labeled single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers for imaging hypoxia, a novel HYNICNM ligand (6-hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) 2-nitroimidazole derivative) was designed and synthesized. It was radiolabeled with technetium-99m using tricine/trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3′,3′′-trisulfonate (TPPTS), tricine/sodium triphenylphosphine-3-monosulfonate (TPPMS) and tricine as co-ligands to obtain [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNM, [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPMS-HYNICNM, and [99mTc]Tc-(tricine)2-HYNICNM, respectively. The three technetium-99m complexes were radiolabeled in one step with a high yield (95%) and had good stability in saline and mouse serum. In vitro cellular uptake results showed that these complexes exhibited good hypoxic selectivity. The partition coefficient indicated that they were good hydrophilic complexes, and [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNM displayed the highest hydrophilicity (−3.02 ± 0.08). The biodistribution in mice bearing S180 tumors showed that [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNM exhibited higher tumor uptake (1.05 ± 0.27% IA/g); more rapid clearance from the liver, blood, muscle, and other non-target organs; and a higher tumor/non-target ratio, especially for the tumor/liver ratio (1.95), than [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPMS-HYNICNM and [99mTc]Tc-(tricine)2-HYNICNM. The results of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging studies of [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNM were in accordance with the biodistribution results, which suggested that [99mTc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNM is a promising agent for imaging tumor hypoxia.
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Ma T, Guo R, Wang X, Shen WT, Zhu M, Jin YN, Xu HP. Lentiviral vector with a radiation-inducible promoter, carrying the ING4 gene, mediates radiosensitization controlled by radiotherapy in cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:67. [PMID: 33365078 PMCID: PMC7716713 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hypoxia in solid tumors is considered one of the major factors that contribute to radiation resistance. The aim of the present study was to establish a therapeutic system, which can be controlled by radiation itself, to enhance radiosensitivity. For this purpose, a lentiviral gene therapy vector containing the human inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) and its upstream promoter, human early growth response factor-1 (EGR1), which possesses the radiation-inducible characteristics to activate the transcription of its downstream genes, was constructed. Downstream fluorescence proteins were investigated to ensure that the EGR1 promoter was induced by irradiation. Furthermore, ING4 open reading frame (ORF) expression was detected by western blotting. The cell cycle was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis 48 h after the cells were exposed to X-rays ranging between 0 and 8 Gy. In cells stably and transiently transfected with reporter plasmids, the EGR1-driver gene was sensitive to ionizing irradiation. Furthermore, irradiation-induced ING4 gene expression was observed. The enhanced ING4 expression increased the number of cells in the G2/M phase and decreased the proportion of cells in the G1/S phase. Therefore, ING4 expression inhibited cell proliferation and was associated with less colonies being formed. Furthermore, ING4 suppressed hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression under hypoxic conditions and promoted cell apoptosis. Overall, these results revealed that combining the EGR1 promoter and ING4 ORF using a lentivirus system may be a promising therapeutic strategy with which to enhance radiosensitivity controlled by radiation. However, further studies using in vivo models are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Wen-Tong Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Ning Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Ping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Yang R, Wang D, Chu T. Synthesis and bioevaluation of radioiodinated nitroimidazole hypoxia imaging agents by one-pot click reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127386. [PMID: 32738994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight radioiodinated 2-nitroimidazole derivatives for use as hypoxia imaging agents were synthesized by one-pot click reaction using four azides, two alkynes, and [131I]iodide ions and evaluated by hypoxic cellular uptake and biodistribution experiments. The results suggested that radiotracers with suitable partition coefficients (log P: -0.2-1.2) were more likely to have higher hypoxic cellular uptake. Among these eight molecules, [131I]15 ([131I]-(5-iodo-1-(2-(2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)ethyl)-4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole)) had a suitable log P (0.05 ± 0.03) and contained two 2-nitroimidazole groups. The hypoxic/aerobic cellular uptake ratio of [131I]15 was 4.4 ± 0.5, and the tumor/blood (T/B) and tumor/muscle (T/M) ratios were 2.03 ± 0.45 and 6.82 ± 1.70, respectively. These results suggested that [131I]15 was a potential hypoxia imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Yang
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Damin Wang
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taiwei Chu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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8
