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Evidente A. The incredible story of ophiobolin A and sphaeropsidin A: two fungal terpenes from wilt-inducing phytotoxins to promising anticancer compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:434-468. [PMID: 38131643 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023This review presents the exceptional story of ophiobolin A (OphA) and sphaeropsidin A (SphA), a sesterterpene and a diterpene, respectively, which were initially isolated as fungal phytotoxins and subsequently shown to possess other interesting biological activities, including promising anticancer activities. Ophiobolin A is a phytotoxin produced by different fungal pathogens, all belonging to the Bipolaris genus. Initially, it was only known as a very dangerous phytotoxin produced by fungi attacking essential cereals, such as rice and barley. However, extensive and interesting studies were carried out to define its original carbon skeleton, which is characterized by a typical 5 : 8 : 5 ring system and shared with fusicoccins and cotylenins, and its phytotoxic activity on host and non-host plants. The biosynthesis of OphA was also defined by describing the different steps starting from mevalonate and through the rearrangement of the acyclic C-25 precursor lead the toxin is obtained. OphA was also produced as a bioherbicide from Drechslera gigantea and proposed for the biocontrol of the widespread and dangerous weed Digitaria sanguinaria. To date, more than sixty ophiobolins have been isolated from different fungi and their biological activities and structure-activity relationship investigated, which were also described using their hemisynthetic derivatives. In the last two decades, thorough studies have been performed on the potential anticancer activity of OphA and its original mode of action, attracting great interest from scientists. Sphaeropsidin A has a similar story. It was isolated as the main phytotoxin from Diplodia cupressi, the causal agent of Italian cypress canker disease, resulting in the loss of millions of plants in a few years in the Mediterranean basin. The damage to the forest, environment and ornamental heritage are noteworthy and economic losses are also suffered by tree nurseries and the wood industry. Six natural analogues of SphA were isolated and several interesting hemisynthetic derivatives were prepared to study its structure-activity relationship. Surprisingly, sphaeropsidin A showed other interesting biological activities, including antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral. In the last decade, extensive studies have focused on the anticancer activity and original mode of action of SphA. Furthermore, specific hemisynthetic studies enable the preparation of derivatives of SphA, preserving its chromophore, which showed a noteworthy increase in anticancer activity. It has been demonstrated that ophiobolin A and sphaeropsidin A are promising natural products showing potent activity against some malignant cancers, such as brain glioblastoma and different melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Gargiulo E, Roscetto E, Galdiero U, Surico G, Catania MR, Evidente A, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Antibacterial Metabolites Produced by Limonium lopadusanum, an Endemic Plant of Lampedusa Island. Biomolecules 2024; 14:134. [PMID: 38275763 PMCID: PMC10813400 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, Sicily, Italy, has proven to be a rich source of plants and shrubs used in folk medicine. These plants, often native to the island, have been very poorly investigated for their phytochemical composition and biological potential to be translated into pharmacological applications. To start achieving this purpose, a specimen of Limonium lopadusanum, a plant native to Lampedusa, was investigated for the first time. This manuscript reports the results of a preliminary biological assay, focused on antimicrobial activity, carried out using the plant organic extracts, and the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the secondary metabolites obtained. Thus 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (syn: methyl isovanillate, (1), methyl syringate (2), pinoresinol (3), erythrinassinate C (4) and tyrosol palmitate (5) were isolated. Their antimicrobial activity was tested on several strains and compound 4 showed promising antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Thus, this metabolite has antibiotic potential against the drug-resistant opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Gargiulo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Roscetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Umberto Galdiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), Section of Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Entomology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (U.G.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy;
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Barilli E, Reveglia P, Agudo-Jurado FJ, Cañete García V, Cimmino A, Evidente A, Rubiales D. Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Ascochyta fabae under In Vitro Conditions and Their Phytotoxicity on the Primary Host, Vicia faba, and Related Legume Crops. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:693. [PMID: 38133197 PMCID: PMC10747461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta fabae, poses a significant threat to faba bean and other legumes worldwide. Necrotic lesions on stems, leaves, and pods characterize the disease. Given the economic impact of this pathogen and the potential involvement of secondary metabolites in symptom development, a study was conducted to investigate the fungus's ability to produce bioactive metabolites that might contribute to its pathogenicity. For this investigation, the fungus was cultured in three substrates (Czapek-Dox, PDB, and rice). The produced metabolites were analyzed by NMR and LC-HRMS methods, resulting in the dereplication of seven metabolites, which varied with the cultural substrates. Ascochlorin, ascofuranol, and (R)-mevalonolactone were isolated from the Czapek-Dox extract; ascosalipyrone, benzoic acid, and tyrosol from the PDB extract; and ascosalitoxin and ascosalipyrone from the rice extract. The phytotoxicity of the pure metabolites was assessed at different concentrations on their primary hosts and related legumes. The fungal exudates displayed varying degrees of phytotoxicity, with the Czapek-Dox medium's exudate exhibiting the highest activity across almost all legumes tested. The species belonging to the genus Vicia spp. were the most susceptible, with faba bean being susceptible to all metabolites, at least at the highest concentration tested, as expected. In particular, ascosalitoxin and benzoic acid were the most phytotoxic in the tested condition and, as a consequence, expected to play an important role on necrosis's appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Barilli
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (P.R.); (F.J.A.-J.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (P.R.); (F.J.A.-J.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Francisco J. Agudo-Jurado
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (P.R.); (F.J.A.-J.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Vanessa Cañete García
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (P.R.); (F.J.A.-J.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.E.)
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (P.R.); (F.J.A.-J.); (V.C.G.)
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Mazzeo G, Fusè M, Evidente A, Abbate S, Longhi G. Circularly polarized luminescence of natural products lycorine and narciclasine: role of excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer and test of pH sensitivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22700-22710. [PMID: 37605892 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02600k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is increasingly gaining interest not only for its applicative potentialities but also for providing an understanding of the excited state properties of chiral molecules. However, applications of CPL are mainly in the field of materials science: special organic molecules and polymers, metal (lanthanide) complexes, and organic dyes are actively and intensely studied. So far natural compounds have not been investigated much. We fill the gap here by measuring circular dichroism (CD) and CPL of lycorine and narciclasine, the most abundant known alkaloid and isocarbostyril from Amaryllidaceae, which exhibit a large spectrum of biological activities and are promising anticancer compounds. Dual fluorescence detection in narciclasine led us to unveil an occurring excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, this mechanism well accounts for the Stokes shift and CPL spectra observed in narciclasine. The same molecule is interesting also as a pH chiroptical switch. Both in absorption and emission, lycorine and narciclasine are also studied computationally via density functional theory (DFT) calculations further shedding light on their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marco Fusè
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Science Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70185 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics-CNR, Brescia Research Unit, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics-CNR, Brescia Research Unit, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Reveglia P, Agudo-Jurado FJ, Barilli E, Masi M, Evidente A, Rubiales D. Uncovering Phytotoxic Compounds Produced by Colletotrichum spp. Involved in Legume Diseases Using an OSMAC-Metabolomics Approach. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:610. [PMID: 37367546 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Different fungal species belonging to the Colletotrichum genus cause anthracnose disease in a range of major crops, resulting in huge economic losses worldwide. Typical symptoms include dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, or fruits. Colletotrichum spp. have synthesized, in vitro, a number of biologically active and structurally unusual metabolites that are involved in their host's infection process. In this study, we applied a one strain many compounds (OSMAC) approach, integrated with targeted and non-targeted metabolomics profiling, to shed light on the secondary phytotoxic metabolite panels produced by pathogenic isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum and Colletotrichum trifolii. The phytotoxicity of the fungal crude extracts was also assessed on their primary hosts and related legumes, and the results correlated with the metabolite profile that arose from the different cultural conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the OSMAC strategy integrated with metabolomics approaches has been applied to Colletotrichum species involved in legume diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleonora Barilli
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Masi M, Boari A, Sautua F, Carmona MA, Vurro M, Evidente A. Correction: Masi et al. Araufuranone: A New Phytotoxic Tetrasubstituted Dihydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2( 5H)-One Isolated from Ascochyta araujiae. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1274. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050844. [PMID: 37238745 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the original article [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francisco Sautua
- Phytopathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1053, Argentina
| | | | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Evidente A. Advances on the Amaryllidacea Alkaloids Collected in South Africa, Andean South America and the Mediterranean Basin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104055. [PMID: 37241796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloids are one of the most represented family of natural occurring biological active compounds. Amaryllidaceae are also very well known for their beautiful flower and are thus used as ornamental plants in historic and public gardens. The Amaryllidacea alkaloids constitute an important group that is subdivided into different subfamilies with different carbon skeletons. They are well known from ancient times for their long application in folk medicine, and in particular, Narcissus poeticus L. was known to Hippocrates of Cos (ca. B.C. 460-370), who treated uterine tumors with a formulate prepared from narcissus oil. To date, more than 600 alkaloids of 15 chemical groups exhibiting various biological activities have been isolated from the Amaryllidaceae plants. This plant genus is diffused in regions of Southern Africa, Andean South America and the Mediterranean basin. Thus, this review describes the chemical and biological activity of the alkaloids collected in these regions in the last two decades as weel those of isocarbostyls isolated from Amaryllidaceae in the same regions and same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70185 Bari, Italy
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Samperna S, Zanotti C, Scafato P, Boari A, Visconti S, Vurro M, Superchi S, Evidente A, Marra M. (±)-3-Deoxyradicinin Induces Stomata Opening and Chloroplast Oxidative Stress in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108467. [PMID: 37239812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Radicinin is a phytotoxic dihydropyranopyran-4,5-dione isolated from the culture filtrates of Cochliobolus australiensis, a phytopathogenic fungus of the invasive weed buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Radicinin proved to have interesting potential as a natural herbicide. Being interested in elucidating the mechanism of action and considering radicinin is produced in small quantities by C. australiensis, we opted to use (±)-3-deoxyradicinin, a synthetic analogue of radicinin that is available in larger quantities and shows radicinin-like phytotoxic activities. To obtain information about subcellular targets and mechanism(s) of action of the toxin, the study was carried out by using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), which, apart from its economic relevance, has become a model plant species for physiological and molecular studies. Results of biochemical assays showed that (±)-3-deoxyradicinin administration to leaves induced chlorosis, ion leakage, hydrogen peroxide production, and membrane lipid peroxidation. Remarkably, the compound determined the uncontrolled opening of stomata, which, in turn, resulted in plant wilting. Confocal microscopy analysis of protoplasts treated with (±)-3-deoxyradicinin ascertained that the toxin targeted chloroplasts, eliciting an overproduction of reactive singlet oxygen species. This oxidative stress status was related by qRT-PCR experiments to the activation of transcription of genes of a chloroplast-specific pathway of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Samperna
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Zanotti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Scafato
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Evidente A. Specialized Metabolites Produced by Phytotopatogen Fungi to Control Weeds and Parasite Plants. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040843. [PMID: 37110266 PMCID: PMC10142921 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Weeds such as parasite plants are one of the most serious pests that farmers are forced to combat since the development of agriculture using different methods including mechanic and agronomy strategies. These pests have generated significant losses of agrarian and herding production, constituting a serious impediment for agricultural activities in reforestation practices and in important infrastructures. All these serious problems have induced the expansive and massive use of synthetic herbicides, which represents one of the main cause of environmental pollution, as well as serious risks for human and animal health. An alternative environmental friendly control method could be the use of bioherbicides based on suitably bioformulated natural products, of which the main ones are fungal phytotoxins. This review covers the literature from 1980 to the present (2022) and concerns fungal phytotoxins with potential herbicidal activity in order to obtain their efficacy as bioherbicides for practical application in agriculture. Furthermore, some bioherbicides based on microbial toxic metabolites are commercially available, and their application in field, mode of action and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Di Lecce R, Mérindol N, Pérez MG, Karimzadegan V, Berthoux L, Boari A, Zidorn C, Vurro M, Surico G, Desgagné-Penix I, Evidente A. Biochemical Analyses of Bioactive Extracts from Plants Native to Lampedusa, Sicily Minor Island. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3447. [PMID: 36559555 PMCID: PMC9788634 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Major threats to the human lifespan include cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes, mental degenerative conditions and also reduced agricultural productivity due to climate changes, together with new and more devastating plant diseases. From all of this, the need arises to find new biopesticides and new medicines. Plants and microorganisms are the most important sources for isolating new metabolites. Lampedusa Island host a rich contingent of endemic species and subspecies. Seven plant species spontaneously growing in Lampedusa, i.e., Atriplex halimus L. (Ap), Daucus lopadusanus Tineo (Dl), Echinops spinosus Fiori (Es) Glaucium flavum Crantz (Gf) Hypericum aegypticum L: (Ha), Periploca angustifolia Labill (Pa), and Prasium majus L. (Pm) were collected, assessed for their metabolite content, and evaluated for potential applications in agriculture and medicine. The HPLC-MS analysis of n-hexane (HE) and CH2Cl2 (MC) extracts and the residual aqueous phases (WR) showed the presence of several metabolites in both organic extracts. Crude HE and MC extracts from Dl and He significantly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase, as did WR from the extraction of Dl and Pa. HE and MC extracts showed a significant toxicity towards hepatocarcinoma Huh7, while Dl, Ha and Er HE extracts were the most potently cytotoxic to ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell lines. Most extracts showed antiviral activity. At the lowest concentration tested (1.56 μg/mL), Dl, Gf and Ap MC extracts inhibited betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection by> 2 fold, while the n-hexane extract of Pm was the most potent. In addition, at 1.56 μg/mL, potent inhibition (>10 fold) of dengue virus was detected for Dl, Er, and Pm HE extracts, while Pa and Ap MC extracts dampened infections to undetectable levels. Regarding to phytotoxicity, MC extracts from Er, Ap and Pm were more effective in inhibiting tomato rootlet elongation; the same first two extracts also inhibited seed cress germination while its radicle elongation, due to high sensitivity, was affected by all the extracts. Es and Gf MC extracts also inhibited seed germination of Phelipanche ramosa. Thus, we have uncovered that many of these Lampedusa plants displayed promising biopesticide, antiviral, and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Lecce
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Natacha Mérindol
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Mayra Galarza Pérez
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vahid Karimzadegan
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), Section of Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Enthomology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
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12
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Evidente A. Microbial and Plant Derived Low Risk Pesticides Having Nematocidal Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120849. [PMID: 36548747 PMCID: PMC9787815 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, virus, weeds, parasitic plants, insects, and nematodes are among the enemies that induce severe economic losses to agrarian production. Farmers have been forced to combat these enemies using different methods, including mechanical and agronomic strategies, since the beginning of agriculture. The development of agriculture, due to an increased request for food production, which is a consequence to the rapid and noteworthy growth of the world's population, requires the use of more efficient methods to strongly elevate the yield production. Thus, in the last five-to-six decades, a massive and extensive use of chemicals has occurred in agriculture, resulting in heavy negative consequences, such as the increase in environmental pollution and risks for human and animal health. These problems increased with the repetition of treatments, which is due to resistance that natural enemies developed against this massive use of pesticides. There are new control strategies under investigation to develop products, namely biopesticides, with high efficacy and selectivity but based on natural products which are not toxic, and which are biodegradable in a short time. This review is focused on the microbial and plant metabolites with nematocidal activity with potential applications in suitable formulations in greenhouses and fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
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13
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Delicato A, Masi M, de Lara F, Rubiales D, Paolillo I, Lucci V, Falco G, Calabrò V, Evidente A. In vitro characterization of iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides from Cistanche phelypaea for nutraceutical and pharmacological applications. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4155-4166. [PMID: 35781895 PMCID: PMC9796874 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
"Desert hyacinths" are a remarkable group of parasitic plants belonging to genus Cistanche, including more than 20 accepted species typically occurring in deserts or coastal dunes parasitizing roots of shrubs. Several Cistanche species have long been a source of traditional herbal medicine or food, being C. deserticola and C. tubulosa the most used in China. This manuscript reports the isolation and identification of some phenylethanoid and iridoid glycosides, obtained from the hydroalcoholic extract of C. phelypaea collected in Spain. The present study aims to characterize the antioxidant activity of C. phelypaea metabolites in the light of their application in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries and the effect of acetoside, the most abundant metabolite in C. phelypaea extract, on human keratinocyte and pluripotent stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Our study demonstrated that acetoside, besides its strong antioxidant potential, can preserve the proliferative potential of human basal keratinocytes and the stemness of mesenchymal progenitors necessary for tissue morphogenesis and renewal. Therefore, acetoside can be of practical relevance for the clinical application of human stem cell cultures in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Delicato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Ida Paolillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Valeria Lucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Geppino Falco
