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Tangudu NK, Buj R, Wang H, Wang J, Cole AR, Uboveja A, Fang R, Amalric A, Yang B, Chatoff A, Crispim CV, Sajjakulnukit P, Lyons MA, Cooper K, Hempel N, Lyssiotis CA, Chandran UR, Snyder NW, Aird KM. De novo purine metabolism is a metabolic vulnerability of cancers with low p16 expression. Cancer Res Commun 2024:743061. [PMID: 38626341 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
p16 is a tumor suppressor encoded by the CDKN2A gene whose expression is lost in ~50% of all human cancers. In its canonical role, p16 inhibits the G1-S phase cell cycle progression through suppression of cyclin dependent kinases. Interestingly, p16 also has roles in metabolic reprogramming, and we previously published that loss of p16 promotes nucleotide synthesis via the pentose phosphate pathway. However, the broader impact of p16/CDKN2A loss on other nucleotide metabolic pathways and potential therapeutic targets remains unexplored. Using CRISPR KO libraries in isogenic human and mouse melanoma cell lines, we determined several nucleotide metabolism genes essential for the survival of cells with loss of p16/CDKN2A. Consistently, many of these genes are upregulated in melanoma cells with p16 knockdown or endogenously low CDKN2A expression. We determined that cells with low p16/CDKN2A expression are sensitive to multiple inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis, including anti-folates. Finally, tumors with p16 knockdown were more sensitive to the anti-folate methotrexate in vivo than control tumors. Together, our data provide evidence to reevaluate the utility of these drugs in patients with p16/CDKN2Alow tumors as loss of p16/CDKN2A may provide a therapeutic window for these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Buj
- Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jiefei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aidan R Cole
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Richard Fang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadine Hempel
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Uboveja A, Huang Z, Buj R, Amalric A, Wang H, Tangudu NK, Cole AR, Megill E, Kantner D, Chatoff A, Ahmad H, Marcinkiewicz MM, Disharoon JA, Graff S, Dahl ES, Hempel N, Stallaert W, Sidoli S, Bitler BG, Long DT, Snyder NW, Aird KM. αKG-mediated carnitine synthesis promotes homologous recombination via histone acetylation. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.06.578742. [PMID: 38370789 PMCID: PMC10871207 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.578742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) deficiency enhances sensitivity to DNA damaging agents commonly used to treat cancer. In HR-proficient cancers, metabolic mechanisms driving response or resistance to DNA damaging agents remain unclear. Here we identified that depletion of alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) sensitizes HR-proficient cells to DNA damaging agents by metabolic regulation of histone acetylation. αKG is required for the activity of αKG-dependent dioxygenases (αKGDDs), and prior work has shown that changes in αKGDD affect demethylases. Using a targeted CRISPR knockout library consisting of 64 αKGDDs, we discovered that Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase Epsilon (TMLHE), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in de novo carnitine synthesis, is necessary for proliferation of HR-proficient cells in the presence of DNA damaging agents. Unexpectedly, αKG-mediated TMLHE-dependent carnitine synthesis was required for histone acetylation, while histone methylation was affected but dispensable. The increase in histone acetylation via αKG-dependent carnitine synthesis promoted HR-mediated DNA repair through site- and substrate-specific histone acetylation. These data demonstrate for the first time that HR-proficiency is mediated through αKG directly influencing histone acetylation via carnitine synthesis and provide a metabolic avenue to induce HR-deficiency and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Uboveja
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zhentai Huang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amandine Amalric
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Emily Megill
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Kantner
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adam Chatoff
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hafsah Ahmad
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mariola M. Marcinkiewicz
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julie A. Disharoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sarah Graff
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY
| | - Erika S. Dahl
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Wayne Stallaert
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - David T. Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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3
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Chang C, Cheng YY, Kamlapurkar S, White S, Tang PW, Elhaw AT, Javed Z, Aird KM, Mythreye K, Phaëton R, Hempel N. GPX3 supports ovarian cancer tumor progression in vivo and promotes expression of GDF15. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 185:8-16. [PMID: 38342006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that high expression of the extracellular glutathione peroxidase GPX3 is associated with poor patient outcome in ovarian serous adenocarcinomas, and that GPX3 protects ovarian cancer cells from oxidative stress in culture. Here we tested if GPX3 is necessary for tumor establishment in vivo and to identify novel downstream mediators of GPX3's pro-tumorigenic function. METHODS GPX3 was knocked-down in ID8 ovarian cancer cells by shRNA to test the role of GPX3 in tumor establishment using a syngeneic IP xenograft model. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out in OVCAR3 cells following shRNA-mediated GPX3 knock-down to identify GPX3-dependent gene expression signatures. RESULTS GPX3 knock-down abrogated clonogenicity and intraperitoneal tumor development in vivo, and the effects were dependent on the level of GPX3 knock-down. RNA sequencing showed that loss of GPX3 leads to decreased gene expression patterns related to pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways. Validation studies identified GDF15 as strongly dependent on GPX3. GDF15, a member of the TGF-β growth factor family, has known oncogenic and immune modulatory activities. Similarly, GPX3 expression positively correlated with pro-tumor immune cell signatures, including regulatory T-cell and macrophage infiltration, and displayed significant correlation with PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that tumor produced GPX3 is necessary for ovarian cancer growth in vivo and that it regulates expression of GDF15. The immune profile associated with GPX3 expression in serous ovarian tumors suggests that GPX3 may be an alternate marker of ovarian tumors susceptible to immune check-point inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shriya Kamlapurkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sierra White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Priscilla W Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amal T Elhaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zaineb Javed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rébécca Phaëton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bapat J, Yamamoto TM, Woodruff ER, Qamar L, Mikeska RG, Aird KM, Watson ZL, Brubaker LW, Bitler BG. CASC4/GOLM2 drives high grade serous carcinoma anoikis resistance through the recycling of EGFR. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:300-310. [PMID: 38030811 PMCID: PMC10874890 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, and accounts for over 150,000 deaths per year worldwide. The high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) subtype accounts for almost 70% of ovarian cancers and is the deadliest. HGSC originates in the fimbria of the fallopian tube and disseminates through the peritoneal cavity. HGSC survival in peritoneal fluid requires cells to resist anoikis (anchorage-independent apoptosis). Most anoikis resistant mechanisms are dependent on microenvironment interactions with cell surface-associated proteins, such as integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We previously identified the gene CASC4 as a driver of anoikis resistance. CASC4 is predicted to be a Golgi-associated protein that may regulate protein trafficking to the plasma membrane, but CASC4 is largely uncharacterized in literature; thus, we sought to determine how CASC4 confers anoikis resistance to HGSC cells. Mining of publicly available ovarian cancer datasets (TCGA) showed that CASC4 is associated with worse overall survival and increased resistance to platinum-based chemotherapies. For experiments, we cultured three human HGSC cell lines (PEO1, CaOV3, OVCAR3), and a murine HGSC cell line, (ID8) with shRNA-mediated CASC4 knockdowns (CASC4 KD) in suspension, to recapitulate the peritoneal fluid environment in vitro. CASC4 KD significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and increased apoptosis. A Reverse Phase Protein Assay (RPPA) showed that CASC4 KD resulted in a broad re-programming of membrane-associated proteins. Specifically, CASC4 KD led to decreased protein levels of the RTK Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), an initiator of several oncogenic signaling pathways, leading us to hypothesize that CASC4 drives HGSC survival through mediating recycling and trafficking of EGFR. Indeed, loss of CASC4 led to a decrease in both EGFR membrane localization, reduced turnover of EGFR, and increased EGFR ubiquitination. Moreover, a syngeneic ID8 murine model of ovarian cancer showed that knocking down CASC4 leads to decreased tumor burden and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaidev Bapat
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lubna Qamar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Railey G Mikeska
