1
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Fang S, Cao H, Liu J, Cao G, Li T. Antitumor effects of IOX1 combined with bevacizumab-induced apoptosis and immunity on colorectal cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112896. [PMID: 39146782 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), as a fatal cancer, is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Although the standard treatment for colorectal cancer is well researched and established, long-term patient survival remains poor, and mortality remains high. Therefore, more and more effective treatment options are needed. To evaluate the efficacy of bevacizumab, the histone demethylase inhibitor IOX1, or their combination for the treatment of colorectal cancer, we examined the effects of IOX1, bevacizumab, and IOX1 combined with bevacizumab on cell activity, proliferation, and migration of colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, RKO, and CT26 by CCK8, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. The effects of the drugs alone as well as in combination on apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines were examined by flow cytometry and further validated by Western blotting for apoptosis-related proteins. The antitumor effects of treatment alone or in combination on colorectal cancer cells were examined in animal models. Mice were injected subcutaneously with CT26 cells and the growth and immune infiltration in tumor tissues were detected by IHC after drug treatment. We found that IOX1 could effectively inhibit the activity of CRC cells and had a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. The apoptosis rate increased in a dose-dependent manner after IOX1 treatment on colorectal cancer cells, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins changed accordingly. Further combination with bevacizumab revealed that the combination had a more significant effect on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of CRC cells than either IOX1 or bevacizumab alone. In vivo experiments have found that both alone and combination drugs can inhibit the growth of mouse tumors, but the effect of combination inhibition is the most obvious. Combination therapy significantly inhibited the expression of proliferative marker (Ki67) in tumor xenograft models, and increased content of antigen-specific CD4+, CD8+T cell growth, and granzymeB (GZMB), which is associated with T cell cytotoxicity, was detected in combination therapy. Immunoassays suppressed the expression of relevant PD-1 and decreased. The anticancer drug bevacizumab and the histone demethylase inhibitor IOX1 may inhibit colon cancer cell growth by regulating apoptosis. The inhibitory effect of combination therapy on tumor growth may be achieved, in part, through upregulation of infiltration-mediated tumor immunity by T lymphocytes. The combination of IOX1 and bevacizumab produced significant synergistic effects. This study aims to provide a new direction for CRC combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilong Fang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Comprehensive Intervention, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huicun Cao
- Department of Comprehensive Intervention, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Intervention, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangshao Cao
- Department of Comprehensive Intervention, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianxiao Li
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Interventional Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Zaman SU, Pagare PP, Ma H, Hoyle RG, Zhang Y, Li J. Novel PROTAC probes targeting KDM3 degradation to eliminate colorectal cancer stem cells through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00122b. [PMID: 39281802 PMCID: PMC11393732 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the KDM3 family of histone demethylases (KDM3A and KDM3B) epigenetically control the functional properties of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Meanwhile, a broad-spectrum histone demethylase inhibitor, IOX1, suppresses Wnt-induced colorectal tumorigenesis predominantly through inhibiting the enzymatic activity of KDM3. In this work, several cereblon (CRBN)-recruiting PROTACs with various linker lengths were designed and synthesized using IOX1 as a warhead to target KDM3 proteins for degradation. Two of the synthesized PROTACs demonstrated favorable degradation profile and selectivity towards KDM3A and KDM3B. Compound 4 demonstrated favorable in vitro metabolic profile in liver enzymes as well as no hERG-associated cardiotoxicity. Compound 4 also showed dramatic ability in suppressing oncogenic Wnt signaling to eliminate colorectal CSCs and inhibit tumor growth, with around 10- to 35-fold increased potency over IOX1. In summary, this study suggests that PROTACs provide a unique molecular tool for the development of novel small molecules from the IOX1 skeleton for selective degradation of KDM3 to eliminate colorectal CSCs via suppressing oncogenic Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadid U Zaman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
| | - Hongguang Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
| | - Rosalie G Hoyle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23298-0540 USA
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3
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Yoo J, Kim GW, Jeon YH, Lee SW, Kwon SH. Epigenetic roles of KDM3B and KDM3C in tumorigenesis and their therapeutic implications. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:451. [PMID: 38926399 PMCID: PMC11208531 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Advances in functional studies on epigenetic regulators have disclosed the vital roles played by diverse histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), ranging from normal development to tumorigenesis. Most of the KDMs are Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) proteins. Many of these KDMs remove methyl groups from histone tails to regulate gene transcription. There are more than 30 known KDM proteins, which fall into different subfamilies. Of the many KDM subfamilies, KDM3 (JMJD1) proteins specifically remove dimethyl and monomethyl marks from lysine 9 on histone H3 and other non-histone proteins. Dysregulation of KDM3 proteins leads to infertility, obesity, metabolic syndromes, heart diseases, and cancers. Among the KDM3 proteins, KDM3A has been largely studied in cancers. However, despite a number of studies pointing out their importance in tumorigenesis, KDM3B and KDM3C are relatively overlooked. KDM3B and KDM3C show context-dependent functions, showing pro- or anti-tumorigenic abilities in different cancers. Thus, this review provides a thorough understanding of the involvement of KDM3B and KDMC in oncology that should be helpful in determining the role of KDM3 proteins in preclinical studies for development of novel pharmacological methods to overcome cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Woon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Hyun Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Vadolas J, Nualkaew T, Voon HPJ, Vilcassim S, Grigoriadis G. Interplay between α-thalassemia and β-hemoglobinopathies: Translating genotype-phenotype relationships into therapies. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e78. [PMID: 38752170 PMCID: PMC11094674 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Thalassemia represents one of the most important genetic modulators of β-hemoglobinopathies. During this last decade, the ongoing interest in characterizing genotype-phenotype relationships has yielded incredible insights into α-globin gene regulation and its impact on β-hemoglobinopathies. In this review, we provide a holistic update on α-globin gene expression stemming from DNA to RNA to protein, as well as epigenetic mechanisms that can impact gene expression and potentially influence phenotypic outcomes. Here, we highlight defined α-globin targeted strategies and rationalize the use of distinct molecular targets based on the restoration of balanced α/β-like globin chain synthesis. Considering the therapies that either increase β-globin synthesis or reactivate γ-globin gene expression, the modulation of α-globin chains as a disease modifier for β-hemoglobinopathies still remains largely uncharted in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Vadolas
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tiwaporn Nualkaew
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Present address:
Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health SciencesWalailak UniversityNakhon Si ThammaratThailand
| | - Hsiao P. J. Voon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shahla Vilcassim
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - George Grigoriadis
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
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5
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Kumar SL, Mohanty A, Kumari A, Etikuppam AK, Kumar S R, Athar M, Kumar P K, Beniwal R, Potula MM, Gandham RK, Rao HBDP. Balanced spatiotemporal arrangements of histone H3 and H4 posttranslational modifications are necessary for meiotic prophase I chromosome organization. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31201. [PMID: 38284481 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear architecture and chromatin organizations are the key features of the mid-prophase I in mammalian meiosis. The chromatin undergoes major changes, including meiosis-specific spatiotemporal arrangements and remodeling, the establishment of chromatin loop-axis structure, pairing, and crossing over between homologous chromosomes, any deficiencies in these events may induce genome instability, subsequently leading to failure to produce gametes and infertility. Despite the significance of chromatin structure, little is known about the location of chromatin marks and the necessity of their balance during meiosis prophase I. Here, we show a thorough cytological study of the surface-spread meiotic chromosomes of mouse spermatocytes for H3K9,14,18,23,27,36, H4K12,16 acetylation, and H3K4,9,27,36 methylation. Active acetylation and methylation marks on H3 and H4, such as H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac, H3K36ac, H3K56ac, H4K12ac, H4K16ac, and H3K36me3 exhibited pan-nuclear localization away from heterochromatin. In comparison, repressive marks like H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are localized to heterochromatin. Further, taking advantage of the delivery of small-molecule chemical inhibitors methotrexate (heterochromatin enhancer), heterochromatin inhibitor, anacardic acid (histone acetyltransferase inhibitor), trichostatin A (histone deacetylase inhibitor), IOX1 (JmjC demethylases inhibitor), and AZ505 (methyltransferase inhibitor) in seminiferous tubules through the rete testis route, revealed that alteration in histone modifications enhanced the centromere mislocalization, chromosome breakage, altered meiotic recombination and reduced sperm count. Specifically, IOX1 and AZ505 treatment shows severe meiotic phenotypes, including altering chromosome axis length and chromatin loop size via transcriptional regulation of meiosis-specific genes. Our findings highlight the importance of balanced chromatin modifications in meiotic prophase I chromosome organization and instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lava Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aradhana Mohanty