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
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14
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Masi M, Di Lecce R, Calice U, Linaldeddu BT, Maddau L, Superchi S, Evidente A. Diplofuranoxin, a disubstituted dihydrofuranone, was produced together with sphaeropsidin A and epi-sphaeropsidone by Diplodia subglobosa, an emerging ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) pathogen in Europe. Phytochemistry 2022; 202:113302. [PMID: 35810877 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An undescribed disubstituted dihydrofuranone, named diplofuranoxin, was isolated, together with the six well known metabolites sphaeropsidins A and C, epi-sphaeropsidone, mellein and cis- and trans-4-hydroxymelleins, from the fungal species Diplodia subglobosa, an emerging pathogen involved in the ash dieback aetiology in Europe. Currently, the disease represents the main threat to European ash heritage and the wood associated industry. Diplofuranoxin, was characterized essentially by NMR and HRESIMS spectra as (3Z)-3-(2,3-dihydroxybutylidene)-5-methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. Its relative and absolute configuration was determined by joining NOESY NMR experiments and computational analysis of electronic circular dichroism spectrum. All the metabolites were screened for phytotoxic, antioomycetes and zootoxic activities and only sphaeropsidin A and epi-sphaeropsidone were active in two out of three bioassays performed. In addition, sphaeropsidin A completely inhibited mycelium growth of Phytophthora cambivora, whereas the inhibition rate of epi-sphaeropsidone was less than 50% at the higher concentration used. Both metabolites were inactive in the Artemia salina assay. Results obtained in this study have allowed to characterize for the first time the main metabolites produced in vitro by D. subglobosa and to increase the knowledge on the metabolic profile of Botryosphaeriaceae for a correct taxonomic classification of the strains belonging to this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Umberto Calice
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Benedetto Teodoro Linaldeddu
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
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15
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Masi M, Boari A, Sautua F, Carmona MA, Vurro M, Evidente A. Araufuranone: A New Phytotoxic Tetrasubstituted Dihydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(5 H)-One Isolated from Ascochyta araujiae. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091274. [PMID: 36139113 PMCID: PMC9496196 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Araujia hortorum is a perennial vining plant species native to South America. It was introduced into many countries for ornamental and medicinal purposes as well as for its edible fruits, but it has become highly invasive, generating severe environmental problems. Biological control using bioherbicides and natural compounds is an interesting control option. The pathogenic fungus Ascochyta araujiae, isolated from infected leaves of A. hortorum, could be considered as a potential biocontrol agent. Its ability to produce bioactive metabolites was studied. The organic extract of the fungal culture filtrates showed interesting phytotoxic activities consisting of clearly visible necrotic symptoms (0.5-1 cm in diameter) in the punctured leaves. Thus, it was purified; this afforded three main metabolites. These were chemically and biologically characterised: one proved to be a new pentasubstituted dihydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(5H)-one, named araufuranone (1). The others were the already known fungal metabolites neovasinin and 2,4-dihydroxy-6-hydoxymethylbenzaldehyde (2 and 3). The structure of araufuranone was determined using spectroscopic methods (essentially 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR and HR ESIMS spectra); its relative configuration was assigned by a NOESY spectrum. To the best of our knowledge, araufuranone is the first example of a naturally occurring compound showing that carbon skeleton. Assayed by a puncture, araufuranone proved to be weakly active on the leaves of Diplotaxis sp. and Sonchus sp.; the other two metabolites were even less toxic. Tested on cress, compounds 2 and 3 were able to partially inhibit rootlet elongation whereas araufuranone was almost inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francisco Sautua
- Phytopathology, University of Buenos Aires, CABA Buenos Aires C1053, Argentina
| | | | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2539178
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16
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Masi M, Castaldi S, Sautua F, Pescitelli G, Carmona MA, Evidente A. Truncatenolide, a Bioactive Disubstituted Nonenolide Produced by Colletotrichum truncatum, the Causal Agent of Anthracnose of Soybean in Argentina: Fungal Antagonism and SAR Studies. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:9834-9844. [PMID: 35925677 PMCID: PMC9389607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A bioactive disubstituted nonenolide, named truncatenolide, was produced by Colletotrichum truncatum, which was collected from infected tissues of soybean showing anthracnose symptoms in Argentina. This is a devastating disease that drastically reduces the yield of soybean production in the world. The fungus also produced a new trisubstituted oct-2-en-4-one, named truncatenone, and the well-known tyrosol and N-acetyltyramine. Truncatenolide and truncatenone were characterized by spectroscopic (essentially one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) 1H and 13C NMR and HR ESIMS) and chemical methods as (5E,7R,10R)-7-hydroxy-10-methyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-2-one and (Z)-6-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyloct-2-en-4-one, respectively. The geometry of the double bond of truncatenolide was assigned by the value of olefinic proton coupling constant and that of truncatenone by the correlation observed in the corresponding NOESY spectrum. The relative configuration of each stereogenic center was assigned with the help of 13C chemical shift and 1H-1H scalar coupling DFT calculations, while the absolute configuration assignment of truncatenolide was performed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). When tested on soybean seeds, truncatenolide showed the strongest phytotoxic activity. Tyrosol and N-acetyltyramine also showed phytotoxicity to a lesser extent, while truncatenone weakly stimulated the growth of the seed root in comparison to the control. When assayed against Macrophomina phaseolina and Cercospora nicotianae, other severe pathogens of soybean, truncatenolide showed significant activity against M. phaseolina and total inhibition of C. nicotianae. Thus, some other fungal nonenolides and their derivatives were assayed for their antifungal activity against both fungi in comparison with truncatenolide. Pinolidoxin showed to a less extent antifungal activity against both fungi, while modiolide A selectively and totally inhibited only the growth of C. nicotianae. The SAR results and the potential of truncatenolide, modiolide A, and pinolidoxin as biofungicides were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Dipartimento
di Biologia, Università di Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francisco Sautua
- Cátedra
de Fitopatología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi
13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcelo Anibal Carmona
- Cátedra
de Fitopatología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2022Natural products are a vital source of compounds for use in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields. Macrolides are a wide group of natural products found in plants and microorganisms. They are a group of polyketides constituted of different-sized rings and characterized by the presence of a lactone group. These compounds show different biological activities, such as antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial, immunosuppressive, herbicidal, and cytotoxic activities. This review is focused on macrolides isolated from fungal sources, examining their biological activities, stereochemistry, and structure-activity relationships. The review reports the chemical and biological characterization of fungal macrolides isolated in the last four decades, with assistance from SciFinder searches. A critical evaluation of the most recent reviews covering this area is also provided. The content provided in this review is of interest to chemists focusing on natural substances, plant pathologists and physiologists, botanists, mycologists, biologists, and pharmacologists. Furthermore, it is of interest to farmers and agri-food specialists and those working in the medicinal and cosmetic industries due to the potential practical application of macrolides. Politicians could also be interested in this class of natural compound, as the practical application of these macrolides in the above-cited fields could reduce environmental pollution and increase consumer satisfaction with respect to food, providing reduced or zero risk to human and animal health along with increased nutraceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciense, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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18
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Barilli E, Agudo FJ, Masi M, Nocera P, Evidente A, Rubiales D. Anthraquinones and their analogues as potential biocontrol agents of rust and powdery mildew diseases of field crops. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:3489-3497. [PMID: 35567400 PMCID: PMC9543780 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rusts and powdery mildews are severe fungal diseases of major crops worldwide, including cereals and legumes. They can be managed by chemical fungicide treatments, with negative consequences as environmental pollution and risk for human and animal health. Bioactive natural products could be the safest alternative for pest control. The family of anthraquinones, as well as analogue compounds containing an anthraquinone moiety or some modified anthraquinone rings, has been reported to exhibit certain antibiotic activity. Thus, the potential antifungal activity of some anthraquinones isolated from Ascochyta lentis, was assayed in this study for their effectiveness to reduce rust and powdery mildew diseases on pea and oat. Their effect on fungal development was macro- and microscopically assessed on inoculated leaves, and compared to the control achieved by the chemical fungicide (Tetraconazol 12.5% and Azoxystrobin 25%). In addition, the most promising compound was also tested at different concentrations in inoculated whole plants in order to evaluate its preventive and curative potential against fungal infection. RESULTS All metabolites studied strongly reduced the development of rust and powdery mildews in both pea and oat, being pachybasin and lentiquinone C the most effective ones in hampering fungal spore germination and appressoria formation. Some of them also affected post-penetration events reducing colony size and number of haustoria per colony. Results were confirmed for pachybasin in whole plants assays, showing an efficacy similar to the commercial fungicide to control fungal diseases, both in preventive and curative applications. CONCLUSIONS Some fungal anthraquinones and close metabolites, especially pachybasin, could be very promising molecules with effective potential as antifungal agents against both rust and powdery mildew of both pea and oat. Some structure activity-relationships feature have also been evaluated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Paola Nocera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