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary L Watson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lindsay W Brubaker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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5
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Chang C, Cheng YY, Kamlapurkar S, White SR, Tang PW, Elhaw AT, Javed Z, Aird KM, Mythreye K, Phaëton R, Hempel N. GPX3 supports ovarian cancer tumor progression in vivo and promotes expression of GDF15. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.24.577037. [PMID: 38352432 PMCID: PMC10862694 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective We previously reported that high expression of the extracellular glutathione peroxidase GPX3 is associated with poor patient outcome in ovarian serous adenocarcinomas, and that GPX3 protects ovarian cancer cells from oxidative stress in culture. Here we tested if GPX3 is necessary for tumor establishment in vivo and to identify novel downstream mediators of GPX3's pro-tumorigenic function. Methods GPX3 was knocked-down in ID8 ovarian cancer cells by shRNA to test the role of GPX3 in tumor establishment using a syngeneic IP xenograft model. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out in OVCAR3 cells following shRNA-mediated GPX3 knock-down to identify GPX3-dependent gene expression signatures. Results GPX3 knock-down abrogated clonogenicity and intraperitoneal tumor development in vivo, and the effects were dependent on the level of GPX3 knock-down. RNA sequencing showed that loss of GPX3 leads to decreased gene expression patterns related to pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways. Validation studies identified GDF15 as strongly dependent on GPX3. GDF15, a member of the TGF-β growth factor family, has known oncogenic and immune modulatory activities. Similarly, GPX3 expression positively correlated with pro-tumor immune cell signatures, including regulatory T-cell and macrophage infiltration, and displayed significant correlation with PD-L1 expression. Conclusions We show for the first time that tumor produced GPX3 is necessary for ovarian cancer growth in vivo and that it regulates expression of GDF15. The immune profile associated with GPX3 expression in serous ovarian tumors suggests that GPX3 may be an alternate marker of ovarian tumors susceptible to immune check-point inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shriya Kamlapurkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sierra R White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Priscilla W Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amal T Elhaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zaineb Javed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rébécca Phaëton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Javed Z, Shin DH, Pan W, White SR, Kim YS, Elhaw AT, Kamlapurkar S, Cheng YY, Benson JC, Abdelnaby AE, Phaëton R, Wang HG, Yang S, Sullivan ML, St.Croix CM, Watkins SC, Mullett SJ, Gelhaus SL, Lee N, Coffman LG, Aird KM, Trebak M, Mythreye K, Walter V, Hempel N. Alternative splice variants of the mitochondrial fission protein DNM1L/Drp1 regulate mitochondrial dynamics and tumor progression in ovarian cancer. bioRxiv 2024:2023.09.20.558501. [PMID: 37790404 PMCID: PMC10542115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics have been reported in cancer cells. While post translational modifications are known regulators of the mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery, we show that alternative splice variants of the fission protein Drp1 (DNM1L) have specific and unique roles in cancer, adding to the complexity of mitochondrial fission/fusion regulation in tumor cells. Ovarian cancer specimens express an alternative splice transcript variant of Drp1 lacking exon 16 of the variable domain, and high expression of this splice variant relative to other transcripts is associated with poor patient outcome. Unlike the full-length variant, expression of Drp1 lacking exon 16 leads to decreased association of Drp1 to mitochondrial fission sites, more fused mitochondrial networks, enhanced respiration, and TCA cycle metabolites, and is associated with a more metastatic phenotype in vitro and in vivo. These pro-tumorigenic effects can also be inhibited by specific siRNA-mediated inhibition of the endogenously expressed transcript lacking exon 16. Moreover, lack of exon 16 abrogates mitochondrial fission in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli and leads to decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. These data emphasize the significance of the pathophysiological consequences of Drp1 alternative splicing and divergent functions of Drp1 splice variants, and strongly warrant consideration of Drp1 splicing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaineb Javed
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dong Hui Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Weihua Pan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Sierra R. White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amal Taher Elhaw
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shriya Kamlapurkar
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - J Cory Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Emam Abdelnaby
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Rébécca Phaëton
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mara L.G. Sullivan
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claudette M. St.Croix
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven J. Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L. Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nam Lee
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lan G. Coffman
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Pathology and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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7
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Tangudu NK, Huang Z, Fang R, Buj R, Uboveja A, Cole AR, Happe C, Sun M, Gelhaus SL, MacDonald ML, Hempel N, Snyder NW, Aird KM. ATR promotes mTORC1 activation via de novo cholesterol synthesis in p16-low cancer cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.27.564195. [PMID: 37961201 PMCID: PMC10634888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage and cellular metabolism are intricately linked with bidirectional feedback. Two of the main effectors of the DNA damage response and control of cellular metabolism are ATR and mTORC1, respectively. Prior work has placed ATR upstream of mTORC1 during replication stress, yet the direct mechanism for how mTORC1 is activated in this context remain unclear. We previously published that p16-low cells have mTORC1 hyperactivation, which in part promotes their proliferation. Using this model, we found that ATR, but not ATM, is upstream of mTORC1 activation via de novo cholesterol synthesis and is associated with increased lanosterol synthase (LSS). Indeed, p16-low cells showed increased cholesterol abundance. Additionally, knockdown of either ATR or LSS decreased mTORC1 activity. Decreased mTORC1 activity due to ATR knockdown was rescued by cholesterol supplementation. Finally, using both LSS inhibitors and multiple FDA-approved de novo cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, we found that the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is a metabolic vulnerability of p16-low cells. Together, our data provide new evidence coupling the DNA damage response and cholesterol metabolism and demonstrate the feasibility of using FDA-approved cholesterol-lowering drugs in tumors with loss of p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Zhentai Huang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Richard Fang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Apoorva Uboveja
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra Happe
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Mai Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L. Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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8
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Sharrow AC, Ho M, Dua A, Buj R, Blenman KRM, Orsulic S, Buckanovich R, Aird KM, Wu L. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Expand Chemoresistant, Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.17.549067. [PMID: 37503008 PMCID: PMC10370114 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of ovarian cancer stem-like cells (OvCSCs) after chemotherapy resistance has been implicated in relapse. However, the ability of these relatively quiescent cells to produce the robust tumor regrowth necessary for relapse remains an enigma. Since normal stem cells exist in a niche, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the highest abundance immune cell within ovarian tumors, we hypothesized that TAMs may influence OvCSC proliferation. To test this, we optimized OvCSC enrichment by sphere culture and in vitro polarization of monocytes to a TAM-like M2 phenotype. Using cocultures that permitted the exchange of only soluble factors, we found that M2 macrophages increased the proliferation of sphere cells. Longer-term exposure (5-7 days) to soluble TAM factors led to retention of some stem cell features by OvCSCs but loss of others, suggesting that TAMs may support an intermediate stemness phenotype in OvCSCs. Although TAM coculture decreased the percentage of OvCSCs surviving chemotherapy, it increased the overall number. We therefore sought to determine the influence of this interaction on chemotherapy efficacy in vivo and found that inhibiting macrophages improved chemotherapy response. Comparing the gene expression changes in OvCSCs cocultured with TAMs to publicly available patient data identified 34 genes upregulated in OvCSCs by exposure to soluble TAM factors whose expression correlates with outcome. Overall, these data suggest that TAMs may influence OvCSC proliferation and impact therapeutic response.