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Kumari
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ajith Kumar Etikuppam
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar S
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Athar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Kumar P
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit Beniwal
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - H B D Prasada Rao
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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6
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Kuwik J, Hinkelman K, Waldman M, Stepler KE, Wagner S, Arora S, Chernenkoff S, Cabalteja C, Sidoli S, Robinson RAS, Islam K. Activity Guided Azide-methyllysine Photo-trapping for Substrate Profiling of Lysine Demethylases. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21066-21076. [PMID: 37703462 PMCID: PMC10540216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key to establishing protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions that govern a majority of the signaling pathways in cells. Sequence-specific PTMs are catalyzed by transferases, and their removal is carried out by a class of reverse-acting enzymes termed "detransferases". Currently available chemoproteomic approaches have been valuable in characterizing substrates of transferases. However, proteome-wide cataloging of the substrates of detransferases is challenging, mostly due to the loss of the epitope, rendering immunoprecipitation and activity-based methods ineffective. Herein, we develop a general chemoproteomic strategy called crosslinking-assisted substrate identification (CASI) for systematic characterization of cellular targets of detransferases and successfully apply it to lysine demethylases (KDMs) which catalyze the removal of methyl groups from lysine sidechain in histones to modulate gene transcription. By setting up a targeted azido-methylamino photo-reaction deep inside the active site of KDM4, engineered to carry p-azido phenylalanine, we reveal a novel "demethylome" that has escaped the traditional methods. The proteomic survey led to the identification of a battery of nonhistone substrates of KDM4, extending the biological footprint of KDM4 beyond its canonical functions in gene transcription. A notable finding of KDM4A-mediated demethylation of an evolutionarily conserved lysine residue in eukaryotic translational initiation factor argues for a much broader role of KDM4A in ribosomal processes. CASI, representing a substantive departure from earlier approaches by shifting focus from simple peptide-based probes to employing full-length photo-activatable demethylases, is poised to be applied to >400 human detransferases, many of which have remained poorly understood due to the lack of knowledge about their cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Kuwik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kathryn Hinkelman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Megan Waldman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kaitlyn E. Stepler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Shana Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Simran Arora
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sasha Chernenkoff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Chino Cabalteja
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Renã AS Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kabirul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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7
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Song YQ, Yang GJ, Ma DL, Wang W, Leung CH. The role and prospect of lysine-specific demethylases in cancer chemoresistance. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1438-1469. [PMID: 37012609 DOI: 10.1002/med.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a key function in modulating gene expression, and preserving genome integrity and epigenetic inheritance. However, aberrations of histone methylation are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. Lysine methylation mediated by histone methyltransferases can be reversed by lysine demethylases (KDMs), which remove methyl marks from histone lysine residues. Currently, drug resistance is a main impediment for cancer therapy. KDMs have been found to mediate drug tolerance of many cancers via altering the metabolic profile of cancer cells, upregulating the ratio of cancer stem cells and drug-tolerant genes, and promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability. Moreover, different cancers show distinct oncogenic addictions for KDMs. The abnormal activation or overexpression of KDMs can alter gene expression signatures to enhance cell survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. In this review, we describe the structural features and functions of KDMs, the KDMs preferences of different cancers, and the mechanisms of drug resistance resulting from KDMs. We then survey KDM inhibitors that have been used for combating drug resistance in cancer, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of KDMs as therapeutic targets for cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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8
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Chang SLY, Lee CW, Yang CY, Lin ZC, Peng KT, Liu SC, Wang SW, Tsai HC, Fong YC, Lai CY, Huang YL, Tsai CH, Ko CY, Liu JF, Tang CH. IOX-1 suppresses metastasis of osteosarcoma by upregulating histone H3 lysine trimethylation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115472. [PMID: 36863615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches are needed for metastatic osteosarcoma (OS), as survival rates remain low despite surgery and chemotherapy. Epigenetic changes, such as histone H3 methylation, play key roles in many cancers including OS, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, human OS tissue and OS cell lines displayed lower levels of histone H3 lysine trimethylation compared with normal bone tissue and osteoblast cells. Treating OS cells with the histone lysine demethylase inhibitor 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (IOX-1) dose-dependently increased histone H3 methylation and inhibited cellular migratory and invasive capabilities, suppressed matrix metalloproteinase expression, reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by increasing levels of epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1 and decreasing the expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, and TWIST, and also reduced stemness properties. An analysis of cultivated MG63 cisplatin-resistant (MG63-CR) cells revealed lower histone H3 lysine trimethylation levels compared with levels in MG63 cells. Exposing MG63-CR cells to IOX-1 increased histone H3 trimethylation and ATP-binding cassette transporter expression, potentially sensitizing MG63-CR cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, our study suggests that histone H3 lysine trimethylation is associated with metastatic OS and that IOX-1 or other epigenetic modulators present promising strategies to inhibit metastatic OS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Li-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Taiwan; Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Yang
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chia Liu
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yang Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Chen LJ, Xu XY, Zhong XD, Liu YJ, Zhu MH, Tao F, Li CY, She QS, Yang GJ, Chen J. The role of lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) in tumorigenesis and its therapeutic potentials in cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106409. [PMID: 36753963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a key post-translational modification of chromatin, and its dysregulation affects a wide array of nuclear activities including the maintenance of genome integrity, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic inheritance. Lysine specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A, also known as UTX) is an Fe2+- and α-ketoglutarate- dependent oxidase which belongs to KDM6 Jumonji histone demethylase subfamily, and it can remove mono-, di- and tri-methyl groups from methylated lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me1/2/3). Mounting studies indicate that KDM6A is responsible for driving multiple human diseases, particularly cancers and pharmacological inhibition of KDM6A is an effective strategy to treat varieties of KDM6A-amplified cancers in cellulo and in vivo. Although there are several reviews on the roles of KDM6 subfamily in cancer development and therapy, all of them only simply introduce the roles of KDM6A in cancer without systematically summarizing the specific mechanisms of KDM6A in tumorigenesis, which greatly limits the advances on the understanding of roles KDM6A in varieties of cancers, discovering targeting selective KDM6A inhibitors, and exploring the adaptive profiles of KDM6A antagonists. Herein, we present the structure and functions of KDM6A, simply outline the functions of KDM6A in homeostasis and non-cancer diseases, summarize the role of KDM6A and its distinct target genes/ligand proteins in development of varieties of cancers, systematically classify KDM6A inhibitors, sum up the difficulties encountered in the research of KDM6A and the discovery of related drugs, and provide the corresponding solutions, which will contribute to understanding the roles of KDM6A in carcinogenesis and advancing the progression of KDM6A as a drug target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chang-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng She
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467044, Henan, China.