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19
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Zorrilla JG, D’Addabbo T, Roscetto E, Varriale C, Catania MR, Zonno MC, Altomare C, Surico G, Nimis PL, Evidente A. Antibiotic and Nematocidal Metabolites from Two Lichen Species Collected on the Island of Lampedusa (Sicily). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158471. [PMID: 35955606 PMCID: PMC9368951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic and nematocidal activities of extracts from two coastal lichen species collected on Lampedusa Island (Sicily), Ramalina implexa Nyl. and Roccella phycopsis Ach., were tested. Methyl orsellinate, orcinol, (+)-montagnetol, and for the first time 4-chlororcinol were isolated from Roccella phycopsis. (+)-Usnic acid was obtained from Ramalina implexa. The crude organic extract of both lichen species showed strong antibiotic activity against some bacterial species and nematocidal activity. Among all the pure metabolites tested against the infective juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloydogine incognita, (+)-usnic acid, orcinol, and (+)-montagnetol had significant nematocidal activity, comparable with that of the commercial nematocide Velum® Prime, and thus they showed potential application in agriculture as a biopesticide. On the contrary, methyl orsellinate and 4-chlororcinol had no nematocidal effect. These results suggest that the substituent pattern at ortho-para-position in respect to both hydroxyl groups of resorcine moiety, which is present in all metabolites, seems very important for nematocidal activity. The organic extracts of both lichens were also tested against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both extracts were active against Gram-positive species. The extract of Ramalina implexa showed, among Gram-negative species, activity against Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, while that from Roccella phycopsis was effective towards all test strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of (+)-usnic acid, methyl orsellinate, and (+)-montagnetol is already known, so tests were focused on orcinol and 4-chlororcinol. The former showed antibacterial activity against all Gram positive and Gram-negative test strains, with the exception of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, while the latter exhibited a potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive test strains and among Gram-negative strains, was effective against A. baumannii and K. pneumonia. These results suggest, for orcinol and 4-chlororcinol, an interesting antibiotic potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García Zorrilla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republic Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Trifone D’Addabbo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Unit of Bari, Via G. Amendola 122/d, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Roscetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (C.V.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Chiara Varriale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (C.V.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.R.); (C.V.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production Sciences, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.C.Z.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production Sciences, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.C.Z.); (C.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), Section of Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Enthomology, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Pier Luigi Nimis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
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Mathieu V, Superchi S, Masi M, Scafato P, Kornienko A, Evidente A. In Vitro Effects of Fungal Phytotoxins on Cancer Cell Viability: First Insight into Structure Activity Relationship of a Potent Metabolite of Cochliobolus australiensis Radicinin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080517. [PMID: 36006179 PMCID: PMC9415302 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds have always represented an important source for new drugs. Although fungi represent one such viable source, to date, no fungal metabolite has been marketed as an anticancer drug. Based on our work with phytotoxins as potential chemical scaffolds and our recent findings involving three phytopathogenic fungi, i.e., Cochliobolus australiensis, Kalmusia variispora and Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, herein, we evaluate the in vitro anti-cancer activity of the metabolites of these fungi by MTT assays on three cancer cell models harboring various resistance levels to chemotherapeutic drugs. Radicinin, a phytotoxic dihydropyranopyran-4,5-dione produced by Cochliobolus australiensis, with great potential for the biocontrol of the invasive weed buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris), showed significant anticancer activity in the micromolar range. Furthermore, a SAR study was carried out using radicinin, some natural analogues and hemisynthetic derivatives prepared by synthetic methods developed as part of work aimed at the potential application of these molecules as bioherbicides. This investigation opens new avenues for the design and synthesis of novel radicinin analogues as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Accès 2, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
- ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Patrizia Scafato
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
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Zorrilla JG, Evidente A. Structures and Biological Activities of Alkaloids Produced by Mushrooms, a Fungal Subgroup. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081025. [PMID: 35892335 PMCID: PMC9332295 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a wide family of basic N-containing natural products, whose research has revealed bioactive compounds of pharmacological interest. Studies on these compounds have focused more attention on those produced by plants, although other types of organisms have also been proven to synthesize bioactive alkaloids, such as animals, marine organisms, bacteria, and fungi. This review covers the findings of the last 20 years (2002–2022) related to the isolation, structures, and biological activities of the alkaloids produced by mushrooms, a fungal subgroup, and their potential to develop drugs and agrochemicals. In some cases, the synthesis of the reviewed compounds and structure−activity relationship studies have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G. Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
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Di Lecce R, Galarza Pérez M, Mangoni A, Çiçek SS, Sönnichsen FD, Evidente A, Zidorn C. Sesquiterpenoids from Leontodon tenuiflorus (Asteraceae, Cichorieae): First record of a hypocretenoid from Leontodon section Asterothrix. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Castaldi S, Cimmino A, Masi M, Evidente A. Bacterial Lipodepsipeptides and Some of Their Derivatives and Cyclic Dipeptides as Potential Agents for Biocontrol of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi of Agrarian Plants. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:4591-4598. [PMID: 35395154 PMCID: PMC9026286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stresses (fungi, bacteria, insects, weeds, etc.) are some of the most important causes of the decrease in the quality and quantity of crops that could become an emergency due to a noteworthy increase in the world population. Thus, to overcome these problems, massive use of chemical pesticides has been carried out with heavy consequences for environmental pollution and food safety. An eco-friendly alternative can be using natural compound-based biopesticides with high efficacy and selectivity. Some bacterial lipodepsipeptides (tolaasins I, II, A, D, and E and WLIP together with hexacetyl- and tetrahydro-tolaasin I and WLIP methyl ester) and cyclic dipeptides (cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr), cyclo(d-Pro-l-Tyr), cyclo(l-Pro-l-Val), and cyclo(l-Pro-l-Leu)) were assayed against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi of important agrarian plants. Lipodepsipeptides showed strong growth inhibition of all microorganisms tested in the range of 0.1-0.8 μg/mL, while cyclodipeptides, despite preserving this ability, showed a noteworthily reduced antimicrobial activity being active only in the range of 15-900 μg/mL. Among the lipodepsipeptides and cyclic dipeptides assayed, tolaasin d and cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) (also named maculosin-1) appeared to be the most toxic compounds. Some structure-activity relationships of lipodepsipeptides were also discussed along with their practical application as biopesticides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefany Castaldi
- Department
of Biology, University of Naples Federico
II, Complesso Universitario
Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso
Universitario Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso
Universitario Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso
Universitario Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Masi M, Di Lecce R, Mérindol N, Girard MP, Berthoux L, Desgagné-Penix I, Calabrò V, Evidente A. Cytotoxicity and Antiviral Properties of Alkaloids Isolated from Pancratium maritimum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040262. [PMID: 35448871 PMCID: PMC9029599 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) were isolated for the first time from Pancratium maritimum collected in Calabria region, Italy. They belong to different subgroups of this family and were identified as lycorine, which is the main alkaloid, 9-O-demethyllycorine, haemanthidine, haemanthamine, 11-hydroxyvittatine, homolycorine, pancracine, obliquine, tazettine and vittatine. Haemanthidine was isolated as a scalar mixture of two 6-epimers, as already known also for other 6-hydroxycrinine alkaloids, but for the first time they were separated as 6,11-O,O′-di-p-bromobenzoyl esters. The evaluation of the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of all isolated compounds was undertaken. Lycorine and haemanthidine showed cytotoxic activity on Hacat cells and A431 and AGS cancer cells while, pancracine exhibited selective cytotoxicity against A431 cells. We uncovered that in addition to lycorine and haemanthidine, haemanthamine and pancracine also possess antiretroviral abilities, inhibiting pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)−1 with EC50 of 25.3 µM and 18.5 µM respectively. Strikingly, all the AAs isolated from P. maritimum were able to impede dengue virus (DENV) replication (EC50 ranged from 0.34−73.59 µM) at low to non-cytotoxic concentrations (CC50 ranged from 6.25 µM to >100 µM). Haemanthamine (EC50 = 337 nM), pancracine (EC50 = 357 nM) and haemanthidine (EC50 = 476 nM) were the most potent anti-DENV inhibitors. Thus, this study uncovered new antiviral properties of P. maritimum isolated alkaloids, a significant finding that could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies to fight viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Natacha Mérindol
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (N.M.); (M.-P.G.); (I.D.-P.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Girard
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (N.M.); (M.-P.G.); (I.D.-P.)