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9
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Tangudu NK, Buj R, Wang H, Wang J, Cole AR, Uboveja A, Fang R, Amalric A, Sajjakulnukit P, Lyons MA, Cooper K, Hempel N, Snyder NW, Lyssiotis CA, Chandran UR, Aird KM. De novo purine metabolism is a metabolic vulnerability of cancers with low p16 expression. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.15.549149. [PMID: 37503050 PMCID: PMC10369956 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.15.549149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
p16 is a tumor suppressor encoded by the CDKN2A gene whose expression is lost in ~50% of all human cancers. In its canonical role, p16 inhibits the G1-S phase cell cycle progression through suppression of cyclin dependent kinases. Interestingly, p16 also has roles in metabolic reprogramming, and we previously published that loss of p16 promotes nucleotide synthesis via the pentose phosphate pathway. Whether other nucleotide metabolic genes and pathways are affected by p16/CDKN2A loss and if these can be specifically targeted in p16/CDKN2A-low tumors has not been previously explored. Using CRISPR KO libraries in multiple isogenic human and mouse melanoma cell lines, we determined that many nucleotide metabolism genes are negatively enriched in p16/CDKN2A knockdown cells compared to controls. Indeed, many of the genes that are required for survival in the context of low p16/CDKN2A expression based on our CRISPR screens are upregulated in p16 knockdown melanoma cells and those with endogenously low CDKN2A expression. We determined that cells with low p16/Cdkn2a expression are sensitive to multiple inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis, including anti-folates. Tumors with p16 knockdown were more sensitive to the anti-folate methotrexate in vivo than control tumors. Together, our data provide evidence to reevaluate the utility of these drugs in patients with p16/CDKN2A-low tumors as loss of p16/CDKN2A may provide a therapeutic window for these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Apoorva Uboveja
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard Fang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amandine Amalric
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A. Lyons
- Genomics Facility UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kristine Cooper
- Biostatistics Facility UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Oesterreich S, Aird KM. Senescence and Immunotherapy: Redundant Immunomodulatory Pathways Promote Resistance. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:401-404. [PMID: 36826438 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cancer cells alter their microenvironment through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and upregulation of immunoinhibitory proteins such as CD80 and programmed death-ligand 1. The senescence field is just beginning to explore the role of these changes on antitumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. In this Perspective, we highlight a new study that aimed to determine how senescent breast cancer cells are shielded from immunosurveillance via upregulation of redundant immunoinhibitory proteins in two distinct senescent populations. We also discuss recent articles regarding how the SASP alters the tumor immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. As many therapies used to treat cancers induce senescence, future work will need to better refine the composition of the SASP and heterogeneity of senescence in the tumor microenvironment to more completely understand how the immune compartment is regulated by senescent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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11
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Huang Z, Chen CW, Buj R, Tangudu NK, Fang RS, Leon KE, Dahl ES, Varner EL, von Krusenstiern E, Cole AR, Snyder NW, Aird KM. ATM inhibition drives metabolic adaptation via induction of macropinocytosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202007026. [PMID: 36399181 PMCID: PMC9679964 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a nonspecific endocytic process that may enhance cancer cell survival under nutrient-poor conditions. Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a tumor suppressor that has been previously shown to play a role in cellular metabolic reprogramming. We report that the suppression of ATM increases macropinocytosis to promote cancer cell survival in nutrient-poor conditions. Combined inhibition of ATM and macropinocytosis suppressed proliferation and induced cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Supplementation of ATM-inhibited cells with amino acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in particular, abrogated macropinocytosis. Analysis of ATM-inhibited cells in vitro demonstrated increased BCAA uptake, and metabolomics of ascites and interstitial fluid from tumors indicated decreased BCAAs in the microenvironment of ATM-inhibited tumors. These data reveal a novel basis of ATM-mediated tumor suppression whereby loss of ATM stimulates protumorigenic uptake of nutrients in part via macropinocytosis to promote cancer cell survival and reveal a potential metabolic vulnerability of ATM-inhibited cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentai Huang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard S. Fang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kelly E. Leon
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Erika S. Dahl
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Erika L. Varner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eliana von Krusenstiern
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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12
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Sugitani N, Vendetti FP, Cipriano AJ, Pandya P, Deppas JJ, Moiseeva TN, Schamus-Haynes S, Wang Y, Palmer D, Osmanbeyoglu HU, Bostwick A, Snyder NW, Gong YN, Aird KM, Delgoffe GM, Beumer JH, Bakkenist CJ. Thymidine rescues ATR kinase inhibitor-induced deoxyuridine contamination in genomic DNA, cell death, and interferon-α/β expression. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111371. [PMID: 36130512 PMCID: PMC9646445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ATR kinase is a central regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints. ATR kinase inhibitors (ATRi's) combine with radiation to generate CD8+ T cell-dependent responses in mouse models of cancer. We show that ATRi's induce cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)-dependent origin firing across active replicons in CD8+ T cells activated ex vivo while simultaneously decreasing the activity of rate-limiting enzymes for nucleotide biosynthesis. These pleiotropic effects of ATRi induce deoxyuridine (dU) contamination in genomic DNA, R loops, RNA-DNA polymerase collisions, and interferon-α/β (IFN-α/β). Remarkably, thymidine rescues ATRi-induced dU contamination and partially rescues death and IFN-α/β expression in proliferating CD8+ T cells. Thymidine also partially rescues ATRi-induced cancer cell death. We propose that ATRi-induced dU contamination contributes to dose-limiting leukocytopenia and inflammation in the clinic and CD8+ T cell-dependent anti-tumor responses in mouse models. We conclude that ATR is essential to limit dU contamination in genomic DNA and IFN-α/β expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Sugitani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Cipriano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pinakin Pandya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua J Deppas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana N Moiseeva
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sandra Schamus-Haynes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Drake Palmer
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hatice U Osmanbeyoglu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Bostwick
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Nan Gong
- Department of Immunology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly aggressive disease with poor survival rates in part due to diagnosis after dissemination throughout the peritoneal cavity. It is well-known that inflammatory signals affect ovarian cancer dissemination. Inflammation is a hallmark of cellular senescence, a stable cell cycle arrest induced by a variety of stimuli including many of the therapies used to treat patients with ovarian cancer. Indeed, recent work has illustrated that ovarian cancer cells in vitro, mouse models, and patient tumors undergo senescence in response to platinum-based or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapies, standard-of-care therapies for ovarian cancer. This inflammatory response, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is highly dynamic and has pleiotropic roles that can be both beneficial and detrimental in cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic ways. Recent data on other cancer types suggest that the SASP promotes metastasis. Here, we outline what is known about the SASP in ovarian cancer and discuss both how the SASP may promote ovarian cancer dissemination and strategies to mitigate the effects of the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas Felipe Fernandes Bittencourt
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Tangudu NK, Aird KM. 53BP1: guarding the genome with a novel liquid weapon. Commun Biol 2022; 5:435. [PMID: 35538213 PMCID: PMC9090828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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15
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Leon KE, Buj R, Lesko E, Dahl ES, Chen CW, Tangudu NK, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, Kossenkov AV, Hobbs RP, Aird KM. DOT1L modulates the senescence-associated secretory phenotype through epigenetic regulation of IL1A. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202008101. [PMID: 34037658 PMCID: PMC8160577 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a stable cell cycle arrest that occurs in normal cells upon oncogene activation. Cells undergoing OIS express a wide variety of secreted factors that affect the senescent microenvironment termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is beneficial or detrimental in a context-dependent manner. OIS cells are also characterized by marked epigenetic changes. We globally assessed histone modifications of OIS cells and discovered an increase in the active histone marks H3K79me2/3. The H3K79 methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) was necessary and sufficient for increased H3K79me2/3 occupancy at the IL1A gene locus, but not other SASP genes, and was downstream of STING. Modulating DOT1L expression did not affect the cell cycle arrest. Together, our studies establish DOT1L as an epigenetic regulator of the SASP, whose expression is uncoupled from the senescence-associated cell cycle arrest, providing a potential strategy to inhibit the negative side effects of senescence while maintaining the beneficial inhibition of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Leon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Elizabeth Lesko
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Erika S. Dahl
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Ryan P. Hobbs
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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16
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Tsao WC, Buj R, Aird KM, Sidorova JM, Eckert KA. Overexpression of oncogenic H-Ras in hTERT-immortalized and SV40-transformed human cells targets replicative and specialized DNA polymerases for depletion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251188. [PMID: 33961649 PMCID: PMC8104423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases play essential functions in replication fork progression and genome maintenance. DNA lesions and drug-induced replication stress result in up-regulation and re-localization of specialized DNA polymerases η and κ. Although oncogene activation significantly alters DNA replication dynamics, causing replication stress and genome instability, little is known about DNA polymerase expression and regulation in response to oncogene activation. Here, we investigated the consequences of mutant H-RASG12V overexpression on the regulation of DNA polymerases in h-TERT immortalized and SV40-transformed human cells. Focusing on DNA polymerases associated with the replication fork, we demonstrate that DNA polymerases are depleted in a temporal manner in response to H-RASG12V overexpression. The polymerases targeted for depletion, as cells display markers of senescence, include the Pol α catalytic subunit (POLA1), Pol δ catalytic and p68 subunits (POLD1 and POLD3), Pol η, and Pol κ. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms mediate this response. Pol η (POLH) depletion is sufficient to induce a senescence-like growth arrest in human foreskin fibroblast BJ5a cells, and is associated with decreased Pol α expression. Using an SV-40 transformed cell model, we observed cell cycle checkpoint signaling differences in cells with H-RasG12V-induced polymerase depletion, as compared to Pol η-deficient cells. Our findings contribute to our understanding of cellular events following oncogene activation and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-chung Tsao
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julia M. Sidorova
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Eckert
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Leon KE, Tangudu NK, Aird KM, Buj R. Loss of p16: A Bouncer of the Immunological Surveillance? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 33918220 PMCID: PMC8065641 DOI: 10.3390/life11040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p16INK4A (hereafter called p16) is an important tumor suppressor protein frequently suppressed in human cancer and highly upregulated in many types of senescence. Although its role as a cell cycle regulator is very well delineated, little is known about its other non-cell cycle-related roles. Importantly, recent correlative studies suggest that p16 may be a regulator of tissue immunological surveillance through the transcriptional regulation of different chemokines, interleukins and other factors secreted as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we summarize the current evidence supporting the hypothesis that p16 is a regulator of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Leon
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (K.E.L.); (N.K.T.); (K.M.A.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 15213, USA
| | - Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (K.E.L.); (N.K.T.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (K.E.L.); (N.K.T.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Raquel Buj
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (K.E.L.); (N.K.T.); (K.M.A.)