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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10
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The m 6A methyltransferase Mettl3 deficiency attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3714-3728. [PMID: 35923112 PMCID: PMC9734030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a central driver of liver fibrosis. Previous investigations have identified various altered epigenetic landscapes during the cellular progression of HSC activation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryotic cells and is dynamically regulated under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, the functional role of Mettl3-mediated m6A in liver fibrosis remains elusive. Here, we found that the HSC-specific knockout of m6A methyltransferase Mettl3 suppressed HSC activation and significantly alleviated liver fibrosis. Multi-omics analysis of HSCs showed that Mettl3 depletion reduced m6A deposition on mRNA transcripts of Lats2 (a central player of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway) and slowed down their degradation. Elevated Lats2 increased phosphorylation of the downstream transcription factor YAP, suppressed YAP nuclear translocation, and decreased pro-fibrotic gene expression. Overexpressing YAP mutant resistant to phosphorylation by Lats2 partially rescued the activation and pro-fibrotic gene expression of Mettl3-deficient HSCs. Our study revealed that disruption of Mettl3 in HSCs mitigated liver fibrosis by controlling the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, providing potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate liver fibrosis by targeting epitranscriptomic machinery.
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11
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A neuronal cell-based reporter system for monitoring the activity of HDAC2. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:440-447. [PMID: 36240996 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given that histone acetylation via histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) is significant in memory formation, HDAC2 has been thoroughly investigated as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. Although HDAC inhibitors have been discovered through in vitro enzyme assay, off-target effects on other HDACs are common due to their conserved catalytic domains. Each HDAC could be regulated by specific intracellular molecular mechanisms, raising the possibility that a cell-based assay could identify selective inhibitors targeting specific HDACs through their regulatory mechanisms. Here, we propose a versatile, cell-based reporter system for screening HDAC2 inhibitors. Through RNA-sequencing from human cultured neuronal cells, we determined that expression of a transcriptional repressor, inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1), is increased by knockdown of HDAC2. We also established the knock-in neuronal cell lines of a bioluminescence reporter gene to ID1. The knock-in cell lines showed significant reporter activity by known HDAC inhibitors and by HDAC2-knockdown but not by HDAC1-knockdown. Thus, our neuronal cell-based reporter system is a promising method for screening the specific inhibitors of HDAC2 but not HDAC1, by potentially targeting not only HDAC2, but also the regulatory mechanisms of HDAC2 in neurons.
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12
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Hu X, Zou Y, Copland DA, Schewitz-Bowers LP, Li Y, Lait PJ, Stimpson M, Zhang Z, Guo S, Liang J, Chen T, Li JJ, Yuan S, Li S, Zhou P, Liu Y, Dick AD, Wen X, Lee RW, Wei L. Epigenetic drug screen identified IOX1 as an inhibitor of Th17-mediated inflammation through targeting TET2. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104333. [PMID: 36335665 PMCID: PMC9646865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting helper T cells, especially Th17 cells, has become a plausible therapy for many autoimmune diseases. METHODS Using an in vitro culture system, we screened an epigenetics compound library for inhibitors of IFN-γ and IL-17 expression in murine Th1 and Th17 cultures. FINDINGS This identified IOX1 as an effective suppressor of IL-17 expression in both murine and human CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we found that IOX1 suppresses Il17a expression directly by targeting TET2 activity on its promoter in Th17 cells. Using established pre-clinical models of intraocular inflammation, treatment with IOX1 in vivo reduced the migration/infiltration of Th17 cells into the site of inflammation and tissue damage. INTERPRETATION These results provide evidence of the strong potential for IOX1 as a viable therapy for inflammatory diseases, in particular of the eye. FUNDING This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China 2021YFA1101200 (2021YFA1101204) to LW and XW; the National Natural Science Foundation of China 81900844 to XH and 82171041 to LW; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2021M700776 and the Scientific Research Project of Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine 20221373 to YZ; and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, UK (DAC, LPS, PJPL, MS, ADD and RWJL). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK's Department of Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yanli Zou
- Experimental Research Center, Foshan Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - David A. Copland
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Zhihui Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanran Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew D. Dick
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK,University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,MingMed Biotechnology, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Richard W.J. Lee
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK,University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - Lai Wei
- MingMed Biotechnology, Guangzhou, China,Schoole of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding author.
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13
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Histone Demethylase JMJD2D: A Novel Player in Colorectal and Hepatocellular Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122841. [PMID: 35740507 PMCID: PMC9221006 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Histone demethylase JMJD2D is a multifunctional epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation modulation. JMJD2D is also a well-established epigenetic facilitator in the progression of multiple malignant tumors, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of JMJD2D in promoting CRC and HCC progression, which provides novel ideas for targeting JMJD2D in oncotherapy. JMJD2D promotes gene transcription by reducing H3K9 methylation and serves as a coactivator to enhance the activities of multiple carcinogenic pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, HIF1, JAK-STAT3, and Notch signaling; or acts as an antagonist of the tumor suppressor p53. Abstract Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones are well-established contributors in a variety of biological functions, especially tumorigenesis. Histone demethylase JMJD2D (also known as KDM4D), a member of the JMJD2 subfamily, promotes gene transcription by antagonizing H3K9 methylation. JMJD2D is an epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, and cell cycle regulation. Recently, the oncogenic role of JMJD2D in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has been recognized. JMJD2D serves as a coactivator of β-catenin, Gli1/2, HIF1α, STAT3, IRF1, TCF4, and NICD or an antagonist of p53 to promote the progression of CRC and HCC. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of JMJD2D in promoting the progression of CRC and HCC as well as the constructive role of its targeting inhibitors in suppressing tumorigenesis and synergistically enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.
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14
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Nakai T, Saigusa D, Iwamura Y, Matsumoto Y, Umeda K, Kato K, Yamaki H, Tomioka Y, Hirano I, Koshiba S, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Esterification promotes the intracellular accumulation of roxadustat, an activator of hypoxia-inducible factors, to extend its effective duration. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114939. [PMID: 35114188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury often causes anemia due to a lack of production of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) in the kidneys. Roxadustat is one of the first oral medicines inducing EPO production in patients with renal anemia by activating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are activators of EPO gene expression. In this study, to develop prodrugs of roxadustat with improved permeability through cell membrane, we investigated the effects of 8 types of esterification on the pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of roxadustat using Hep3B hepatoma cells that HIF-dependently produce EPO. Mass spectrometry of cells incubated with the esterified roxadustat derivatives revealed that the designed compounds were deesterified after being taken up by cells and showed low cytotoxicity compared to the original compound. Esterification prolonged the effective duration of roxadustat with respect to EPO gene induction and HIF activation in cells transiently exposed to the compounds. In the kidneys and livers of mice, both of which are unique sites of EPO production, a majority of the methyl-esterified roxadustat was deesterified within 6 h after drug administration. The deesterified roxadustat derivative was continuously detectable in plasma and urine for at least 48 h after administration, while the administered compound became undetectable 24 h after administration. Additionally, we confirmed that methyl-esterified roxadustat activated erythropoiesis in mice by inducing Epo mRNA expression exclusively in renal interstitial cells, which have intrinsic EPO-producing potential. These data suggest that esterification could lead to the development of roxadustat prodrugs with improvements in cell membrane permeability, effective duration and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwamura
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Umeda
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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15
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Gutiérrez JR, Salgadoa ARM, Arias MDÁ, Vergara HSJ, Rada WR, Gómez CMM. Epigenetic Modulators as Treatment Alternative to Diverse Types of Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1503-1542. [PMID: 34963430 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211228111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA is packaged in rolls in an octamer of histones forming a complex of DNA and proteins called chromatin. Chromatin as a structural matrix of a chromosome and its modifications are nowadays considered relevant aspects for regulating gene expression, which has become of high interest in understanding genetic mechanisms regulating various diseases, including cancer. In various types of cancer, the main modifications are found to be DNA methylation in the CpG dinucleotide as a silencing mechanism in transcription, post-translational histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation and others that affect the chromatin structure, the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and miRNA-mediated gene silencing. In this review we analyze the main alterations in gene expression, the epigenetic modification patterns that cancer cells present, as well as the main modulators and inhibitors of each epigenetic mechanism and the molecular evolution of the most representative inhibitors, which have opened a promising future in the study of HAT, HDAC, non-glycoside DNMT inhibitors and domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorseth Rodelo Gutiérrez
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Arturo René Mendoza Salgadoa
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Marcio De Ávila Arias
- Department of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Group, Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Homero San- Juan- Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Group, Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Wendy Rosales Rada
- Advanced Biomedicine Research Group. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Advanced Biomedicine Research Group. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Mario Meléndez Gómez
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
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16
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IOX1 impedes host inflammation in imiquimod-triggered psoriasis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08433. [PMID: 34877426 PMCID: PMC8632842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology and highly limited treatment strategies. The drugs currently used in the treatment of psoriasis are rarely recommended for long-term use owing to the serious side effects. Although different targets have been identified for controlling psoriasis, the role of epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets is yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-carboxylic acid (IOX1), a novel drug with a genetic target, in psoriasis. The daily topical administration of IOX1 in a mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic inflammation reduced inflammatory reactions in the skin and lowered the PASI score. Furthermore, intraperitoneally injected IOX1 repressed the inflammatory status induced by IMQ in psoriatic mice by reducing the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, restoring splenocyte populations, and regulating macrophage polarization. Our findings indicate the remedial effects of IOX1 on dermatitis psoriasis and the potential of IOX1 as a therapeutic compound in psoriasis.