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (N.M.); (M.-P.G.); (I.D.-P.)
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Marsico G, Calice U, Scafato P, Belviso S, Evidente A, Superchi S. Computational Approaches and Use of Chiroptical Probes in the Absolute Configuration Assignment to Natural Products by ECD Spectroscopy: A 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-p-menthane as a Case Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030421. [PMID: 35327613 PMCID: PMC8945943 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the computational analysis of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra and the employment of biphenyl chiroptical probes were compared in the absolute configuration assignment of (-)-1α,2α,3β-trihydroxy-p-menthane (1), taken as a representative example of a UV-transparent chiral natural product. The usefulness of chiroptical probes in the configurational assignments of natural products and their complementarity to the computational protocols is herein highlighted. The biphenyl probe approach proves to be straightforward, reliable, and suitable for conformationally mobile and ECD silent compounds, not treatable by computational analysis of chiroptical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsico
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.M.); (U.C.); (P.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Umberto Calice
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.M.); (U.C.); (P.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Patrizia Scafato
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.M.); (U.C.); (P.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Belviso
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.M.); (U.C.); (P.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (G.M.); (U.C.); (P.S.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0971206098
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Santagata G, Cimmino A, Poggetto GD, Zannini D, Masi M, Emendato A, Surico G, Evidente A. Polysaccharide Based Polymers Produced by Scabby Cankered Cactus Pear ( Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Infected by Neofusicoccum batangarum: Composition, Structure, and Chemico-Physical Properties. Biomolecules 2022; 12:89. [PMID: 35053237 PMCID: PMC8773635 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neofusiccocum batangarum is the causal agent of scabby canker of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). The symptoms of this disease are characterized by crusty, perennial cankers, with a leathery, brown halo. Characteristically, a viscous polysaccharide exudate, caking on contact with air, leaks from cankers and forms strips or cerebriform masses on the surface of cactus pear cladodes. When this polysaccharide mass was partial purified, surprisingly, generated a gel. The TLC analysis and the HPLC profile of methyl 2-(polyhydroxyalkyl)-3-(o-tolylthiocarbomoyl)-thiazolidine-4R-carboxylates obtained from the mixture of monosaccharides produced by acid hydrolysis of the three EPSs examined in this research work [the polysaccharide component of the exudate (EPSC) and the EPSs extracted from asymptomatic (EPSH) and symptomatic (EPSD) cladodes] showed the presence of d-galactose, l-rhamnose, and d-glucose in a 1:1:0.5 ratio in EPSC while d-galactose, l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and d-xylose at the same ratio were observed in EPSH and EPSD. The presence of uronic acid residues in EPSC was also showed by solid state NMR and IR investigation. Furthermore, this manuscript reports the chemical-physical characterization of the gel produced by the infected cactus pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Santagata
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Giovanni Dal Poggetto
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessandro Emendato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
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Reveglia P, Raimondo ML, Masi M, Cimmino A, Nuzzo G, Corso G, Fontana A, Carlucci A, Evidente A. Untargeted and Targeted LC-MS/MS Based Metabolomics Study on In Vitro Culture of Phaeoacremonium Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010055. [PMID: 35049995 PMCID: PMC8780456 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) can be affected by many different biotic agents, including tracheomycotic fungi such as Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum, which are the main causal agent of Esca and Petri diseases. Both fungi produce phytotoxic naphthalenone polyketides, namely scytalone and isosclerone, that are related to symptom development. The main objective of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites produced by three Phaeoacremonium species and to assess their phytotoxicity by in vitro bioassay. To this aim, untargeted and targeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics were performed. High resolution mass spectrometer UHPLC-Orbitrap was used for the untargeted profiling and dereplication of secondary metabolites. A sensitive multi reaction monitoring (MRM) method for the absolute quantification of scytalone and isosclerone was developed on a UPLC-QTrap. Different isolates of P. italicum, P. alvesii and P. rubrigenum were grown in vitro and the culture filtrates and organic extracts were assayed for phytotoxicity. The toxic effects varied within and among fungal isolates. Isosclerone and scytalone were dereplicated by matching retention times and HRMS and MS/MS data with pure standards. The amount of scytalone and isosclerone differed within and among fungal species. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that applies an approach of LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics to investigate differences in the metabolic composition of organic extracts of Phaeoacremonium species culture filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Raimondo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
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Mazzeo G, Cimmino A, Longhi G, Masi M, Evidente A, Abbate S. The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Non-Cyclic Sesquiterpenes by Vibrational and Electronic Circular Dichroism: The Example of Chiliadenus lopadusanus Metabolites. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121902. [PMID: 34944545 PMCID: PMC8699476 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
9-Hydroxynerolidol, 9-oxonerolidol, and chiliadenol B are three farnesane-type sesquiterpenoids isolated from Chiliadenus lopadusanus that have shown an interesting activity against human pathogens as Gram+ and Gram- bacteria resistant to antibiotics. However, the absolute configuration (AC) of these interesting sesquiterpenes has not been assigned so far. Vibrational and electronic circular dichroism spectra have been recorded and correlations are pointed out for the three compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used in conjunction with Mosher's method of investigation to assign AC. Statistical analysis is considered to quantitatively define the choice of AC from VCD spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.M.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717415
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Abstract
Natural products are a vital source for agriculture, medicine, cosmetic and other fields. Among them alkylamides are a broad and expanding group found in at least 33 plant families. Frequently, they possess a simple carbon skeleton architecture but show broad structural variability and important properties such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties, amongst others. Despite to these several and promising biological activities, up to today, only two reviews have been published on natural alkylamides. One focuses on their potential pharmacology application and their distribution in the plant kingdom and the other one on the bioactive alkylamides specifically found in Annona spp. The present review is focused on the plant bioactive cinnamoyltyramine alkylamides, which are subject of several works reported in the literature. Furthermore, the co-metabolites isolated from the same natural sources and their biological activities are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy;
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Castaldi S, Masi M, Sautua F, Cimmino A, Isticato R, Carmona M, Tuzi A, Evidente A. Pseudomonas fluorescens Showing Antifungal Activity against Macrophomina phaseolina, a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1728. [PMID: 34827726 PMCID: PMC8615785 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens 9 and Bacillus subtilis 54, proposed as biofungicides to control Macrophomina phaseolina, a dangerous pathogen of soybean and other crops, were grown in vitro to evaluate their ability to produce metabolites with antifungal activity. The aim of the manuscript was to identify the natural compounds responsible for their antifungal activity. Only the culture filtrates of P. fluorescens 9 showed strong antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Its organic extract contained phenazine and mesaconic acid (1 and 2), whose antifungal activity was tested against M. phaseolina, as well as Cercospora nicotianae and Colletotrichum truncatum, other pathogens of soybean; however, only compound 1 exhibited activity. The antifungal activity of compound 1 was compared to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA, 3), 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH P, 4), and various semisynthetic phenazine nitro derivatives in order to perform a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. PCA and phenazine exhibited the same percentage of growth inhibition in M. phaseolina and C. truncatum, whereas PCA (3) showed lower activity against C. nicotianae than phenazine. 2-Hydroxyphenazine (4) showed no antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. The results of the SAR study showed that electron attractor (COOH and NO2) or repulsor (OH) groups significantly affect the antifungal growth, as well as their α- or β-location on the phenazine ring. Both PCA and phenazine could be proposed as biopesticides to control the soybean pathogens M. phaseolina, C. nicotianae, and C. truncatum, and these results should prompt an investigation of their large-scale production and their suitable formulation for greenhouse and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefany Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Francisco Sautua
- Cátedra de Fitopatología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina; (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marcelo Carmona
- Cátedra de Fitopatología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina; (F.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