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18
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Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is characterized by increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16, leading to a hallmark cell cycle arrest. Suppression of p16 in this context drives proliferation, senescence bypass, and contributes to tumorigenesis. OIS cells are also characterized by the expression and secretion of a widely variable group of factors collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP can be both beneficial and detrimental and affects the microenvironment in a highly context-dependent manner. The relationship between p16 suppression and the SASP remains unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of p16 decreases expression of the SASP factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and CXCL8 in multiple models, including OIS and DNA damage-induced senescence. Notably, this is uncoupled from the senescence-associated cell cycle arrest. Moreover, low p16 expression in both cancer cell lines and patient samples correspond to decreased SASP gene expression, suggesting this is a universal effect of loss of p16 expression. Together, our data suggest that p16 regulates SASP gene expression, which has implications for understanding how p16 modulates both the senescent and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kelly E. Leon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Marlyn A. Anguelov
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Chen CW, Buj R, Dahl ES, Leon KE, Aird KM. ATM inhibition synergizes with fenofibrate in high grade serous ovarian cancer cells. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05097. [PMID: 33024871 PMCID: PMC7527645 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While therapies targeting deficiencies in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway are emerging as the standard treatment for high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients, this strategy is limited to the ~50% of patients with a deficiency in this pathway. Therefore, patients with HR-proficient tumors are likely to be resistant to these therapies and require alternative strategies. We found that the HR gene Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is wildtype and its activity is upregulated in HGSOC compared to normal fallopian tube tissue. Interestingly, multiple pathways related to metabolism are inversely correlated with ATM expression in HGSOC specimens, suggesting that combining ATM inhibition with metabolic drugs would be effective. Analysis of FDA-approved drugs from the Dependency Map demonstrated that ATM-low cells are more sensitive to fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist that affects multiple cellular metabolic pathways. Consistently, PPARα signaling is associated with ATM expression. We validated that combined inhibition of ATM and treatment with fenofibrate is synergistic in multiple HGSOC cell lines by inducing senescence. Together, our results suggest that metabolic changes induced by ATM inhibitors are a potential target for the treatment of HGSOC.
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20
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Buj R, Chen CW, Dahl ES, Leon KE, Kuskovsky R, Maglakelidze N, Navaratnarajah M, Zhang G, Doan MT, Jiang H, Zaleski M, Kutzler L, Lacko H, Lu Y, Mills GB, Gowda R, Robertson GP, Warrick JI, Herlyn M, Imamura Y, Kimball SR, DeGraff DJ, Snyder NW, Aird KM. Suppression of p16 Induces mTORC1-Mediated Nucleotide Metabolic Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1971-1980.e8. [PMID: 31433975 PMCID: PMC6716532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism and cell cycle dysregulation are two cancer hallmarks. p16 is a cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor that is upregulated during oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Loss of p16 allows for uninhibited cell cycle progression, bypass of OIS, and tumorigenesis. Whether p16 loss affects pro-tumorigenic metabolism is unclear. We report that suppression of p16 plays a central role in reprogramming metabolism by increasing nucleotide synthesis. This occurs by activation of mTORC1 signaling, which directly mediates increased translation of the mRNA encoding ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA), a pentose phosphate pathway enzyme. p16 loss correlates with activation of the mTORC1-RPIA axis in multiple cancer types. Suppression of RPIA inhibits proliferation only in p16-low cells by inducing senescence both in vitro and in vivo. These data reveal the molecular basis whereby p16 loss modulates pro-tumorigenic metabolism through mTORC1-mediated upregulation of nucleotide synthesis and reveals a metabolic vulnerability of p16-null cancer cells. Senescence bypass through p16 loss predisposes to transformation and tumorigenesis. Buj et al. found that the loss of p16 upregulates nucleotide metabolism through increased mTORC1-mediated translation of RPIA to bypass senescence in an RB-independent manner. Thus, the mTORC1-RPIA axis is a metabolic vulnerability for p16-null cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Erika S Dahl
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kelly E Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Rostislav Kuskovsky
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Maithili Navaratnarajah
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Institute, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary T Doan
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Helen Jiang
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Zaleski
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lydia Kutzler
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Holly Lacko
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Institute, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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21
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Dahl ES, Leon KE, Chen CW, Jia Q, Buj R, Snyder NW, Aird KM. Abstract 1378: Targeting the metabolic-epigenetic axis to sensitize HR-proficient ovarian cancer to PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Overexpression of the oncogene cyclin E1 is considered one of the initiating factors in fallopian tube transformation and ovarian tumorigenesis. Patients with high cyclin E1 expression have worse overall survival than patients with low expression. Cyclin E1 overexpression increases expression of DNA damage response (DDR) genes in order to tolerate DNA damage and bypass senescence, a state of cell cycle arrest. However, the mechanism by which cyclin E1-high cells transcriptionally increase DDR gene expression to bypass senescence remains unclear. We found that cyclin E1 overexpression alters the metabolic-epigenetic axis through wildtype isocitrate dehydrogenase I (wtIDH1), a TCA cycle enzyme. Upregulation of wtIDH1 in cyclin E1-high cells increased the transcription of multiple DDR genes related to homologous recombination (HR), including BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51. Published data from our lab demonstrates that wtIDH1 primarily converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) in cyclin E1-high ovarian cancer cells, and suppression of wtIDH1 and αKG pools induces senescence through increased repressive histone marks. Our current data suggest that wtIDH1 is both necessary and sufficient for HR gene expression in cyclin E1-high cells in part through modulation of histone methylation. Functionally, inhibition of wtIDH1 in cyclin E1-high fallopian tube cells induced senescence via decreased HR and marked accumulation of DNA damage. Cyclin E1-high ovarian cancer tumors are HR-proficient and resistant to emerging poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Interestingly, inhibition of both wtIDH1 and PARP in combination increased apoptosis of cyclin E1-high ovarian cancer cells in vitro, suggesting this may be a novel therapy for HR-proficient ovarian cancers. Together, our data suggest that wtIDH1-mediated metabolism affects the epigenome in cyclin E1-high cells, which contributes to both fallopian tube transformation and HR-proficiency. Targeting wtIDH1 with current FDA-approved inhibitors may therefore be a rational therapeutic strategy for cyclin E1-high ovarian cancer patients.
Citation Format: Erika S. Dahl, Kelly E. Leon, Chi-Wei Chen, Qingyuan Jia, Raquel Buj, Nathaniel W. Snyder, Katherine M. Aird. Targeting the metabolic-epigenetic axis to sensitize HR-proficient ovarian cancer to PARP inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1378.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S. Dahl
- 1Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kelly E. Leon
- 1Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- 1Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Qingyuan Jia
- 1Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- 1Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Chen CW, Dahl ES, Leon KE, Buj R, Aird KM. Abstract A38: ATM inhibitor synergizes with glycolysis inhibition in ovarian cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovca19-a38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy in the USA. While therapies such as inhibitors against poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) are emerging as the standard treatment for EOC patients, this strategy is limited to the subset of patients harboring particular genetic alterations in the DNA damage response pathway, making them homologous recombination (HR) deficient. Approximately 50% of EOC patients are HR proficient, which corresponds to PARP inhibitor resistance and worse patient survival. Therefore, novel therapies for this subset of patients are urgently needed. We found that the DDR gene ATM is upregulated in a subset of EOC patients, which is associated with worse progression-free survival. This suggests that targeting ATM may be beneficial for these EOC patients. Our previous publication demonstrated that inhibition of ATM alters cellular metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to explore ATM inhibitor-mediated metabolic vulnerabilities in EOC to develop them as novel therapeutic strategies. We found that inhibition of ATM increases glucose uptake but not lactate of multiple EOC cells using YSI Bioanalyzer and the fluorescent glucose analog 2NBDG by flow cytometry. Seahorse analysis further indicates that glucose is not being used for Warburg effect. Using an shRNA screen, we identified SLC2A11 and SLC2A12 as the transporters that mediate glucose uptake upon ATM inhibition. To determine whether the observed changes can be exploited for therapeutic benefit, we combined ATM inhibition with the known inhibitor of glycolysis, fenofibrate. We found that while neither ATM inhibition or fenofibrate alone had a robust effect on cell proliferation, the combination was synergistic. Mechanistically, we determined that the combination resulted in cellular senescence using SA-B-Gal assay and detected PML body by immunofluorescence. Using 53PB1 and gH2AX as DDR markers, we concluded that the combination causing synthetic lethal is DDR independent manner. In this study, we found that ATM-SLC2A11/12 axis mediating glucose uptake in EOC cells. Mechanistically understand the role of ATM beyond DDR. Together, our results suggest that metabolic changes induced by ATM inhibitors in EOC are a potential target for the treatment for EOC.