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17
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A KDM4A-PAF1-mediated epigenomic network is essential for acute myeloid leukemia cell self-renewal and survival. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:573. [PMID: 34083515 PMCID: PMC8175737 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenomic dysregulation is a common pathological feature in human hematological malignancies. H3K9me3 emerges as an important epigenomic marker in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its associated methyltransferases, such as SETDB1, suppress AML leukemogenesis, whilst H3K9me3 demethylases KDM4C is required for mixed-lineage leukemia rearranged AML. However, the specific role and molecular mechanism of action of another member of the KDM4 family, KDM4A has not previously been clearly defined. In this study, we delineated and functionally validated the epigenomic network regulated by KDM4A. We show that selective loss of KDM4A is sufficient to induce apoptosis in a broad spectrum of human AML cells. This detrimental phenotype results from a global accumulation of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 at KDM4A targeted genomic loci thereby causing downregulation of a KDM4A-PAF1 controlled transcriptional program essential for leukemogenesis, distinct from that of KDM4C. From this regulatory network, we further extracted a KDM4A-9 gene signature enriched with leukemia stem cell activity; the KDM4A-9 score alone or in combination with the known LSC17 score, effectively stratifies high-risk AML patients. Together, these results establish the essential and unique role of KDM4A for AML self-renewal and survival, supporting further investigation of KDM4A and its targets as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in AML.
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18
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Baby S, Gurukkala Valapil D, Shankaraiah N. Unravelling KDM4 histone demethylase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1841-1856. [PMID: 34051367 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic enzyme-targeted therapy is a promising new development in the field of drug discovery. To date, histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases have been investigated as druggable epigenetic enzyme targets in cancer therapeutics. Histone methyltransferases and lysine demethylase inhibitors are the latest groups of epi-drugs being actively studied in clinical trials. KDM4s are JmjC domain-containing histone H3 lysine 9/36 demethylase enzymes, belonging to the 2-OG-dependent oxygenases, which are upregulated in multiple malignancies. In the recent years, these enzymes have captured much attention as a novel target in cancer therapy. Herein, we traverse the discovery path and current challenges in designing potent KDM4 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. We discuss the considerable efforts and proposed future strategies to develop selective small molecule inhibitors of KDM4s, highlighting scaffold candidates and cyclic skeletons for which activity data, selectivity profiles and structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephin Baby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Durgesh Gurukkala Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
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19
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Liu J, Zhao Z, Qiu N, Zhou Q, Wang G, Jiang H, Piao Y, Zhou Z, Tang J, Shen Y. Co-delivery of IOX1 and doxorubicin for antibody-independent cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2425. [PMID: 33893275 PMCID: PMC8065121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies are currently used in the clinic to interupt the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint, which reverses T cell dysfunction/exhaustion and shows success in treating cancer. Here, we report a histone demethylase inhibitor, 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (IOX1), which inhibits tumour histone demethylase Jumonji domain-containing 1A (JMJD1A) and thus downregulates its downstream β-catenin and subsequent PD-L1, providing an antibody-independent paradigm interrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. Synergistically, IOX1 inhibits cancer cells’ P-glycoproteins (P-gp) through the JMJD1A/β-catenin/P-gp pathway and greatly enhances doxorubicin (DOX)-induced immune-stimulatory immunogenic cell death. As a result, the IOX1 and DOX combination greatly promotes T cell infiltration and activity and significantly reduces tumour immunosuppressive factors. Their liposomal combination reduces the growth of various murine tumours, including subcutaneous, orthotopic, and lung metastasis tumours, and offers a long-term immunological memory function against tumour rechallenging. This work provides a small molecule-based potent cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Some chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin, induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promote anti-tumor immune responses. Here the authors report that the histone demethylase inhibitor 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (IOX1) reduces the expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells and enhances doxorubicin-induced ICD, promoting T cell infiltration and reducing tumor growth in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Mechanistic insights into KDM4A driven genomic instability. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:93-105. [PMID: 33492339 PMCID: PMC7925003 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in global epigenetic signatures on chromatin are well established to contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Chromatin methylation status modulates several key cellular processes that maintain the integrity of the genome. KDM4A, a demethylase that belongs to the Fe-II dependent dioxygenase family that uses α-ketoglutarate and molecular oxygen as cofactors, is overexpressed in several cancers and is associated with an overall poor prognosis. KDM4A demethylates lysine 9 (H3K9me2/3) and lysine 36 (H3K36me3) methyl marks on histone H3. Given the complexity that exists with these marks on chromatin and their effects on transcription and proliferation, it naturally follows that demethylation serves an equally important role in these cellular processes. In this review, we highlight the role of KDM4A in transcriptional modulation, either dependent or independent of its enzymatic activity, arising from the amplification of this demethylase in cancer. KDM4A modulates re-replication of distinct genomic loci, activates cell cycle inducers, and represses proteins involved in checkpoint control giving rise to proliferative damage, mitotic disturbances and chromosomal breaks, ultimately resulting in genomic instability. In parallel, emerging evidence of non-nuclear substrates of epigenetic modulators emphasize the need to investigate the role of KDM4A in regulating non-nuclear substrates and evaluate their contribution to genomic instability in this context. The existence of promising KDM-specific inhibitors makes these demethylases an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
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21
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Hoyle RG, Wang H, Cen Y, Zhang Y, Li J. IOX1 Suppresses Wnt Target Gene Transcription and Colorectal Cancer Tumorigenesis through Inhibition of KDM3 Histone Demethylases. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:191-202. [PMID: 33203729 PMCID: PMC7790990 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in Wnt-induced tumorigenesis, notably in colorectal cancers. KDM3 and KDM4 histone demethylases have been reported to promote oncogenic Wnt signaling through demethylation of H3K9 on Wnt target gene promoters and are suggested to be potential therapeutic targets. However, potent inhibitors for these regulators are still not available. In addition, which family is most responsible for activation of Wnt target genes and Wnt-induced oncogenesis is not well documented, specifically in colorectal cancer. In this study, we characterized the functional redundancy and differences between KDM3 and KDM4 in regard to regulating Wnt signaling. Our data suggest that KDM3 may play a more essential role than KDM4 in regulating oncogenic Wnt signaling in human colorectal cancer. We also identified that IOX1, a known histone demethylase inhibitor, significantly suppresses Wnt target gene transcription and colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, IOX1 inhibits the enzymatic activity of KDM3 by binding to the Jumonji C domain and thereby preventing the demethylation of H3K9 on Wnt target gene promoters. Taken together, our data not only identified the critical mechanisms by which IOX1 suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling and colorectal cancer tumorigenesis through inhibition of KDM3, but also suggested that IOX1 may represent an attractive small molecule lead for future drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie G Hoyle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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22
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Corsi M, Magnolfi S, Machetti F. Transesterification of Methyl 2-Nitroacetate to Superior Esters. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” dell' Università degli Studi di Firenze; via Della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Stefano Magnolfi
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); c/o Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” dell' Università degli Studi di Firenze; via Della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Fabrizio Machetti
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); c/o Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” dell' Università degli Studi di Firenze; via Della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
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23
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Camacho J, Truong L, Kurt Z, Chen YW, Morselli M, Gutierrez G, Pellegrini M, Yang X, Allard P. The Memory of Environmental Chemical Exposure in C. elegans Is Dependent on the Jumonji Demethylases jmjd-2 and jmjd-3/utx-1. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2392-2404. [PMID: 29791850 PMCID: PMC6003705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How artificial environmental cues are biologically integrated and transgenerationally inherited is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of inheritance of reproductive outcomes elicited by the model environmental chemical Bisphenol A in C. elegans. We show that Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure causes the derepression of an epigenomically silenced transgene in the germline for 5 generations, regardless of ancestral response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), histone modification quantitation, and immunofluorescence assays revealed that this effect is associated with a reduction of the repressive marks H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in whole worms and in germline nuclei in the F3, as well as with reproductive dysfunctions, including germline apoptosis and embryonic lethality. Furthermore, targeting of the Jumonji demethylases JMJD-2 and JMJD-3/UTX-1 restores H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 levels, respectively, and it fully alleviates the BPA-induced transgenerational effects. Together, our results demonstrate the central role of repressive histone modifications in the inheritance of reproductive defects elicited by a common environmental chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Camacho