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Masi M, Di Lecce R, Maddau L, Marsico G, Superchi S, Evidente A. Argyrotoxins A-C, a trisubstituted dihydroisobenzofuranone, a tetrasubstituted 2-hydroxyethylbenzamide and a tetrasubstitutedphenyl trisubstitutedbutyl ether produced by Alternaria argyroxiphii, the causal agent of leaf spot on African mahogany trees (Khaya senegalensis). Phytochemistry 2021; 191:112921. [PMID: 34425462 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three previously undescribed metabolites named argyrotoxins A-C, were isolated, together with the well known porritoxinol, its closely related phthalide, a phthalide derivative, zinniol, alternariol and its 4-methyl ether from Alternaria argyroxiphii E.G. Simmons & Aragaki, the causal agent of leaf spot on African mahogany trees, Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae). The known compounds were identified comparing their physical and spectroscopic properties to those previously reported in literature. Argyrotoxins A-C were characterized essentially by NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY NMR spectra) and HRESIMS spectra as 4-(7-methoxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-5-yloxy)-2-methyl-butyric acid, 5-but-2-enyloxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-benzamide and 1-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-2-methylphenoxy)-3-methylbutane-2,3-diol, respectively. The absolute configuration of argyrotoxin A was determined through electronic circular dichroism, by applying the biphenyl chiroptical probe approach. The phytoxicity of all metabolites isolated was evaluated by leaf puncture assay at concentration of 1 mg/mL. Zinniol proved to be the most active compound causing necrotic lesions on young leaves of Hedera elix L., Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Quercus ilex L. Argirotoxins A and B were found active, to a minor extent, on Phaseolus vulgaris L. leaves, while porritoxinol exhibited activity on holm oak leaves. The other secondary metabolites herein reported for A. argyroxiphii were inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsico
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
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Nocera P, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Masi M, Ross SA, Cantrell CL, Duke SO, Surico G, Evidente A. Secondary metabolites of Thymelaea hirsuta, a plant collected from the Sicilian Island of Lampedusa. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:3977-3984. [PMID: 32290692 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1752212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the secondary metabolites was carried out on Thymelaea hirsuta collected from Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, located about 100 km from the North African coast and 200 km from the coast of Sicily. Ten compounds were isolated and found to belong to different classes of natural products as chromenes, cyclohexanones, furanyl, bis-furanyl and furanone polyphenols, and acrylates. Compounds 7, 8, 9 and 10 were slightly phytotoxic to lettuce reaching phytotoxicity of 1 (7, 8 and 9) and 2 (10) using a 1-5 point scale. None of the compounds were active against Agrostis stolonifera L., a perennial grass of the Poaceae family. Tested against three Colletotrichum species (C. acutatum, C. fragarie and C. gloeosporioides) pathogenic for agricultural plants, only compound 6 had activity against all three species, but it was not as active as captan, the commercial fungicide used as a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nocera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Thad Cochran Research Center, Oxford, MS, USA
- BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University, MS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Sez. Patologia ed entomologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Cimmino A, Bahmani Z, Castaldi S, Masi M, Isticato R, Abdollahzadeh J, Amini J, Evidente A. Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (PCA), Produced for the First Time as an Antifungal Metabolite by Truncatella angustata, a Causal Agent of Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) in Iran. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:12143-12147. [PMID: 34623150 PMCID: PMC8532150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Truncatella angustata, associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran, produces the well-known secondary metabolite isocoumumarin (+)-6-hyroxyramulosin and surprisingly also phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). PCA, identified by spectroscopic (essentially 1H NMR and ESI MS) spectra, is a bacterial metabolite well known for its antifungal activity and was found for the first time in T. angustata culture filtrates. The antifungal activity of PCA was assayed against four different fungi responsible for GTDs, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium italicum, Fomitiporia mediterranea, involved in grapevine esca disease, and Neofusicoccum parvum, responsible for Botryosphaeria dieback. The activity was compared with that of the known commercial fungicide, pentachloronitrobenzene, and the close phenazine. PCA and phenazine exhibited strong antifungal activity against all phytopathogenic fungi, inhibiting the fungal growth by about 90-100% and 80-100%, respectively. These results suggested that T. angustata could use PCA to compete with other phytopathogenic fungi that attack grapevine and thus PCA could be proposed as a biofungicide against the fungi responsible for grapevine esca and Botryosphaeria dieback diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cimmino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Zeinab Bahmani
- Department
of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department
of Biology, University of Naples Federico
II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department
of Biology, University of Naples Federico
II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department
of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jahanshir Amini
- Department
of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Cimmino A, Bahmani Z, Masi M, Abdollahzadeh J, Amini J, Tuzi A, Evidente A. Phytotoxins produced by Didymella glomerata and Truncatella angustata, associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4322-4329. [PMID: 34668831 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1979544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Didymella glomerata and Truncatella angustata associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran, were grown in vitro to evaluate the production of phytotoxic metabolites as potential pathogenicity determinants. 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran and (+)-6-hydroxyramulosin were isolated from the culture filtrates of D. glomerata and T. angustata, respectively. They were identified by physical and spectroscopic (essentially 1 D and 2 D 1H and 13C NMR and ESIMS) methods and X ray analysis. Both compounds induced significant necrosis and curling on the leaves of the host plant Vitis vinifera L. and the effects were concentration dependent. No effect was observed on the leaves of the non-host Solanum lycopersicum L.. plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Zeinab Bahmani
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jahanshir Amini
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
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Masi M, Di Lecce R, Marsico G, Linaldeddu BT, Maddau L, Superchi S, Evidente A. Pinofuranoxins A and B, Bioactive Trisubstituted Furanones Produced by the Invasive Pathogen Diplodia sapinea. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:2600-2605. [PMID: 34469140 PMCID: PMC8477388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new bioactive trisubstituted furanones, named pinofuranoxins A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from Diplodia sapinea, a worldwide conifer pathogen causing severe disease. Pinofuranoxins A and B were characterized essentially by NMR and HRESIMS spectra, and their relative and absolute configurations were assigned by NOESY experiments and computational analyses of electronic circular dichroism spectra. They induced necrotic lesions on Hedera helix L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and Quercus ilex L. Compound 1 completely inhibited the growth of Athelia rolfsii and Phytophthora cambivora, while 2 showed antioomycetes activity against P. cambivora. In the Artemia salina assay both toxins showed activity inducing larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano
10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Benedetto Teodoro Linaldeddu
- Dipartimento
Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università
di Padova, Viale dell’Università
16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento
di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano
10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Masi M, Koirala M, Delicato A, Di Lecce R, Merindol N, Ka S, Seck M, Tuzi A, Desgagne-Penix I, Calabrò V, Evidente A. Isolation and Biological Characterization of Homoisoflavanoids and the Alkylamide N- p-Coumaroyltyramine from Crinum biflorum Rottb., an Amaryllidaceae Species Collected in Senegal. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1298. [PMID: 34572511 PMCID: PMC8466962 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crinum biflorum Rottb. (syn. Crinum distichum) is an Amaryllidaceae plant used in African traditional medicine but very few studies have been performed on this species from a chemical and applicative point of view. Bulbs of C. biflorum, collected in Senegal, were extracted with ethanol by Soxhlet and the corresponding organic extract was purified using chromatographic methods. The pure compounds were chemically characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR, HR MS and ECD) and X-ray analysis. Four homoisoflavonoids (1-4) and one alkylamide (5) were isolated and characterized as 5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (1), as 3-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (2), as 3-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (3) and as 5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (4), and the alkylamide as (E)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide (5), commonly named N-p-coumaroyltyramine. The relative configuration of compound 1 was verified thanks to the X-ray analysis which also allowed us to confirm its racemic nature. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were assigned by comparing their ECD spectra with those previously reported for urgineanins A and B. Flavanoids 1, 3 and 4 showed promising anticancer properties being cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations towards HeLa and A431 human cancer cell lines. The N-p-coumaroyltyramine (5) was selectively toxic to A431 and HeLa cancer cells while it protected immortalized HaCaT cells against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Compounds 1-4 also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity with compound 3 being the most potent. The anti-amylase and the strong anti-glucosidase activity of compound 5 were confirmed. Our results show that C. biflorum produces compounds of therapeutic interest with anti-diabetic, anti-tumoral and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (R.D.L.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Manoj Koirala
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.K.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (I.D.-P.)
| | - Antonella Delicato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (R.D.L.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Natacha Merindol
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.K.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (I.D.-P.)
| | - Seydou Ka
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.K.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (I.D.-P.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;
| | - Matar Seck
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal;
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (R.D.L.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Isabel Desgagne-Penix
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.K.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (I.D.-P.)
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (R.D.L.); (A.T.); (A.E.)