Citation Format: Chi-Wei Chen, Erika S. Dahl, Kelly E. Leon, Raquel Buj, Katherine M. Aird. ATM inhibitor synergizes with glycolysis inhibition in ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Erika S. Dahl
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kelly E. Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Dahl ES, Buj R, Jia Q, Leon KE, Aird KM. Abstract A35: Targeting the IDH1-mediated metabolic-epigenetic axis in cyclin E-high ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovca19-a35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cyclin E is an oncogene that is overexpressed in approximately 20% of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC) and is associated with worse survival and resistance to DNA-damaging agents due to homologous recombination (HR) proficiency. Additionally, cyclin E is considered an initiating factor in the transformation of fallopian tube cells, the cell of origin of HGSOC. In normal cells, increased cyclin E induces replication stress and subsequent DNA damage that leads to cellular senescence, a state of cell cycle arrest. Previous studies demonstrated that cyclin E overexpression in fallopian tube increases expression of DNA damage response (DDR) genes. This presumably allows for tolerance of replication stress, repair of DNA damage, and bypass of senescence. However, the mechanism by which cyclin E-high cells bypass senescence and increase DDR gene expression remains unclear. We previously published that the TCA cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase I (IDH1) is high in HGSOC cells compared to fallopian tube. Importantly, IDH1 is critical for HGSOC cell proliferation as knockdown or inhibition of IDH1-induced senescence through increased repressive histone H3K9me2 at multiple proliferation-promoting gene loci. Excitingly, we observed a positive correlation between high cyclin E expression and high IDH1 in both fallopian tube and HGSOC cells. Indeed, overexpression of cyclin E increased IDH1 expression in both fallopian tube and HGSOC cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that upregulation of IDH1 in cyclin E high cells increases DDR gene expression by altering the epigenetic landscape and thereby suppressing senescence induction. Our data demonstrate that IDH1 overexpression in fallopian tube phenocopies cyclin E overexpression by increasing expression of several DDR genes, including BRCA2. Indeed, knockdown of IDH1 in cyclin E-high cells decreased DDR gene expression, demonstrating that IDH1 is necessary for DDR gene expression in cyclin E-high cells. Mechanistically, we determined that this is through a metabolic-epigenetic axis, which regulates occupancy of repressive H3K9 methylation at DDR gene loci. Finally, to determine whether the alteration in DDR gene expression is functionally relevant, we treated cyclin E-high PARPi-resistant cells with an IDH1 inhibitor. While neither inhibitor affected proliferation of cyclin E-high HGSOC cells alone, the combination was highly synergistic, suggesting that the IDH1 inhibitor converted HR-proficient cyclin E-high cells to an HR-deficient phenotype. Together, our data suggest that IDH1-mediated metabolism affects the epigenome in cyclin E-high cells, which contributes to both fallopian tube transformation and HR proficiency. Targeting IDH1 with currently FDA-approved inhibitors may therefore be a rational therapeutic strategy for cyclin E-high HGSOC patients.
Citation Format: Erika S. Dahl, Raquel Buj, Qingyuan Jia, Kelly E. Leon, Katherine M. Aird. Targeting the IDH1-mediated metabolic-epigenetic axis in cyclin E-high ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr A35.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Buj
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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24
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Cole AJ, Iyengar M, Panesso-Gómez S, O'Hayer P, Chan D, Delgoffe GM, Aird KM, Yoon E, Bai S, Buckanovich RJ. NFATC4 promotes quiescence and chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131486. [PMID: 32182216 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of chemotherapy resistance is a major problem in ovarian cancer. One understudied mechanism of chemoresistance is the induction of quiescence, a reversible nonproliferative state. Unfortunately, little is known about regulators of quiescence. Here, we identify the master transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 4 (NFATC4) as a regulator of quiescence in ovarian cancer. NFATC4 is enriched in ovarian cancer stem-like cells and correlates with decreased proliferation and poor prognosis. Treatment of cancer cells with cisplatin resulted in NFATC4 nuclear translocation and activation of the NFATC4 pathway, while inhibition of the pathway increased chemotherapy response. Induction of NFATC4 activity resulted in a marked decrease in proliferation, G0 cell cycle arrest, and chemotherapy resistance, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, NFATC4 drove a quiescent phenotype in part via downregulation of MYC. Together, these data identify NFATC4 as a driver of quiescence and a potential new target to combat chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cole
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mangala Iyengar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Santiago Panesso-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick O'Hayer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center; and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shoumei Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Kim YS, Gupta Vallur P, Jones VM, Worley BL, Shimko S, Shin DH, Crawford LC, Chen CW, Aird KM, Abraham T, Shepherd TG, Warrick JI, Lee NY, Phaeton R, Mythreye K, Hempel N. Context-dependent activation of SIRT3 is necessary for anchorage-independent survival and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:1619-1633. [PMID: 31723239 PMCID: PMC7036012 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells must alter their antioxidant capacity for maximal metastatic potential. Yet the antioxidant adaptations required for ovarian cancer transcoelomic metastasis, which is the passive dissemination of cells in the peritoneal cavity, remain largely unexplored. Somewhat contradicting the need for oxidant scavenging are previous observations that expression of SIRT3, a nutrient stress sensor and regulator of mitochondrial antioxidant defenses, is often suppressed in many primary tumors. We have discovered that this mitochondrial deacetylase is specifically upregulated in a context-dependent manner in cancer cells. SIRT3 activity and expression transiently increased following ovarian cancer cell detachment and in tumor cells derived from malignant ascites of high-grade serous adenocarcinoma patients. Mechanistically, SIRT3 prevents mitochondrial superoxide surges in detached cells by regulating the manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). This mitochondrial stress response is under dual regulation by SIRT3. SIRT3 rapidly increases SOD2 activity as an early adaptation to cellular detachment, which is followed by SIRT3-dependent increases in SOD2 mRNA during sustained anchorage-independence. In addition, SIRT3 inhibits glycolytic capacity in anchorage-independent cells thereby contributing to metabolic changes in response to detachment. While manipulation of SIRT3 expression has few deleterious effects on cancer cells in attached conditions, SIRT3 upregulation and SIRT3-mediated oxidant scavenging are required for anoikis resistance in vitro following matrix detachment, and both SIRT3 and SOD2 are necessary for colonization of the peritoneal cavity in vivo. Our results highlight the novel context-specific, pro-metastatic role of SIRT3 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Piyushi Gupta Vallur
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Victoria M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Beth L Worley
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sara Shimko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dong-Hui Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - LaTaijah C Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- The Mary & John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca Phaeton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
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26
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Dahl ES, Snyder NW, Aird KM. Abstract GMM-022: IDH1 IS A PRO-SENESCENT THERAPY IN HIGH-GRADE SEROUS OVARIAN CANCER. Clin Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovcasymp18-gmm-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most frequently diagnosed and fatal histosubtype of EOC. We found that HGSC cell lines exhibit increased TCA cycle metabolites compared to fallopian tube cells, the proposed site of HGSC origin. Therefore, we propose that inhibition of TCA cycle metabolism may be a novel therapeutic strategy for HGSC. To determine which TCA cycle metabolism enzymes are dysregulated in ovarian cancer, we performed an unbiased qPCR screen of all 27 enzymes in the pathway. Our results indicate that isocitrate dehydrogenase I (IDH1) expression is significantly altered in EOC cell lines compared to fallopian tube cells. IDH1 catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate (αKG) in a reversible reaction. It is well-known that IDH1 mutations play a role in cancer; however, recent publications suggest wildtype IDH1 overexpression promotes primary glioblastoma progression in the absence of mutation. Wildtype IDH1 and its role in metabolism and epigenetics has never been investigated in HGSC.
To determine whether IDH1 plays a functional role in HGSC, we used both genetic and pharmacological approaches to suppress IDH1 in multiple HGSC cell lines. Knockdown or inhibition of IDH1 using the small molecule inhibitor GSK864 significantly decreased HGSC cell proliferation. Mechanistically, this was due to induction of senescence, a stable cell cycle arrest. We next aimed to determine the molecular mechanism underlying senescence induction due to inhibition of IDH1. Increased histone methylation of proliferation promoting genes (i.e., CCNA2 and PCNA) is a characteristic of senescence. αKG acts as a cofactor for the Jumonji C (JmjC) histone demethylase family, suggesting that suppression of αKG may affect the methylation status of histones. αKG levels were significantly decreased in IDH1 knockdown cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreasing αKG levels in HGSC may modulate the epigenome to induce senescence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed an increase in repressive H3K9me2 histone methylation at proliferation-promoting gene loci (CCNA2 and PCNA) when IDH1 was knocked down. This correlated with a decrease in mRNA of both genes. These data suggest that knockdown of IDH1 induces senescence of HGSC cells by increased histone methylation of proliferation promoting genes.
Finally, we aimed to determine the JmjC demethylase family member that is inhibited by IDH1 knockdown. The JmjC KDM4 family modulates histone demethylation of histone H3 lysine 9. KDM4A is upregulated in EOC and correlates with worse overall survival. Interestingly, knockdown studies of KDM4A phenocopied those of IDH1 knockdown. Future studies are aimed to dissect the role of KDM4A in senescence induction. Altogether, these data suggest that targeting the metabolic enzyme IDH1 in HGSC induces senescence through epigenetic reprogramming and may be a novel metabolic therapy for HGSC patients.
Citation Format: Erika S Dahl, Nathaniel W Snyder, Katherine M Aird. IDH1 IS A PRO-SENESCENT THERAPY IN HIGH-GRADE SEROUS OVARIAN CANCER [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr GMM-022.