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Human Genetics and Genomic Analysis Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yen-Wei Chen
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gerardo Gutierrez
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Allard
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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24
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Monaghan L, Massett ME, Bunschoten RP, Hoose A, Pirvan PA, Liskamp RMJ, Jørgensen HG, Huang X. The Emerging Role of H3K9me3 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:705. [PMID: 31428579 PMCID: PMC6687838 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic dysregulation is a common pathological feature in human cancer cells. Global alterations in the epigenetic landscape are prevalent in malignant cells across different solid tumors including, prostate cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and in haemopoietic malignancy. In particular, DNA hypomethylation and histone hypoacetylation have been observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient blasts, with histone methylation being an emerging area of study. Histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) is a post-translational modification known to be involved in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes, including the formation of transcriptionally silent heterochromatin. Following the observation of its aberrant methylation status in hematological malignancy and several other cancer phenotypes, recent studies have associated H3K9me3 levels with patient outcome and highlighted key molecular mechanisms linking H3K9me3 profile with AML etiology in a number of large-scale meta-analysis. Consequently, the development and application of small molecule inhibitors which target the histone methyltransferases or demethylase enzymes known to participate in the oncogenic regulation of H3K9me3 in AML represents an advancing area of ongoing study. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on how this particular epigenetic mark is regulated within cells and its emerging role as a potential therapeutic target in AML, along with an update on the current research into advancing the generation of more potent and selective inhibitors against known H3K9 methyltransferases and demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monaghan
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E. Massett
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Hoose
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Heather G. Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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25
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Iron-dependent histone 3 lysine 9 demethylation controls B cell proliferation and humoral immune responses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2935. [PMID: 31270335 PMCID: PMC6610088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements play important roles in human health, but little is known about their functions in humoral immunity. Here, we show an important role for iron in inducing cyclin E and B cell proliferation. We find that iron-deficient individuals exhibit a significantly reduced antibody response to the measles vaccine when compared to iron-normal controls. Mice with iron deficiency also exhibit attenuated T-dependent or T-independent antigen-specific antibody responses. We show that iron is essential for B cell proliferation; both iron deficiency and α-ketoglutarate inhibition could suppress cyclin E1 induction and S phase entry of B cells upon activation. Finally, we demonstrate that three demethylases, KDM2B, KDM3B and KDM4C, are responsible for histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylation at the cyclin E1 promoter, cyclin E1 induction and B cell proliferation. Thus, our data reveal a crucial role of H3K9 demethylation in B cell proliferation, and the importance of iron in humoral immunity.
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26
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González-Muñoz D, Casado-Sánchez A, del Hierro I, Gómez-Ruiz S, Cabrera S, Alemán J. Size-selective mesoporous silica-based Pt(II) complex as efficient and reusable photocatalytic material. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Huang Y, Su R, Sheng Y, Dong L, Dong Z, Xu H, Ni T, Zhang ZS, Zhang T, Li C, Han L, Zhu Z, Lian F, Wei J, Deng Q, Wang Y, Wunderlich M, Gao Z, Pan G, Zhong D, Zhou H, Zhang N, Gan J, Jiang H, Mulloy JC, Qian Z, Chen J, Yang CG. Small-Molecule Targeting of Oncogenic FTO Demethylase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:677-691.e10. [PMID: 30991027 PMCID: PMC6812656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FTO, an mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, was reported to promote leukemogenesis. Using structure-based rational design, we have developed two promising FTO inhibitors, namely FB23 and FB23-2, which directly bind to FTO and selectively inhibit FTO's m6A demethylase activity. Mimicking FTO depletion, FB23-2 dramatically suppresses proliferation and promotes the differentiation/apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line cells and primary blast AML cells in vitro. Moreover, FB23-2 significantly inhibits the progression of human AML cell lines and primary cells in xeno-transplanted mice. Collectively, our data suggest that FTO is a druggable target and that targeting FTO by small-molecule inhibitors holds potential to treat AML.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/chemistry
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Methylation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- U937 Cells
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Yue Sheng
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ze Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongjiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tengfeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zijie Scott Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhenyun Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fulin Lian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yungui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Gan
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhijian Qian
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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28
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Leon KE, Aird KM. Jumonji C Demethylases in Cellular Senescence. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010033. [PMID: 30634491 PMCID: PMC6356615 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that is either tumor suppressive or tumor promoting depending on context. Epigenetic changes such as histone methylation are known to affect both the induction and suppression of senescence by altering expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. A conserved group of proteins containing a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain alter chromatin state, and therefore gene expression, by demethylating histones. Here, we will discuss what is currently known about JmjC demethylases in the induction of senescence, and how these enzymes suppress senescence to contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn Stage College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn Stage College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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29
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Camacho J, Allard P. Histone Modifications: Epigenetic Mediators of Environmental Exposure Memory. Epigenet Insights 2018; 11:2516865718803641. [PMID: 30443644 PMCID: PMC6233965 DOI: 10.1177/2516865718803641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How organisms retain a memory of ancestral environmental exposure is a phenomenon that is still poorly understood. Recently published work by our group and others, regarding environmentally induced transgenerational effects, have identified an array of mechanisms, with a particular focus on histone modifications, that shed some light on the underlying epigenetic processes driving long-term generational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Camacho
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Allard
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Yang QY, Cao QQ, Qin QP, Deng CX, Liang H, Chen ZF. Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Antitumor Activities of Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes with 2-((2-(Pyridin-2-yl)hydrazono)methyl)quinolin-8-ol. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1874. [PMID: 29949884 PMCID: PMC6073241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two transition metal complexes with 2-((2-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazono)methyl)quinolin-8-ol (L), [Cu(L)Cl₂]₂ (1) and [Ni(L)Cl₂]·CH₂Cl₂ (2), were synthesized and fully characterized. Complex 1 exhibited high in vitro antitumor activity against SK-OV-3, MGC80-3 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 3.69 ± 0.16, 2.60 ± 0.17, and 3.62 ± 0.12 μM, respectively. In addition, complex 1 caused cell arrest in the S phase, which led to the down-regulation of Cdc25 A, Cyclin B, Cyclin A, and CDK2, and the up-regulation of p27, p21, and p53 proteins in MGC80-3 cells. Complex 1 induced MGC80-3 cell apoptosis via a mitochondrial dysfunction pathway, as shown by the significantly decreased level of bcl-2 protein and the loss of Δψ, as well as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular Ca2+, cytochrome C, apaf-1, caspase-3, and caspase-9 proteins in MGC80-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Cai-Xing Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
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31
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Lin H, Li Q, Li Q, Zhu J, Gu K, Jiang X, Hu Q, Feng F, Qu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Small molecule KDM4s inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:777-793. [PMID: 29651880 PMCID: PMC6010108 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1455676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a vital process in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A number of histone demethylases are present to control the methylated states of histone. Among these enzymes, KDM4s are one subfamily of JmjC KDMs and play important roles in both normal and cancer cells. The discovery of KDM4s inhibitors is a potential therapeutic strategy against different diseases including cancer. Here, we summarize the development of KDM4s inhibitors and some related pharmaceutical information to provide an update of recent progress in KDM4s inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qihang Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Gu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Feng