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Preparation of two 99mTc(CO)3 labelled complexes with a 4-nitroimidazole isocyanide at different temperatures for molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-07005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Synthesis and bioevaluation of novel radioiodinated PEG-modified 2-nitroimidazole derivatives for tumor hypoxia imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Jomori T, Setiawan A, Sasaoka M, Arai M. Cytotoxicity of New Diterpene Alkaloids, Ceylonamides G-I, Isolated From Indonesian Marine Sponge of Spongia sp. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19857294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of the search for cancer cell growth inhibitors, 3 new diterpene alkaloids, designated ceylonamides G-I (1-3), together with ceylonamide F (4) were isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge of Spongia sp. The chemical structures of compounds 1-3 were determined using spectroscopic analysis and compared with those of compound 4. Among the isolated compounds, 1 and 4 inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer DU145 cells in a two-dimensional monolayer culture, with an IC50 of 6.9 and 18.8 µM, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds are also effective on spheroid of three-dimensional cell culture model, which was prepared from DU145 cells. Based on the morphological changes in the spheroids, the minimum effective concentrations of compounds 1 and 4 were 10 and 25 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Jomori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Andi Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Miho Sasaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Target Identification of the Marine Natural Products Dictyoceratin-A and -C as Selective Growth Inhibitors in Cancer Cells Adapted to Hypoxic Environments. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030163. [PMID: 30857246 PMCID: PMC6471994 DOI: 10.3390/md17030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-adapted cancer cells in tumors contribute to the pathological progression of cancer. The marine spongean sesquiterpene phenols dictyoceratin-A (1) and -C (2) have been shown to induce hypoxia-selective growth inhibition in cultured cancer cells and exhibit in vivo antitumor effects. These compounds inhibit the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is a drug target in hypoxia-adapted cancer cells, under hypoxic conditions. However, the target molecules of compounds 1 and 2, which are responsible for decreasing HIF-1α expression under hypoxic conditions, remain unclear. In this study, we synthesized probe molecules for compounds 1 and 2 to identify their target molecules and found that both compounds bind to RNA polymerase II-associated protein 3 (RPAP3), which is a component of the R2TP/Prefoldin-like (PEDL) complex. In addition, RPAP3-knockdown cells showed a phenotype similar to that of compound-treated cells.
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12
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Ruan Q, Zhang X, Lin X, Duan X, Zhang J. Novel 99mTc labelled complexes with 2-nitroimidazole isocyanide: design, synthesis and evaluation as potential tumor hypoxia imaging agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:988-994. [PMID: 30108988 PMCID: PMC6072354 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00146d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabelled 2-nitroimidazoles have been used for imaging hypoxia. With the aim of developing novel 99mTc radiotracers for imaging hypoxia, four novel 2-nitroimidazole isocyanide derivatives (2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d) were synthesized and radiolabelling was carried out for preparing their corresponding 99mTc complexes. These 99mTc complexes were stable in vitro and could exhibit good hypoxic selectivity. The partition coefficient results indicated that they were hydrophilic, and an evaluation of biodistribution in mice bearing S180 tumors indicated that all of the complexes could accumulate in the tumors. Among them, 99mTc-2c exhibited the highest tumor uptake and tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios at 2 h post-injection. Further, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging studies indicated clear accumulation in tumors, suggesting that 99mTc-2c was a promising candidate for hypoxia imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 6220 8126
| | - Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 6220 8126
| | - Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 6220 8126
- College of Water Sciences , Beijing Normal University , No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street , Beijing 100875 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 6220 8126
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 6220 8126
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Investigation of the Anti-Prostate Cancer Properties of Marine-Derived Compounds. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16050160. [PMID: 29757237 PMCID: PMC5983291 DOI: 10.3390/md16050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on marine compounds with anti-prostate cancer properties. Marine species are unique and have great potential for the discovery of anticancer drugs. Marine sources are taxonomically diverse and include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, and mangroves. Marine-derived compounds, including nucleotides, amides, quinones, polyethers, and peptides are biologically active compounds isolated from marine organisms such as sponges, ascidians, gorgonians, soft corals, and bryozoans, including those mentioned above. Several compound classes such as macrolides and alkaloids include drugs with anti-cancer mechanisms, such as antioxidants, anti-angiogenics, antiproliferatives, and apoptosis-inducing drugs. Despite the diversity of marine species, most marine-derived bioactive compounds have not yet been evaluated. Our objective is to explore marine compounds to identify new treatment strategies for prostate cancer. This review discusses chemically and pharmacologically diverse marine natural compounds and their sources in the context of prostate cancer drug treatment.