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Abstract
p16INK4A (hereafter called p16) is a faithful cellular ally in the fight against tumorigenesis. Although its canonical pathway through retinoblastoma (RB) is well delineated, RB-independent functions for p16 are beginning to emerge. Here we summarize non-canonical roles of p16, including our recent finding on its role in nucleotide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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28
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Dahl ES, Buj R, Leon KE, Newell JM, Imamura Y, Bitler BG, Snyder NW, Aird KM. Targeting IDH1 as a Prosenescent Therapy in High-grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1710-1720. [PMID: 31110157 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most frequently diagnosed and lethal histosubtype of EOC. A significant proportion of patients with HGSC relapse with chemoresistant disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies for HGSC. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells, and targeting metabolism for cancer therapy may be beneficial. Here, we found that in comparison with normal fallopian tube epithelial cells, HGSC cells preferentially utilize glucose in the TCA cycle and not for aerobic glycolysis. This correlated with universally increased TCA cycle enzyme expression in HGSC cells under adherent conditions. HGSC disseminates as tumor cell spheroids within the peritoneal cavity. We found that wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase I (IDH1) is the only TCA cycle enzyme upregulated in both adherent and spheroid conditions and is associated with reduced progression-free survival. IDH1 protein expression is also increased in patients with primary HGSC tumors. Pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of IDH1 decreased proliferation of multiple HGSC cell lines by inducing senescence. Mechanistically, suppression of IDH1 increased the repressive histone mark H3K9me2 at multiple E2F target gene loci, which led to decreased expression of these genes. Altogether, these data suggest that increased IDH1 activity is an important metabolic adaptation in HGSC and that targeting wild-type IDH1 in HGSC alters the repressive histone epigenetic landscape to induce senescence. IMPLICATIONS: Inhibition of IDH1 may act as a novel therapeutic approach to alter both the metabolism and epigenetics of HGSC as a prosenescent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Dahl
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly E Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Newell
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Abstract
Senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that is either tumor suppressive or tumor promoting depending on context. Epigenetic changes such as histone methylation are known to affect both the induction and suppression of senescence by altering expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. A conserved group of proteins containing a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain alter chromatin state, and therefore gene expression, by demethylating histones. Here, we will discuss what is currently known about JmjC demethylases in the induction of senescence, and how these enzymes suppress senescence to contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn Stage College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn Stage College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Kuskovsky R, Buj R, Xu P, Hofbauer S, Doan MT, Jiang H, Bostwick A, Mesaros C, Aird KM, Snyder NW. Simultaneous isotope dilution quantification and metabolic tracing of deoxyribonucleotides by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2018; 568:65-72. [PMID: 30605633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of cellular deoxyribonucleoside mono- (dNMP), di- (dNDP), triphosphates (dNTPs) and related nucleoside metabolites are difficult due to their physiochemical properties and widely varying abundance. Involvement of dNTP metabolism in cellular processes including senescence and pathophysiological processes including cancer and viral infection make dNTP metabolism an important bioanalytical target. We modified a previously developed ion pairing reversed phase chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification and 13C isotope tracing of dNTP metabolites. dNMPs, dNDPs, and dNTPs were chromatographically resolved to avoid mis-annotation of in-source fragmentation. We used commercially available 13C15N-stable isotope labeled analogs as internal standards and show that this isotope dilution approach improves analytical figures of merit. At sufficiently high mass resolution achievable on an Orbitrap mass analyzer, stable isotope resolved metabolomics allows simultaneous isotope dilution quantification and 13C isotope tracing from major substrates including 13C-glucose. As a proof of principle, we quantified dNMP, dNDP and dNTP pools from multiple cell lines. We also identified isotopologue enrichment from glucose corresponding to ribose from the pentose-phosphate pathway in dNTP metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Kuskovsky
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Peining Xu
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Hofbauer
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary T Doan
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Helen Jiang
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anna Bostwick
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Worley BL, Kim YS, Mardini J, Zaman R, Leon KE, Vallur PG, Nduwumwami A, Warrick JI, Timmins PF, Kesterson JP, Phaëton R, Lee NY, Walter V, Endres L, Mythreye K, Aird KM, Hempel N. GPx3 supports ovarian cancer progression by manipulating the extracellular redox environment. Redox Biol 2018; 25:101051. [PMID: 30509602 PMCID: PMC6859581 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and is primarily diagnosed at late stage when considerable metastasis has occurred in the peritoneal cavity. At late stage abdominal cavity ascites accumulation provides a tumor-supporting medium in which cancer cells gain access to growth factors and cytokines that promote survival and metastasis. However, little is known about the redox status of ascites, or whether antioxidant enzymes are required to support ovarian cancer survival during transcoelomic metastasis in this medium. Gene expression cluster analysis of antioxidant enzymes identified two distinct populations of high-grade serous adenocarcinomas (HGSA), the most common ovarian cancer subtype, which specifically separated into clusters based on glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) expression. High GPx3 expression was associated with poorer overall patient survival and increased tumor stage. GPx3 is an extracellular glutathione peroxidase with reported dichotomous roles in cancer. To further examine a potential pro-tumorigenic role of GPx3 in HGSA, stable OVCAR3 GPx3 knock-down cell lines were generated using lentiviral shRNA constructs. Decreased GPx3 expression inhibited clonogenicity and anchorage-independent cell survival. Moreover, GPx3 was necessary for protecting cells from exogenous oxidant insult, as demonstrated by treatment with high dose ascorbate. This cytoprotective effect was shown to be due to GPx3-dependent removal of extracellular H2O2. Importantly, GPx3 was necessary for clonogenic survival when cells were cultured in patient-derived ascites fluid. While oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of malignant ascites was heterogeneous in our patient cohort, and correlated positively with ascites iron content, GPx3 was required for optimal survival regardless of ORP or iron content. Collectively, our data suggest that HGSA ovarian cancers cluster into distinct groups of high and low GPx3 expression. GPx3 is necessary for HGSA ovarian cancer cellular survival in the ascites tumor environment and protects against extracellular sources of oxidative stress, implicating GPx3 as an important adaptation for transcoelomic metastasis. High grade serous ovarian cancers cluster into distinct groups of antioxidant enzyme expression. High GPx3 expression is associated with decreased overall patient survival. GPx3 promotes cell viability by protecting cells from extracellular sources of oxidative stress. GPx3 enhances cell survival in ovarian cancer patient ascites fluid. Malignant ascites oxidation-reduction potential correlates with iron content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Worley
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Mardini
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rameez Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kelly E Leon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Piyushi Gupta Vallur
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Asvelt Nduwumwami
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Joshua P Kesterson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rébécca Phaëton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Endres
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool is critical for the proper replication and repair of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Temporal, spatial, and ratio imbalances of the four dNTPs have been shown to have a mutagenic and cytotoxic effect. It is, therefore, essential for cell homeostasis to maintain the balance between the processes of dNTP biosynthesis and degradation. Multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as c-Myc, p53, and mTORC1 feed into dNTP metabolism, and there is a clear role for dNTP imbalances in cancer initiation and progression. Additionally, multiple chemotherapeutics target these pathways to inhibit nucleotide synthesis. Less is understood about the role for dNTP levels in metabolic disorders and syndromes and whether alterations in dNTP levels change cancer incidence in these patients. For instance, while deficiencies in some metabolic pathways known to play a role in nucleotide synthesis are pro-tumorigenic (e.g., p53 mutations), others confer an advantage against the onset of cancer (G6PD). More recent evidence indicates that there are changes in nucleotide metabolism in diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance; however, whether these changes play a mechanistic role is unclear. In this review, we will address the complex network of metabolic pathways, whereby cells can fuel dNTP biosynthesis and catabolism in cancer, and we will discuss the potential role for this pathway in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase has been extensively studied for its role in the DNA damage response and its association with the disease ataxia telangiectasia. There is increasing evidence that ATM also plays an important role in other cellular processes, including carbon metabolism. Carbon metabolism is highly dysregulated in cancer due to the increased need for cellular biomass. A number of recent studies report a non-canonical role for ATM in the regulation of carbon metabolism. This review highlights what is currently known about ATM's regulation of carbon metabolism, the implication of these pathways in cancer, and the development of ATM inhibitors as therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S. Dahl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Karakashev
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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35
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Bitler BG, Park PH, Hai Y, Aird KM, Wang Y, Huntsman DG, Cho KR, Christianson DW, Zhang R. Abstract AP25: INHIBITION OF HDAC ACTIVITY SELECTIVELY INHIBITS ARID1A–MUTATED OVARIAN CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA THROUGH A NOVEL P53 REGULATORY MECHANISM. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovcasymp16-ap25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: ARID1A is mutated ~50% and 30% of clear cell (OCCC) and endometrioid (OEC) ovarian cancers, respectively. Over 90% of the ARID1A mutations observed in ovarian cancer are frame-shift or nonsense mutations that result in loss of ARID1A protein expression. In several cancers including OCCC, ARID1A and p53 mutations are often mutually exclusive. OCCC carries a worse prognosis compared to the other histosubtypes of ovarian cancer. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for improved therapeutic strategies.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: To investigate the role of specific HDACs in the context of ARID1A expression, we examined the effect of knocking down HDACs in an isogenic OCCC cell line with and without ARID1A expression. Utilizing a panel of ARID1A-mutated and wildtype OCCC cell lines, we evaluated the effect of HDAC knockdown and inhibition through a variety of 2D and 3D assays. We also examined the consequence of HDAC inhibition on tumor growth, survival, and dissemination in an in vivo mouse model of ovarian cancer.