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Masi M, Evidente A. Sphaeropsidin A: a Pimarane Diterpene with Interesting Biological Activities and Promising Practical Applications. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3263-3269. [PMID: 34241944 PMCID: PMC9292566 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene, first isolated as the main phytotoxin produced by Diplodia cupressi the causal agent of a severe canker disease of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). It was also produced, together with several analogues, by different pathogenic Diplodia species and other fungi and showed a broad array of biological activities suggesting its promising application in agriculture and medicine. The anticancer activity of SphA is very potent and cell specific. Recent studies have revealed its unique mode of action. This minireview reports the structures of SphA and its family of natural analogues, their biosynthetic origins, their fungal sources, and biological activities. The preparation of various SphA derivatives is also described as well as the results of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and on their potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Talukdar R, Padhi S, Rai AK, Masi M, Evidente A, Jha DK, Cimmino A, Tayung K. Isolation and Characterization of an Endophytic Fungus Colletotrichum coccodes Producing Tyrosol From Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Using ITS2 RNA Secondary Structure and Molecular Docking Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:650247. [PMID: 34222209 PMCID: PMC8249321 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.650247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic fungus isolated from healthy leaf tissues of Houttuynia cordata Thunb., an ethnomedicinal plant of North East India, showed a considerable amount of antimicrobial activity. The ethyl acetate extract of the fungal culture filtrates displayed promising antimicrobial activity against a panel of clinically significant pathogens including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioassay guided purification of the organic extract using column and thin layer chromatography yielded a pure homogenous compound which was identified using spectroscopic methods (essentially by 1H NMR and MS) as tyrosol, a well-known phenylethanoid present in several natural sources. Besides, molecular docking studies against tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (TyrRS) of S. aureus (PDB ID: 1JIL) and E. coli (PDB ID: 1VBM), and CYP45014α-lanosterol demethylase (CYP51) of C. albicans (PDB ID: 5FSA) revealed tyrosol has a strong binding affinity with the enzyme active site residues. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum sp. and characterized by its genomic ITS rDNA and ITS2 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses showed clustering of our isolate with Colletotrichum coccodes. Species of Colletotrichum are also reported to be plant pathogens. Therefore, to confirm the endophytic lifestyle of the isolate, ITS2 RNA secondary structure study was undertaken. The result indicated our isolate exhibited differences in the folding pattern as well as in motif structures when compared to those of pathogenic C. coccodes. The findings indicated that endophytic fungi harboring H. cordata could be explored as a potent source of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajreepa Talukdar
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | - Amit K Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dhruva Kumar Jha
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kumananda Tayung
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
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Zdorovenko EL, Dmitrenok AS, Masi M, Castaldi S, Muzio FM, Isticato R, Valverde C, Knirel YA, Evidente A. Structural studies on the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas donghuensis strain SVBP6, with antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:2019-2023. [PMID: 34081955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas donghuensis SVBP6, a bacterium with a broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro, particularly that against Macrophomina phaseolina. This latter is one of the most virulent and dangerous pathogens of plants, including soybean which is an economically important crop in Argentina today. The OPS was studied by sugar analysis and spectroscopy (1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR) showing the following trisaccharide repeating unit: →6)-ɑ-D-ManpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-l-Rhap-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→. The crude LPS, the purified LPS and the O-chain were assayed for their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina at 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg plug-1. The results showed that the crude LPS best inhibition was at 200 μg plug-1, able to inhibit the fungus growth by about 45%, while purified LPS and the corresponding OPS, in the same condition, reduced fungus growth by 65%, and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, the purified LPS and OPS significantly reduced the growth of M. phaseolina already at 100 μg plug-1 compared to the crude LPS. The structure of the O-chain is unique among the bacterial LPS and this is the first time that both the antifungal activity of a bacterial LPS and its corresponding O-chain were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Federico M Muzio
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Beneficiosas para Plantas-Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología del Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Valverde
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Beneficiosas para Plantas-Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología del Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Reisenauer KN, Tao Y, Das P, Song S, Svatek H, Patel SD, Mikhail S, Ingros A, Sheesley P, Masi M, Boari A, Evidente A, Kornienko A, Romo D, Taube J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition sensitizes breast cancer cells to cell death via the fungus-derived sesterterpenoid ophiobolin A. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10652. [PMID: 34017048 PMCID: PMC8137940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) imparts properties of cancer stem-like cells, including resistance to frequently used chemotherapies, necessitating the identification of molecules that induce cell death specifically in stem-like cells with EMT properties. Herein, we demonstrate that breast cancer cells enriched for EMT features are more sensitive to cytotoxicity induced by ophiobolin A (OpA), a sesterterpenoid natural product. Using a model of experimentally induced EMT in human mammary epithelial (HMLE) cells, we show that EMT is both necessary and sufficient for OpA sensitivity. Moreover prolonged, sub-cytotoxic exposure to OpA is sufficient to suppress EMT-imparted CSC features including sphere formation and resistance to doxorubicin. In vivo growth of CSC-rich mammary cell tumors, is suppressed by OpA treatment. These data identify a driver of EMT-driven cytotoxicity with significant potential for use either in combination with standard chemotherapy or for tumors enriched for EMT features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongfeng Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Provas Das
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Shuxuan Song
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alec Ingros
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences and Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Taube
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Reveglia P, Billones-Baaijens R, Millera Niem J, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A, Savocchia S. Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:802. [PMID: 33921820 PMCID: PMC8073839 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Regina Billones-Baaijens
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Jennifer Millera Niem
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
- UPLB Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines—Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Sandra Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
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Masi M, Sautua F, Zatout R, Castaldi S, Arrico L, Isticato R, Pescitelli G, Carmona MA, Evidente A. Phaseocyclopentenones A and B, Phytotoxic Penta- and Tetrasubstituted Cyclopentenones Produced by Macrophomina phaseolina, the Causal Agent of Charcoal Rot of Soybean in Argentina. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:459-465. [PMID: 33492968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new penta- and tetrasubstituted cyclopentenones, named phaseocyclopentenones A and B (1 and 2), together with guignardone A (3), were isolated from Macrophomina phaseolina cultures. The phytopathogenic fungus was isolated from infected soybean tissues showing charcoal rot symptoms in Argentina. Charcoal rot is a devastating disease considering that soybean is one of the main legumes cultivated in the world. Phaseocyclopentenones A and B were characterized by 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS spectrometric data and chemical methods as 4-benzoyl-3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-phenylcyclopent-2-enone and 3,5-dihydroxy-2,4-diphenylcyclopent-2-enone, respectively. The relative configuration of phaseocyclopentenones A and B was assigned by 1H and NOESY NMR methods, while their absolute configurations were assigned by electronic circular dichroism methods. When assayed on a nonhost plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by the leaf puncture assay, phaseocyclopentenones A and B and guignardone A showed phytotoxic activity, while only 1 and 2 were toxic when tested on cuttings of the same plant. No phytotoxicity or antifungal activity was detected for the three compounds on the host plant soybean (Glycine max L.) and against some of its fungal pathogens, namely, Cercospora nicotianae and Colletotrichum truncatum, also isolated from infected soybean plants in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francisco Sautua
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1053 CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roukia Zatout
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, de Biotechnologie et de l'Activité Microbienne (LaMyBAM), Département de Biologie Appliquée, Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine1, BP, 325 Route de Aïn El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Arrico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcelo Anibal Carmona
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1053 CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Johnson JL, Santoro E, Zatout R, Petrovic AG, Cimmino A, Superchi S, Evidente A, Berova ND, Polavarapu PL. Absolute configuration of seco-eudesmanolide inuloxin D from experimental and predicted chiroptical studies of its 4-O-acetyl derivative. Chirality 2021; 33:233-241. [PMID: 33598968 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sesquitepenoids inuloxins A-D, belonging to different subgroups, were isolated from Dittrichia viscosa and showed potential biocontrol of some parasitic plants as Pelipanche, Orobanche, and Cuscuta species. The absolute configurations of the first three inuloxins A-C were previously determined by using experimental and computational chiroptical spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of inuloxin D remains to be established. The bioactive inuloxin E, closely related to inuloxin D, was recently isolated from the same plant organic extract. The same relative configuration of inuloxin D was assigned to inuloxin E by comparison of their NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of inuloxin D and inuloxin E are suggested in this work by analysis of the experimental and predicted chiroptical properties of the 4-O-acetyl derivative of inuloxin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ernesto Santoro
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roukia Zatout
- Department of chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Laboratoire de Mycologie, de Biotechnologie et de l'Activité Microbienne (LaMyBAM), Département de Biologie Appliquée, Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ana G Petrovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nina D Berova