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Qu
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yao Chen
- c School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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32
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Alves J, Vidugiris G, Goueli SA, Zegzouti H. Bioluminescent High-Throughput Succinate Detection Method for Monitoring the Activity of JMJC Histone Demethylases and Fe(II)/2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:242-254. [PMID: 29239273 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217745657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The modification of a diverse array of substrates by Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases is central to the modulation of distinct biological processes such as epigenetics, hypoxic signaling, and DNA/RNA repair. Of these, JumonjiC domain-containing histone lysine demethylases (JMJCs) and prolyl hydroxylases are potential drug targets due to their relevance to human diseases. Thus, assays to interrogate this enzyme superfamily are needed to identify selective and potent inhibitors as leads for drug development and that could also be useful research tools. Since succinate is a common product to all Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase reactions, a method that detects succinate would be suitable to all members of this enzyme superfamily. We therefore developed a bioluminescent and homogenous succinate detection assay and validated its use with diverse sets of enzyme classes. We evaluated the substrate specificities of these enzymes, their apparent kinetic constants, and inhibition profiles and mode of action of reported and novel inhibitors. Our results indicate that succinate detection is a useful readout for the monitoring of enzymatic activities with distinct substrate entities, as well as for the discovery of novel inhibitors. By investigating a large number of Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes, this method could have a significant impact on the field of dioxygenase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Alves
- 1 Promega Corporation, R&D Department, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Said A Goueli
- 1 Promega Corporation, R&D Department, Madison, WI, USA
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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33
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Lines KE, Stevenson M, Filippakopoulos P, Müller S, Lockstone HE, Wright B, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Grossman AB, Knapp S, Buck D, Bountra C, Thakker RV. Epigenetic pathway inhibitors represent potential drugs for treating pancreatic and bronchial neuroendocrine tumors. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e332. [PMID: 28504695 PMCID: PMC5523063 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with alterations in epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications and methylation of DNA, and inhibitors targeting epigenetic mechanisms represent a novel class of anti-cancer drugs. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the pancreas (PNETs) and bronchus (BNETs), which may have 5-year survivals of <50% and as low as 5%, respectively, represent targets for such drugs, as >40% of PNETs and ~35% of BNETs have mutations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene, which encodes menin that modifies histones by interacting with histone methyltransferases. We assessed 9 inhibitors of epigenetic pathways, for their effects on proliferation, by CellTiter Blue assay, and apoptosis, by CaspaseGlo assay, using 1 PNET and 2 BNET cell lines. Two inhibitors, referred to as (+)-JQ1 (JQ1) and PFI-1, targeting the bromo and extra terminal (BET) protein family which bind acetylated histone residues, were most effective in decreasing proliferation (by 40-85%, P<0.001) and increasing apoptosis (by 2-3.6 fold, P<0.001) in all 3 NET cell lines. The anti-proliferative effects of JQ1 and PFI-1 remained present for at least 48 hours after removal of the compound. JQ1, but not PFI-1, had cell cycle effects, assessed by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry, resulting in increased and decreased proportions of NET cells in G1, and S and G2 phases, respectively. RNA Sequencing analysis revealed that these JQ1 effects were associated with increased histone 2B expression, and likely mediated through altered activity of bromodomain-containing (Brd) proteins. Assessment of JQ1 in vivo, using a pancreatic beta cell-specific conditional Men1 knockout mouse model that develops PNETs, revealed that JQ1 significantly reduced proliferation (by ~50%, P<0.0005), assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and increased apoptosis (by ~3 fold, P<0.0005), assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling, of PNETs. Thus, our studies demonstrate that BET protein inhibitors may provide new treatments for NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - P Filippakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - S Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - H E Lockstone
- Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - B Wright
- Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - S Grozinsky-Glasberg
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Endocrinology & Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A B Grossman
- Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - S Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, Frankfurt am Main, Jerusalem, Germany
| | - D Buck
- Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - C Bountra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Carter DM, Specker E, Przygodda J, Neuenschwander M, von Kries JP, Heinemann U, Nazaré M, Gohlke U. Identification of a Novel Benzimidazole Pyrazolone Scaffold That Inhibits KDM4 Lysine Demethylases and Reduces Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:801-812. [PMID: 28346812 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217699157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human lysine demethylase (KDM) enzymes (KDM1-7) constitute an emerging class of therapeutic targets, with activities that support growth and development of metastatic disease. By interacting with and co-activating the androgen receptor, the KDM4 subfamily (KDM4A-E) promotes aggressive phenotypes of prostate cancer (PCa). Knockdown of KDM4 expression or inhibition of KDM4 enzyme activity reduces the proliferation of PCa cell lines and highlights inhibition of lysine demethylation as a possible therapeutic method for PCa treatment. To address this possibility, we screened the ChemBioNet small molecule library for inhibitors of the human KDM4E isoform and identified several compounds with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Two hits, validated as active by an orthogonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, displayed moderate selectivity toward the KDM4 subfamily and exhibited antiproliferative effects in cellular models of PCa. These compounds were further characterized by their ability to maintain the transcriptionally silent histone H3 tri-methyl K9 epigenetic mark at subcytotoxic concentrations. Taken together, these efforts identify and validate a hydroxyquinoline scaffold and a novel benzimidazole pyrazolone scaffold as tractable for entry into hit-to-lead chemical optimization campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Carter
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- 2 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Przygodda
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,2 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Udo Heinemann
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- 2 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gohlke
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
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Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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36
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Tumber A, Nuzzi A, Hookway ES, Hatch SB, Velupillai S, Johansson C, Kawamura A, Savitsky P, Yapp C, Szykowska A, Wu N, Bountra C, Strain-Damerell C, Burgess-Brown NA, Ruda GF, Fedorov O, Munro S, England KS, Nowak RP, Schofield CJ, La Thangue NB, Pawlyn C, Davies F, Morgan G, Athanasou N, Müller S, Oppermann U, Brennan PE. Potent and Selective KDM5 Inhibitor Stops Cellular Demethylation of H3K4me3 at Transcription Start Sites and Proliferation of MM1S Myeloma Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:371-380. [PMID: 28262558 PMCID: PMC5361737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of lysine residues on histone tail is a dynamic epigenetic modification that plays a key role in chromatin structure and gene regulation. Members of the KDM5 (also known as JARID1) sub-family are 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and Fe2+-dependent oxygenases acting as histone 3 lysine 4 trimethyl (H3K4me3) demethylases, regulating proliferation, stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. Here we present the characterization of KDOAM-25, an inhibitor of KDM5 enzymes. KDOAM-25 shows biochemical half maximal inhibitory concentration values of <100 nM for KDM5A-D in vitro, high selectivity toward other 2-OG oxygenases sub-families, and no off-target activity on a panel of 55 receptors and enzymes. In human cell assay systems, KDOAM-25 has a half maximal effective concentration of ∼50 μM and good selectivity toward other demethylases. KDM5B is overexpressed in multiple myeloma and negatively correlated with the overall survival. Multiple myeloma MM1S cells treated with KDOAM-25 show increased global H3K4 methylation at transcriptional start sites and impaired proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Edward S Hookway
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Stephanie B Hatch
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Srikannathasan Velupillai
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Catrine Johansson
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Na Wu
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine S England
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Radoslaw P Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Faith Davies
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute, 4301 W. Markham #816, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute, 4301 W. Markham #816, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nick Athanasou
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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37