SUMMARY OF THE DATA: We have discovered that ARID1A is involved in the repression of HDACs, and ARID1A-inactivation promotes aberrant transcriptional regulation of HDACs. Importantly, we uncovered a novel HDAC-dependent regulatory mechanism of p53. Several HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. We found HDAC inhibitors were more selective in ARID1A-mutated OCCC cell lines compared to ARID1A-wildtype cells. We observed that HDAC inhibition led to a significant increase in apoptosis in ARID1A-mutated cells. In an orthotopic intra-bursal xenograft model using ARID1A wildtype and deficient cells, the HDAC inhibitor suppressed primary tumor growth and inhibited tumor cell dissemination only in the ARID1A-mutated tumors. Significantly, HDAC inhibition significantly improved the survival of mice bearing ARID1A-mutated tumors.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that HDAC inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for ARID1A-deficient cancers. This study further elucidates the observed mutual exclusivity of ARID1A and p53. Importantly, we have uncovered a novel regulatory mechanism of p53 mediated through ARID1A and HDACs. Clinically, this study describes a precision medicine approach to the treatment of ARID1A-mutated OCCC.
Citation Format: Benjamin G. Bitler, Pyoung Hwa Park, Yang Hai, Katherine M. Aird, Yemin Wang, David G. Huntsman, Kathleen R. Cho, David W. Christianson, Rugang Zhang. INHIBITION OF HDAC ACTIVITY SELECTIVELY INHIBITS ARID1A–MUTATED OVARIAN CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA THROUGH A NOVEL P53 REGULATORY MECHANISM [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr AP25.
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Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Tanizawa H, Fatkhutdinov N, Bitler BG, Le L, Alicea G, Yang TL, Johnson FB, Noma KI, Zhang R. HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:325-334. [PMID: 27799366 PMCID: PMC5100296 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In senescence, specific genes encoding secreted factors are excluded from senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, but the mechanisms underlying this senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) are unclear. Aird et al. show that the chromatin-bound protein HMGB2 orchestrates the SASP by preventing heterochromatin spreading to these specific loci. Cellular senescence is a stable cell growth arrest that is characterized by the silencing of proliferation-promoting genes through compaction of chromosomes into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). Paradoxically, senescence is also accompanied by increased transcription of certain genes encoding for secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). How SASP genes are excluded from SAHF-mediated global gene silencing remains unclear. In this study, we report that high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) orchestrates the chromatin landscape of SASP gene loci. HMGB2 preferentially localizes to SASP gene loci during senescence. Loss of HMGB2 during senescence blunts SASP gene expression by allowing for spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF. Our results establish HMGB2 as a novel master regulator that orchestrates SASP through prevention of heterochromatin spreading to allow for exclusion of SASP gene loci from a global heterochromatin environment during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Osamu Iwasaki
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hideki Tanizawa
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nail Fatkhutdinov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Kazan Federal University, Kazan 42000, Russia
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Linh Le
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014
| | - Gretchen Alicea
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ting-Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014
| | - Ken-Ichi Noma
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Kaur A, Webster MR, Marchbank K, Behera R, Ndoye A, Kugel CH, Dang VM, Appleton J, O'Connell MP, Cheng P, Valiga AA, Morissette R, McDonnell NB, Ferrucci L, Kossenkov AV, Meeth K, Tang HY, Yin X, Wood WH, Lehrmann E, Becker KG, Flaherty KT, Frederick DT, Wargo JA, Cooper ZA, Tetzlaff MT, Hudgens C, Aird KM, Zhang R, Xu X, Liu Q, Bartlett E, Karakousis G, Eroglu Z, Lo RS, Chan M, Menzies AM, Long GV, Johnson DB, Sosman J, Schilling B, Schadendorf D, Speicher DW, Bosenberg M, Ribas A, Weeraratna AT. Corrigendum: sFRP2 in the aged microenvironment drives melanoma metastasis and therapy resistance. Nature 2016; 537:254. [PMID: 27383789 DOI: 10.1038/nature18939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Fatkhutdinov N, Sproesser K, Krepler C, Liu Q, Brafford PA, Herlyn M, Aird KM, Zhang R. Targeting RRM2 and Mutant BRAF Is a Novel Combinatorial Strategy for Melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:767-75. [PMID: 27297629 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of patients with melanoma harbor mutations in the BRAF oncogene, thus making it a clinically relevant target. However, response to mutant BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is relatively short-lived with progression-free survival of only 6 to 7 months. Previously, we reported high expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), which is rate-limiting for de novo dNTP synthesis, as a poor prognostic factor in patients with mutant BRAF melanoma. In this study, the notion that targeting de novo dNTP synthesis through knockdown of RRM2 could prolong the response of melanoma cells to BRAFi was investigated. Knockdown of RRM2 in combination with the mutant BRAFi PLX4720 (an analog of the FDA-approved drug vemurafenib) inhibited melanoma cell proliferation to a greater extent than either treatment alone. This occurred in vitro in multiple mutant BRAF cell lines and in a novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model system. Mechanistically, the combination increased DNA damage accumulation, which correlated with a global decrease in DNA damage repair (DDR) gene expression and increased apoptotic markers. After discontinuing PLX4720 treatment, cells showed marked recurrence. However, knockdown of RRM2 attenuated this rebound growth both in vitro and in vivo, which correlated with maintenance of the senescence-associated cell-cycle arrest. IMPLICATIONS Inhibition of RRM2 converts the transient response of melanoma cells to BRAFi to a stable response and may be a novel combinatorial strategy to prolong therapeutic response of patients with melanoma. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 767-75. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Fatkhutdinov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Katrin Sproesser
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia A Brafford
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zhu H, Ren S, Bitler BG, Aird KM, Tu Z, Skordalakes E, Zhu Y, Yan J, Sun Y, Zhang R. SPOP E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Adaptor Promotes Cellular Senescence by Degrading the SENP7 deSUMOylase. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1183-1193. [PMID: 26527005 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPOP gene, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, is frequently mutated in a number of cancer types. However, the mechanisms by which SPOP functions as a tumor suppressor remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SPOP promotes senescence, an important tumor suppression mechanism, by targeting the SENP7 deSUMOylase for degradation. SPOP is upregulated during senescence. This correlates with ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SENP7, which promotes senescence by increasing HP1α sumoylation and the associated epigenetic gene silencing. Ectopic wild-type SPOP, but not its cancer-associated mutants, drives senescence. Conversely, SPOP knockdown overcomes senescence. These phenotypes correlate with ubiquitination and degradation of SENP7 and HP1α sumoylation, subcellular re-localization, and its associated gene silencing. Furthermore, SENP7 is expressed at higher levels in prostate tumor specimens with SPOP mutation (n = 13) compared to those with wild-type SPOP (n = 80). In summary, SPOP acts as a tumor suppressor by promoting senescence through degrading SENP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Zhu
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhigang Tu
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emmanuel Skordalakes
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yasheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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40
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Zhang J, Wang C, Chen X, Takada M, Fan C, Zheng X, Wen H, Liu Y, Wang C, Pestell RG, Aird KM, Kaelin WG, Liu XS, Zhang Q. EglN2 associates with the NRF1-PGC1α complex and controls mitochondrial function in breast cancer. EMBO J 2015; 34:2953-70. [PMID: 26492917 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The EglN2/PHD1 prolyl hydroxylase is an important oxygen sensor contributing to breast tumorigenesis. Emerging studies suggest that there is functional cross talk between oxygen sensing and mitochondrial function, both of which play an essential role for sustained tumor growth. However, the potential link between EglN2 and mitochondrial function remains largely undefined. Here, we show that EglN2 depletion decreases mitochondrial respiration in breast cancer under normoxia and hypoxia, which correlates with decreased mitochondrial DNA in a HIF1/2α-independent manner. Integrative analyses of gene expression profile and genomewide binding of EglN2 under hypoxic conditions reveal nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) motif enrichment in EglN2-activated genes, suggesting NRF1 as an EglN2 binding partner. Mechanistically, by forming an activator complex with PGC1α and NRF1 on chromatin, EglN2 promotes the transcription of ferridoxin reductase (FDXR) and maintains mitochondrial function. In addition, FDXR, as one of effectors for EglN2, contributes to breast tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that EglN2 regulates mitochondrial function in ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chengyang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamoru Takada
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xingnan Zheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Program of Radiation Protection and Drug Discovery, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xiaole Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Aird KM, Worth AJ, Snyder NW, Lee JV, Sivanand S, Liu Q, Blair IA, Wellen KE, Zhang R. ATM couples replication stress and metabolic reprogramming during cellular senescence. Cell Rep 2015; 11:893-901. [PMID: 25937285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication stress induced by nucleotide deficiency plays an important role in cancer initiation. Replication stress in primary cells typically activates the cellular senescence tumor-suppression mechanism. Senescence bypass correlates with development of cancer, a disease characterized by metabolic reprogramming. However, the role of metabolic reprogramming in the cellular response to replication stress has been little explored. Here, we report that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in regulating the cellular response to replication stress by shifting cellular metabolism. ATM inactivation bypasses senescence induced by replication stress triggered by nucleotide deficiency. This was due to restoration of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) levels through both upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway via increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and enhanced glucose and glutamine consumption. These phenotypes were mediated by a coordinated suppression of p53 and upregulation of c-MYC downstream of ATM inactivation. Our data indicate that ATM status couples replication stress and metabolic reprogramming during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharanya Sivanand