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Masi M, Petraretti M, De Natale A, Pollio A, Evidente A. Fungal Metabolites with Antagonistic Activity against Fungi of Lithic Substrata. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020295. [PMID: 33669378 PMCID: PMC7920264 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the biotic agents that can cause deterioration of building stones and cultural heritage. The most common methods used to control fungal spread and growth are based on chemical pesticides. However, the massive use of these synthetic chemicals produces heavy environmental pollution and risk to human and animal health. Furthermore, their use is time dependent and relies on the repetition of treatments, which increases the possibility of altering building stones and culture heritage through environmental contamination. One alternative is the use of natural products with high antifungal activity, which can result in reduced toxicity and deterioration of archeological remains. Recently, three fungal strains, namely Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, were isolated as damaging agents from the external tuff wall of the Roman remains "Villa of Poppea" in Oplontis, Naples, Italy. In this manuscript, three selected fungal metabolites, namely cyclopaldic acid, cavoxin and epi-epoformin, produced by fungi pathogenic for forest plants, were evaluated as potential antifungal compounds against the above fungi. Cavoxin and epi-epoformin showed antifungal activity against Asperigillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum, while cyclopaldic acid showed no activity when tested on the three fungi. The same antifungal activity was observed in vitro experiments on infected stones of the Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT), a volcanic lithotype widely diffused in the archeological sites of Campania, Italy. This study represents a first step in the use of these two fungal metabolites to allow better preservation of artworks and to guarantee the conditions suitable for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-674239
| | - Mariagioia Petraretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino De Natale
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
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Samperna S, Boari A, Vurro M, Salzano AM, Reveglia P, Evidente A, Gismondi A, Canini A, Scaloni A, Marra M. Arabidopsis Defense against the Pathogenic Fungus Drechslera gigantea Is Dependent on the Integrity of the Unfolded Protein Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020240. [PMID: 33567651 PMCID: PMC7915340 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drechslera gigantea Heald & Wolf is a worldwide-spread necrotrophic fungus closely related to the Bipolaris genus, well-known because many member species provoke severe diseases in cereal crops and studied because they produce sesterpenoid phytoxins named ophiobolins which possess interesting biological properties. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved mechanism protecting eukaryotic cells from the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In plants, consolidated evidence supports the role of UPR in the tolerance to abiotic stress, whereas much less information is available concerning the induction of ER stress by pathogen infection and consequent UPR elicitation as part of the defense response. In this study, the infection process of D. gigantea in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and UPR-defective bzip28 bzip60 double mutant plants was comparatively investigated, with the aim to address the role of UPR in the expression of resistance to the fungal pathogen. The results of confocal microscopy, as well as of qRT-PCR transcript level analysis of UPR genes, proteomics, microRNAs expression profile and HPLC-based hormone analyses demonstrated that ophiobolin produced by the fungus during infection compromised ER integrity and that impairment of the IRE1/bZIP60 pathway of UPR hampered the full expression of resistance, thereby enhancing plant susceptibility to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Samperna
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Serino N, Boari A, Santagata G, Masi M, Malinconico M, Evidente A, Vurro M. Biodegradable polymers as carriers for tuning the release and improve the herbicidal effectiveness of Dittrichia viscosa plant organic extracts. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:646-658. [PMID: 33012130 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic extracts (OEs) of Dittrichia viscosa, a ruderal plant common in the Mediterranean regions, proved to have herbicidal properties. In order to improve OE effectiveness and to develop novel eco-friendly bioherbicidal products, different amounts of OE were included in poly(butylene succinate)- and polycaprolactone-based films (PBS and PCL, respectively). Particular attention was given to the study of interactions between the polymers and OEs, with a deep spotlight concerning the influence of OEs on structural, morphological and thermal properties of both polymers, in order to assess the OE releasing kinetics from the matrices and its tuned herbicidal action against seeds. RESULTS The bioassays carried out on Lepidium sativum and Phelipanche ramosa seeds evidenced a more controlled and effective OE release by PBS than PCL, and a longer lasting efficacy by the polymers with a higher OE content. The chemical-physical analyses were performed on films before and after biological assays. The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that OE was a thermal stabilizer of the polymer; the presence of OE and polymer separated degradative kinetics suggested that only a partial and functional miscibility between polymers and OE occurred. The morphological analysis confirmed the good OE dispersion between PBS and PCL molecular chains. Infrared spectroscopy highlighted the enhanced hydrolysed structure of the doped polymers after the bioassays. These outcomes well matched the quantitative information outlined by release kinetics. DISCUSSION The use of biodegradable polymers allows the effectiveness and tuning of the release of the formulated bioactive compounds to be improved. The easy-to-obtain and easy-to-formulate OE could become a suitable and environmentally friendly instrument in weed management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Serino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cinthia, 4, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), via Amendola, 122/O, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cinthia, 4, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Mario Malinconico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cinthia, 4, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), via Amendola, 122/O, Bari, 70125, Italy
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Masi M, Zonno MC, Boari A, Vurro M, Evidente A. Terpestacin, a toxin produced by Phoma exigua var. heteromorpha, the causal agent of a severe foliar disease of oleander ( Nerium oleander L.). Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1253-1259. [PMID: 33445969 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1872570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Since 1987, several cytochalasins were isolated from Phoma exigua var. heteromorpha, the causal agent of foliar blight disease of oleander (Nerium oleander L.), and chemically and biologically characterised. During the purification process of a large-scale production of cytochalasins A and B, necessary to continue the study on their anticancer activity, a metabolite having a different carbon skeleton compared to that of cytochalasans, was isolated. It was identified as terpestacin, a well-known toxic fungal stestertepenoid, isolated for the first time from P. exigua var. heteromorpha, by spectroscopic investigation (essentially 1D and 2D 1H and 13C-NMR and ESI MS) and optical methods in comparison with the literature data. Terpestacin and some its derivatives (including a natural one, fusaproliferin) were prepared and tested for their biological activity. Terpestacin and fusaproliferin had some inhibitory effects on seed germination of Phelipanche ramosa, whereas none of the compounds caused phytotoxic effects on weed leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
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Padhi S, Masi M, Chourasia R, Rajashekar Y, Rai AK, Evidente A. ADMET profile and virtual screening of plant and microbial natural metabolites as SARS-CoV-2 S1 glycoprotein receptor binding domain and main protease inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173648. [PMID: 33069672 PMCID: PMC7561576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to search for selective inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 which caused devastating of lives and livelihoods across the globe, 415 natural metabolites isolated from several plants, fungi and bacteria, belonging to different classes, were investigated. The drug metabolism and safety profiles were computed in silico and the results showed seven compounds namely fusaric acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid methyl ester, putaminoxin, putaminoxin B and D, and stagonolide K were predicted to having considerable absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion parameters (ADME) and safety indices. Molecular docking against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein (S1) and the main protease (Mpro) exposed the compounds having better binding affinity to main protease as compared to the S1 receptor binding domain. The docking results were compared to an antiviral drug penciclovir reportedly of clinical significance in treating the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The results demonstrated the test compounds jasmonic acid, putaminoxins B and D bound to the HIS-CYS catalytic dyad as well as to other residues within the MPro active site with much greater affinity than penciclovir. The findings of the study suggest that these compounds could be explored as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, and could further be combined with the experimental investigations to develop effective therapeutics to deal with the present pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Yallappa Rajashekar
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takeylpat, Manipur 795001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India.
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Vurro M, Townley HE, Morrison R, Boari A, Masi M, Evidente A. Augmented phytotoxic effect of nanoencapsulated ophiobolin A. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:1143-1150. [PMID: 33342291 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1860975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ophiobolin A is a secondary phytotoxic metabolite produced by some pathogenic fungal species responsible for severe plant diseases, considered to play a role in disease development and symptom appearance. Herein we investigated whether the phytotoxic activities of ophiobolin A against weed species could be improved by nanoencapsulation. Given the rapid natural degradation of the compound, it was hoped that nanoencapsulation would prolong the phytotoxic effects or enhance the bioactivity, thus leading to improved weed control capabilities. This article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of encapsulated ophiobolin A on 11 commonly found weed species, compared to the pure ophiobolin, to the particle alone, and a combination of mixed particles and ophiobolin A, by applying the solution droplets to both intact or injured leaf surface, on the adaxial or abaxial side. The bioassays showed the improved efficacy of the encapsulated ophiobolin, and the need for leaf lesions to diffuse the particles into the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Helen E Townley
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Morrison
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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Masi M, Di Lecce R, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Advances in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Natural Analogues Isolated in the Last Decade. Molecules 2020; 25:E5621. [PMID: 33260413 PMCID: PMC7730079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae are bulbous wild and cultivated plants well known for their beautiful flowers and pharmaceutical applications, essentially due to the alkaloids and flavonoids content. Hundreds of alkaloids have been isolated until now and several scientific publications reported their sources, chemical structures, and biological activities. During the last decade, some unstudied Amaryllidaceae plants were the object of in-depth investigations to isolate and chemically and biologically characterize new and already known alkaloids as well as some analogues. This review describes the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and their analogues obtained in the last decade, focusing the discussion on the new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
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