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14
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Kotoku N, Ishida R, Matsumoto H, Arai M, Toda K, Setiawan A, Muraoka O, Kobayashi M. Biakamides A-D, Unique Polyketides from a Marine Sponge, Act as Selective Growth Inhibitors of Tumor Cells Adapted to Nutrient Starvation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1705-1718. [PMID: 28090774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biakamides A-D, novel unusually unique polyketides, were isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge (Petrosaspongia sp.) with a constructed bioassay using PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Through detailed analyses of the one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra of biakamides, planar chemical structures possessing a terminal thiazole, two N-methyl amides, a chloromethylene, and a substituted butyryl moiety were obtained. After elucidation of the configuration of the secondary alcohol moiety in biakamides A and B, the absolute stereostructures of the two secondary methyl groups in biakamides A-D were determined by the asymmetric total syntheses of all possible stereoisomers from the optically pure monoprotected 2,4-dimethyl-1,5-diol. Biakamides A-D showed selective antiproliferative activities against PANC-1 cells cultured under glucose-deficient conditions in a concentration-dependent manner. The primary mode of action of biakamides was found to be inhibition of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunari Toda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andi Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lampung University , Jl. Prof. Dr. Sumantri Brodjonegoro No. 1, Bandar, Lampung 35145, Indonesia
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- School of Pharmacy, Kindai University , 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Motomasa Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Arai M, Kamiya K, Shin D, Matsumoto H, Hisa T, Setiawan A, Kotoku N, Kobayashi M. N-Methylniphatyne A, a New 3-Alkylpyridine Alkaloid as an Inhibitor of the Cancer Cells Adapted to Nutrient Starvation, from an Indonesian Marine Sponge of Xestospongia sp. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:766-71. [PMID: 27373630 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the course of searching for selective growth inhibitors of the cancer cells adapted to nutrient starvation, a new 3-alkylpyridine alkaloid named N-methylniphatyne A (1) was isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge of Xestospongia sp. The chemical structure of 1 was determined on the basis of the spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the synthesized 1 and its analogues. Compound 1 showed the cytotoxic activity against PANC-1 cells under the condition of glucose starvation with IC50 value of 16 µM, whereas no growth-inhibition was observed up to 100 µM under the general culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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Evidente A, Kornienko A, Lefranc F, Cimmino A, Dasari R, Evidente M, Mathieu V, Kiss R. Sesterterpenoids with Anticancer Activity. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:3502-22. [PMID: 26295461 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150821101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes have received a great deal of attention in the scientific literature due to complex, synthetically challenging structures and diverse biological activities associated with this class of natural products. Based on the number of C5 isoprene units they are generated from, terpenes are classified as hemi- (C5), mono- (C10), sesqui- (C15), di- (C20), sester- (C25), tri (C30), and tetraterpenes (C40). Among these, sesterterpenes and their derivatives known as sesterterpenoids, are ubiquitous secondary metabolites in fungi, marine organisms, and plants. Their structural diversity encompasses carbotricyclic ophiobolanes, polycyclic anthracenones, polycyclic furan-2-ones, polycyclic hydroquinones, among many other carbon skeletons. Furthermore, many of them possess promising biological activities including cytotoxicity and the associated potential as anticancer agents. This review discusses the natural sources that produce sesterterpenoids, provides sesterterpenoid names and their chemical structures, biological properties with the focus on anticancer activities and literature references associated with these metabolites. A critical summary of the potential of various sesterterpenoids as anticancer agents concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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17
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Arai M. [Exploring New Drug Targets through the Identification of Target Molecules of Bioactive Natural Products]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:669-76. [PMID: 27040348 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the development of cell biology and microbiology, it has become easy to culture many types of animal cells and microbes, and they are frequently used for phenotypic screening to explore medicinal seeds. On the other hand, it is recognized that cells and pathogenic microbes present in pathologic sites and infected regions of the human body display unique properties different from those under general culture conditions. We isolated several bioactive compounds from marine medicinal resources using constructed bioassay-guided separation focusing on the unique changes in the characteristics of cells and pathogenic microbes (Mycobacterium spp.) in the human body under disease conditions. In addition, we also carried out identification studies of target molecules of the bioactive compounds by methods utilizing the gene expression profile, transformants of cells or microbes, synthetic probe molecules of the isolated compounds, etc., since bioactive compounds isolated from the phenotypic screening system often target new molecules. This review presents our phenotypic screening systems, isolation of bioactive compounds from marine medicinal resources, and target identification of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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18
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Kit formulation for preparation and biological evaluation of a novel 99m Tc-oxo complex with metronidazole xanthate for imaging tumor hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Arai M, Kawachi T, Kotoku N, Nakata C, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y, Endo H, Inoue M, Sato H, Kobayashi M. Furospinosulin-1, Marine Spongean Furanosesterterpene, Suppresses the Growth of Hypoxia-Adapted Cancer Cells by Binding to Transcriptional Regulators p54(nrb) and LEDGF/p75. Chembiochem 2015; 17:181-9. [PMID: 26561285 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-adapted cancer cells in tumors contribute to the pathological progression of cancer. Cancer research has therefore focused on the identification of molecules responsible for hypoxia adaptation in cancer cells, as well as the development of new compounds with action against hypoxia-adapted cancer cells. The marine natural product furospinosulin-1 (1) has displayed hypoxia-selective growth inhibition against cultured cancer cells, and has shown in vivo anti-tumor activity, although its precise mode of action and molecular targets remain unclear. In this study, we found that 1 is selectively effective against hypoxic regions of tumors, and that it directly binds to the transcriptional regulators p54(nrb) and LEDGF/p75, which have not been previously identified as mediators of hypoxia adaptation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kawachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroko Endo