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bitler BG, Aird KM, Zhang R. Epigenetic synthetic lethality in ovarian clear cell carcinoma: EZH2 and ARID1A mutations. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1032476. [PMID: 27308548 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1032476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The components of the Switch/Sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex are mutated in approximately 20% of human cancers. The A/T-rich interacting domain 1A (ARID1A) subunit has one of the highest mutation rates. Most notably, ARID1A is mutated in over 50% of ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCCs). We reported that inhibition of enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2) is synthetically lethal in ARID1A-mutated OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Bitler
- Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute ; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Bitler BG, Aird KM, Garipov A, Li H, Amatangelo M, Kossenkov AV, Schultz DC, Liu Q, Shih IM, Conejo-Garcia JR, Speicher DW, Zhang R. Synthetic lethality by targeting EZH2 methyltransferase activity in ARID1A-mutated cancers. Nat Med 2015; 21:231-8. [PMID: 25686104 PMCID: PMC4352133 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ARID1A, a chromatin remodeler, shows one of the highest mutation rates across many cancer types. Notably, ARID1A is mutated in over 50% of ovarian clear cell carcinomas, which currently has no effective therapy. To date, clinically applicable targeted cancer therapy based on ARID1A mutational status has not been described. Here we show that inhibition of the EZH2 methyltransferase acts in a synthetic lethal manner in ARID1A mutated ovarian cancer cells. ARID1A mutational status correlates with response to the EZH2 inhibitor. We identified PIK3IP1 as a direct ARID1A/EZH2 target, which is upregulated by EZH2 inhibition and contributes to the observed synthetic lethality by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling. Significantly, EZH2 inhibition causes regression of ARID1A mutated ovarian tumors in vivo. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time a synthetic lethality between ARID1A mutation and EZH2 inhibition. They indicate that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 represents a novel treatment strategy for ARID1A mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Bitler
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Azat Garipov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Amatangelo
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Center for Chemical Biology and Translational Medicine, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- 1] Center for Systems and Computational Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Senescence is defined as a stable cell growth arrest. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) occurs in normal primary human cells after activation of an oncogene in the absence of other cooperating oncogenic stimuli. OIS is therefore considered a bona fide tumor suppression mechanism in vivo. Indeed, overcoming OIS-associated stable cell growth arrest can lead to tumorigenesis. Although cells that have undergone OIS do not replicate their DNA, they remain metabolically active. A number of recent studies report significant changes in cellular metabolism during OIS, including alterations in nucleotide, glucose, and mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy. These alterations may be necessary for stable senescence-associated cell growth arrest, and overcoming these shifts in metabolism may lead to tumorigenesis. This review highlights what is currently known about alterations in cellular metabolism during OIS and the implication of OIS-associated metabolic changes in cellular transformation and the development of cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- The Wistar Institute; Gene Expression and Regulation; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Correspondence to: Katherine M Aird, Ph.D; E-mail:
| | - Rugang Zhang
- The Wistar Institute; Gene Expression and Regulation; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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46
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Aird KM, Zhang R. Nucleotide metabolism, oncogene-induced senescence and cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:204-10. [PMID: 24486217 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is defined as a stable cell growth arrest. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) occurs when an activated oncogene is expressed in a normal cell. OIS acts as a bona fide tumor suppressor mechanism by driving stable growth arrest of cancer progenitor cells harboring the initial oncogenic hit. OIS is often characterized by aberrant DNA replication and the associated DNA damage response. Nucleotides, in particular deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), are necessary for both DNA replication and repair. Imbalanced dNTP pools play a role in a number of human diseases, including during the early stages of cancer development. This review will highlight what is currently known about the role of decreased nucleotide metabolism in OIS, how nucleotide metabolism leads to transformation and tumor progression, and how this pathway can be targeted as a cancer therapeutic by inducing senescence of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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47
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Aird KM, Li H, Xin F, Konstantinopoulos PA, Zhang R. Identification of ribonucleotide reductase M2 as a potential target for pro-senescence therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:199-207. [PMID: 24200970 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of gynecological-related cancer deaths in the United States. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease. Cellular senescence is a state of stable cell growth arrest that acts as an important tumor suppression mechanism. Ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) plays a key role in regulating the senescence-associated cell growth arrest by controlling biogenesis of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs). The role of RRM2 in EOC remains poorly understood. Here we show that RRM2 is expressed at higher levels in EOCs compared with either normal ovarian surface epithelium (P<0.001) or fallopian tube epithelium (P<0.001). RRM2 expression significantly correlates with the expression of Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation (P<0.001). Moreover, RRM2 expression positively correlates with tumor grade and stage, and high RRM2 expression independently predicts a shorter overall survival in EOC patients (P<0.001). To delineate the functional role of RRM2 in EOC, we knocked down RRM2 expression in a panel of EOC cell lines. Knockdown of RRM2 expression inhibits the growth of human EOC cells. Mechanistically, RRM2 knockdown triggers cellular senescence in these cells. Notably, this correlates with the induction of the DNA damage response, a known mediator of cellular senescence. These data suggest that targeting RRM2 in EOCs by suppressing its activity is a novel pro-senescence therapeutic strategy that has the potential to improve survival of EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program; The Wistar Institute Cancer Center; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Hua Li
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program; The Wistar Institute Cancer Center; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Frances Xin
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program; School of Medicine; The University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Panagiotis A Konstantinopoulos
- Medical Gynecological Oncology Program; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Boston, MA USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program; The Wistar Institute Cancer Center; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
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49
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Aird KM, Zhang G, Li H, Tu Z, Bitler BG, Garipov A, Wu H, Wei Z, Wagner SN, Herlyn M, Zhang R. Suppression of nucleotide metabolism underlies the establishment and maintenance of oncogene-induced senescence. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1252-65. [PMID: 23562156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is characterized by a stable cell growth arrest, thus providing a tumor suppression mechanism. However, the underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we show that a decrease in deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) levels underlies oncogene-induced stable senescence-associated cell growth arrest. The decrease in dNTP levels is caused by oncogene-induced repression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2), a rate-limiting protein in dNTP synthesis. This precedes the senescence-associated cell-cycle exit and coincides with the DNA damage response. Consistently, RRM2 downregulation is both necessary and sufficient for senescence. Strikingly, suppression of nucleotide metabolism by RRM2 repression is also necessary for maintenance of the stable senescence-associated cell growth arrest. Furthermore, RRM2 repression correlates with senescence status in benign nevi and melanoma, and its knockdown drives senescence of melanoma cells. These data reveal the molecular basis whereby the stable growth arrest of oncogene-induced senescence is established and maintained through suppression of nucleotide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
One of the most prominent features of cellular senescence, a stress response that prevents the propagation of cells that have accumulated potentially oncogenic alterations, is a permanent loss of proliferative potential. Thus, at odds with quiescent cells, which resume proliferation when stimulated to do so, senescent cells cannot proceed through the cell cycle even in the presence of mitogenic factors. Here, we describe a set of cytofluorometric techniques for studying how chemical and/or physical stimuli alter the cell cycle in vitro, in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Taken together, these methods allow for the identification of bona fide cytostatic effects as well as for a refined characterization of cell cycle distributions, providing information on proliferation, DNA content, as well as the presence of cell cycle phase-specific markers. At the end of the chapter, a set of guidelines is offered to assist researchers that approach the study of the cell cycle with the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Women's Cancer Program, Epigenetics and Progenitor Cells Keystone Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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