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Hatch SB, Yapp C, Montenegro RC, Savitsky P, Gamble V, Tumber A, Ruda GF, Bavetsias V, Fedorov O, Atrash B, Raynaud F, Lanigan R, Carmichael L, Tomlin K, Burke R, Westaway SM, Brown JA, Prinjha RK, Martinez ED, Oppermann U, Schofield CJ, Bountra C, Kawamura A, Blagg J, Brennan PE, Rossanese O, Müller S. Assessing histone demethylase inhibitors in cells: lessons learned. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:9. [PMID: 28265301 PMCID: PMC5333395 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are of interest as drug targets due to their regulatory roles in chromatin organization and their tight associations with diseases including cancer and mental disorders. The first KDM inhibitors for KDM1 have entered clinical trials, and efforts are ongoing to develop potent, selective and cell-active 'probe' molecules for this target class. Robust cellular assays to assess the specific engagement of KDM inhibitors in cells as well as their cellular selectivity are a prerequisite for the development of high-quality inhibitors. Here we describe the use of a high-content cellular immunofluorescence assay as a method for demonstrating target engagement in cells. RESULTS A panel of assays for the Jumonji C subfamily of KDMs was developed to encompass all major branches of the JmjC phylogenetic tree. These assays compare compound activity against wild-type KDM proteins to a catalytically inactive version of the KDM, in which residues involved in the active-site iron coordination are mutated to inactivate the enzyme activity. These mutants are critical for assessing the specific effect of KDM inhibitors and for revealing indirect effects on histone methylation status. The reported assays make use of ectopically expressed demethylases, and we demonstrate their use to profile several recently identified classes of KDM inhibitors and their structurally matched inactive controls. The generated data correlate well with assay results assessing endogenous KDM inhibition and confirm the selectivity observed in biochemical assays with isolated enzymes. We find that both cellular permeability and competition with 2-oxoglutarate affect the translation of biochemical activity to cellular inhibition. CONCLUSIONS High-content-based immunofluorescence assays have been established for eight KDM members of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases covering all major branches of the JmjC-KDM phylogenetic tree. The usage of both full-length, wild-type and catalytically inactive mutant ectopically expressed protein, as well as structure-matched inactive control compounds, allowed for detection of nonspecific effects causing changes in histone methylation as a result of compound toxicity. The developed assays offer a histone lysine demethylase family-wide tool for assessing KDM inhibitors for cell activity and on-target efficacy. In addition, the presented data may inform further studies to assess the cell-based activity of histone lysine methylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. Hatch
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Raquel C. Montenegro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
- Medical Faculty, Research and Drug Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo n.1000—Rodolfo Teófilo, 60, Fortaleza, CE 430-270 Brazil
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Vicki Gamble
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Vassilios Bavetsias
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Butrus Atrash
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Rachel Lanigan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - LeAnne Carmichael
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Kathy Tomlin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Susan M. Westaway
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Jack A. Brown
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, and Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| | | | - Chas Bountra
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Olivia Rossanese
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Susanne Müller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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38
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Oliveri V, Bellia F, Vecchio G. Structural Isomers of Cyclodextrin-Bearing IOX1 Compound as Inhibitors of Aβ Aggregation. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, C.I.R.C.M.S.B; Unità di Ricerca di Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR; Viale P. Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
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39
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Jambhekar A, Anastas JN, Shi Y. Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026484. [PMID: 28049654 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of covalent modifications to histones is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and cell identity and is often compromised in cancer. Aberrant expression of histone lysine demethylases has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus demethylases represent promising therapeutic targets. Recent advances in high-throughput chemical screening, structure-based drug design, and structure-activity relationship studies have improved both the specificity and the in vivo efficacy of demethylase inhibitors. This review will briefly outline the connection between demethylases and cancer and will provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, specificity, and utility of currently available demethylase inhibitors. To date, a select group of demethylase inhibitors is being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional compounds may soon follow from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Jambhekar
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jamie N Anastas
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yang Shi
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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40
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8-Hydroxyquinolines in medicinal chemistry: A structural perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:252-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McAllister TE, England KS, Hopkinson RJ, Brennan PE, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ. Recent Progress in Histone Demethylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1308-29. [PMID: 26710088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in targeting histone N-methyl-lysine demethylases (KDMs) with small molecules both for the generation of probes for target exploration and for therapeutic purposes. Here we update on previous reviews on the inhibition of the lysine-specific demethylases (LSDs or KDM1s) and JmjC families of N-methyl-lysine demethylases (JmjC KDMs, KDM2-7), focusing on the academic and patent literature from 2014 to date. We also highlight recent biochemical, biological, and structural studies which are relevant to KDM inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E McAllister
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Katherine S England
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford , NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford , NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Atrian F, Lelièvre SA. Mining the epigenetic landscape of tissue polarity in search of new targets for cancer therapy. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1313-25. [PMID: 26646365 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic nature of cancer encourages the development of inhibitors of epigenetic pathways. Yet, the clinical use for solid tumors of approved epigenetic drugs is meager. We argue that this situation might improve upon understanding the coinfluence between epigenetic pathways and tissue architecture. We present emerging information on the epigenetic control of the polarity axis, a central feature of epithelial architecture created by the orderly distribution of multiprotein complexes at cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts and altered upon cancer onset (with apical polarity loss), invasive progression (with basolateral polarity loss) and metastatic development (with basoapical polarity imbalance). This information combined with the impact of polarity-related proteins on epigenetic mechanisms of cancer enables us to envision how to guide the choice of drugs specific for distinct epigenetic modifiers, in order to halt cancer development and counter the consequences of polarity alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Atrian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, Lynn Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sophie A Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, Lynn Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Cortopassi WA, Simion R, Honsby CE, França TCC, Paton RS. Dioxygen Binding in the Active Site of Histone Demethylase JMJD2A and the Role of the Protein Environment. Chemistry 2015; 21:18983-92. [PMID: 26577067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
JMJD2A catalyses the demethylation of di- and trimethylated lysine residues in histone tails and is a target for the development of new anticancer medicines. Mechanistic details of demethylation are yet to be elucidated and are important for the understanding of epigenetic processes. We have evaluated the initial step of histone demethylation by JMJD2A and demonstrate the dramatic effect of the protein environment upon oxygen binding using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The changes in electronic structure have been studied for possible spin states and different conformations of O2 , using a combination of quantum and classical simulations. O2 binding to this histone demethylase is computed to occur preferentially as an end-on superoxo radical bound to a high-spin ferric centre, yielding an overall quintet ground state. The favourability of binding is strongly influenced by the surrounding protein: we have quantified this effect using an energy decomposition scheme into electrostatic and dispersion contributions. His182 and the methylated lysine assist while Glu184 and the oxoglutarate cofactor are deleterious for O2 binding. Charge separation in the superoxo-intermediate benefits from the electrostatic stabilization provided by the surrounding residues, stabilizing the binding process significantly. This work demonstrates the importance of the extended protein environment in oxygen binding, and the role of energy decomposition in understanding the physical origin of binding/recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilian A Cortopassi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) paton.chem.ox.ac.uk.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Robert Simion
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) paton.chem.ox.ac.uk.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Charles E Honsby
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) paton.chem.ox.ac.uk.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Tanos C C França
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 80 Praça General Tibúrcio, Urca, 22290 270, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).,Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove (Czech Republic)
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) paton.chem.ox.ac.uk. .,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ (UK).