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motomasa Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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20
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Zhang C, Liu Y. Targeting cancer with sesterterpenoids: the new potential antitumor drugs. J Nat Med 2015; 69:255-66. [PMID: 25894074 PMCID: PMC4506451 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major cause of death in the world to date. A variety of anticancer drugs have been used in clinical chemotherapy, acting on the particular oncogenic abnormalities that are responsible for malignant transformation and progression. Interestingly, some of these anticancer drugs are developed from natural sources such as plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms. Over the past decades, a family of naturally occuring molecules, namely sesterterpenoids, has been isolated from different organisms and they exhibit significant potential in the inhibition of tumor cells in vitro, while the molecular targets of these compounds and their functional mechanisms are still obscure. In this review, we summarize and discuss the functions of these sesterterpenoids in the inhibition of cancer cells. Moreover, we also highlight and discuss chemical structure–activity relationships of some compounds, demonstrating their pervasiveness and importance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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21
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Pandey RP, Kwon HJ, Ahn JS, Osada H, Sohng JK. The 7th Japan-Korea chemical biology symposium: chemical biology of natural bioactive molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1070-4. [PMID: 24831667 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural bioactive molecules possess supreme chemical diversity and drug-like properties and are an important source for drug lead compounds. At the seventh Japan-Korea Chemical Biology Symposium at Jeju Island, Korea, chemical biologists from Korea and Japan highlighted the remarkable features of natural products and their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute
of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Chemical
Genomics National Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Chemical
Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochangeup,
Cheongwongun, Chungcheongbukdo 363-883, Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology
Research Group, RIKEN Center
for Sustainable Resource Science, and Antibiotics Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute
of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Korea
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22
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Kotoku N, Nakata C, Kawachi T, Sato T, Guo XH, Ito A, Sumii Y, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Synthesis and evaluation of effective photoaffinity probe molecule of furospinosulin-1, a hypoxia-selective growth inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2102-12. [PMID: 24631363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of a photoaffinity probe molecule for furospinosulin-1, a hypoxia-selective growth inhibitor that we identified from marine sponge, was studied. An analogue carrying an alkyne tail showed potent hypoxia-selective inhibitory activity exceeding that of the parent molecule, and exhibited in vivo anti-tumor activity following oral administration. The alkyne moiety in the analogue was also found to be a good anchoring group for the preparation of probe molecules; a photoaffinity probe molecule having an optimized spacer length was selected through the systematic synthesis of several probes and the evaluation of their hypoxia-selective growth inhibitory activity and electrophoretic mobility shift properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Nakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiu-Han Guo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aoi Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motomasa Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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23
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Wang B, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y. Heterocyclic terpenes: linear furano- and pyrroloterpenoids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of furano- and pyrroloterpenoids covers the literature, 180 articles in all, published from January 2006 to December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Lishu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yinglei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
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25
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Mei L, Wang Y, Chu T. ⁹⁹mTc/Re complexes bearing bisnitroimidazole or mononitroimidazole as potential bioreductive markers for tumor: synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:50-63. [PMID: 23088932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four monoamine-monoamide dithiol (MAMA) ligands containing two or one nitroimidazole moieties were synthesized and labeled with (99m)Tc (labeling yield > 95%). The proposed structures of (99m)Tc-complexes are identified by comparison with analogous Re-MAMA complexes. (99m)Tc-MAMA complexes show better physicochemical characters than (99m)TcO-(PnAO-1-(2-nitroimidazole)). Reduction potentials of nitro groups of the rhenium complexes are within the range for bioreductive compounds. As expected, biodistribution studies demonstrate that the 2-nitroimidazole complex shows better tumor-to-tissue ratios than 4-nitroimidazole analog for mononitroimidazole complexes, but not for MAMA-bisnitroimidazoles due to higher lipophilicity. Both the bisnitroimidazole compounds show rapider excretion, lower background activity in liver and higher tumor-to-tissue ratios than the mononitroimidazoles. Better biodistribution characteristic makes both the MAMA-bisnitroimidazole complexes, especially (99m)Tc-15, be potential tumor hypoxia marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Drewitz M, Caminada D, Moritz W, Lichtenberg J, Kasper C, Kelm J. Verfahren zur automatisierten Tropfenbildung für die Massenproduktion von organotypischen Mikrogeweben. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Kotoku N, Fujioka S, Nakata C, Yamada M, Sumii Y, Kawachi T, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Concise synthesis and structure–activity relationship of furospinosulin-1, a hypoxia-selective growth inhibitor from marine sponge. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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