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Martinez NJ, Simeonov A. Cell-based assays to support the profiling of small molecules with histone methyltransferase and demethylase modulatory activity. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 18:9-17. [PMID: 26723887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation is a prevalent and dynamic chromatin modification, executed by the action of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and demethylases (HDMs). Aberrant activity of many of these enzymes is associated with human disease, hence, there is a growing interest in identifying corresponding small molecule inhibitors with therapeutic potential. To date, most of the technologies supporting the identification of these inhibitors constitute in vitro biochemical assays which, although robust and sensitive, do not study HMTs and HDMs in their native cellular state nor provide information of inhibitor's cell permeability and toxicity. The evident need for complementary cellular approaches has recently propelled the development of cell-based assays that enable screening of HMT and HDM enzymes in a more relevant environment. Here, we highlight current cellular methodologies for HMT and HDM drug discovery support. We anticipate that implementation of these cell-based assays will positively impact the discovery of pharmacologically potent HMT and HDM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Martinez
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Hu Q, Chen J, Zhang J, Xu C, Yang S, Jiang H. IOX1, a JMJD2A inhibitor, suppresses the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by angiotensin II by regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:189-96. [PMID: 26530537 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic modification of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching, proliferation, migration, apoptosis and extracellular matrix synthesis is known to occur in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of IOX1, a Jumonji domain-containing 2A (JMJD2A) inhibitor, on regulation of the cell cycle in angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated VSMCs and to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. The proliferation and migration of the Ang II-stimulated VSMCs in the presence or absence of IOX1 were evaluated in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the effects of IOX1 on cell cycle progression. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were carried out to measure the expression levels of cell cycle-related genes. The trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) at the promoters of these genes was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. We confirmed that the JMJD2A levels were increased, whereas the H3K9me3 levels were decreased in the Ang II-stimulated VSMCs. The inhibition of JMJD2A by IOX1 suppressed the Ang II-induced cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression by inhibiting cyclin D1 expression and increasing p21 expression. The underlying mechanisms were related to the restoration of the H3K9me3 levels at the promoters of these genes. In conclusion, the findings of our study indicate that IOX1 exerts its anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects by regulating the expression of the cell cycle-related proteins, cyclin D1 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Changwu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Successful strategies in the discovery of small-molecule epigenetic modulators with anticancer potential. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2243-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class, epigenetic enzymes have been identified as clear targets for cancer therapeutics based on their broad hyperactivity in solid and hematological malignancies. The search for effective inhibitors of histone writers and of histone erasers has been a focus of drug discovery efforts both in academic and pharmaceutical laboratories and has led to the identification of some promising leads. This review focuses on the discovery strategies and preclinical evaluation studies of a subset of the more advanced compounds that target histone writers or histone erasers. The specificity and anticancer potential of these small molecules is discussed within the context of their development pipeline.
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Casciello F, Windloch K, Gannon F, Lee JS. Functional Role of G9a Histone Methyltransferase in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:487. [PMID: 26441991 PMCID: PMC4585248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of DNA and histones are epigenetic mechanisms, which affect the chromatin structure, ultimately leading to gene expression changes. A number of different epigenetic enzymes are actively involved in the addition or the removal of various covalent modifications, which include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Deregulation of these processes is a hallmark of cancer. For instance, G9a, a histone methyltransferase responsible for histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and dimethylation, has been observed to be upregulated in different types of cancer and its overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis. Key roles played by these enzymes in various diseases have led to the hypothesis that these molecules represent valuable targets for future therapies. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed to specifically block the epigenetic activity of these enzymes, representing promising therapeutic tools in the treatment of human malignancies, such as cancer. In this review, the role of one of these epigenetic enzymes, G9a, is discussed, focusing on its functional role in regulating gene expression as well as its implications in cancer initiation and progression. We also discuss important findings from recent studies using epigenetic inhibitors in cell systems in vitro as well as experimental tumor growth and metastasis assays in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Casciello
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan, QLD , Australia
| | - Karolina Windloch
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Frank Gannon
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Jason S Lee
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove, QLD , Australia ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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Abstract
Cancer genome sequencing has created an opportunity for precision medicine. Thus far, genetic alterations can only be used to guide treatment for small subsets of certain cancer types with these key alterations. Similar to mutations, epigenetic events are equally suitable for personalized medicine. DNA methylation alterations have been used to identify tumor-specific drug responsive markers. Methylation of MGMT sensitizes gliomas to alkylating agents is an example of epigenetic personalized medicine. Recent studies have revealed that 5-azacytidine and decitabine show activity in myelodysplasia, lung and other cancers. There are currently at least 20 kinds of histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical testing. Inhibitors targeting other epigenetic regulators are being clinically tested, such as EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-6438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - James G Herman
- The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 2.18/Research, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
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Zengeya TT, Kulkarni RA, Meier JL. Modular synthesis of cell-permeating 2-ketoglutarate esters. Org Lett 2015; 17:2326-9. [PMID: 25915096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeating esters of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) have been synthesized through a convergent sequence from two modules in two and three steps, respectively. This route provides access to a full series of mono- and disubstituted 2-KG esters, enabling us to define the effect of regioisomeric masking on metabolite release and antihypoxic activity in cell-based assays. In addition to providing insight into the biological activity of cell permeable 2-KG esters, the straightforward and modular nature of this synthetic route may prove useful for the development of next-generation 2-KG analogues for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Zengeya
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Rhushikesh A Kulkarni
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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50
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Liu K, Liu Y, Lau JL, Min J. Epigenetic targets and drug discovery Part 2: Histone demethylation and DNA methylation. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:121-40. [PMID: 25857453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin structure is dynamically modulated by various chromatin modifications, such as histone/DNA methylation and demethylation. We have reviewed histone methyltransferases and methyllysine binders in terms of small molecule screening and drug discovery in the first part of this review series. In this part, we will summarize recent progress in chemical probe and drug discovery of histone demethylases and DNA methyltransferases. Histone demethylation and DNA methylation have attracted a lot of attention regarding their biology and disease implications. Correspondingly, many small molecule compounds have been designed to modulate the activity of histone demethylases and DNA methyltransferases, and some of them have been developed into therapeutic drugs or put into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Johnathan L Lau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jinrong Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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