1
|
Spanogiannopoulos P, Kyaw TS, Guthrie BGH, Bradley PH, Lee JV, Melamed J, Malig YNA, Lam KN, Gempis D, Sandy M, Kidder W, Van Blarigan EL, Atreya CE, Venook A, Gerona RR, Goga A, Pollard KS, Turnbaugh PJ. Host and gut bacteria share metabolic pathways for anti-cancer drug metabolism. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1605-1620. [PMID: 36138165 PMCID: PMC9530025 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have extensive reciprocal interactions with the microbiome, but whether bacterial drug sensitivity and metabolism is driven by pathways conserved in host cells remains unclear. Here we show that anti-cancer fluoropyrimidine drugs inhibit the growth of gut bacterial strains from 6 phyla. In both Escherichia coli and mammalian cells, fluoropyrimidines disrupt pyrimidine metabolism. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes metabolized 5-fluorouracil to its inactive metabolite dihydrofluorouracil, mimicking the major host mechanism for drug clearance. The preTA operon was necessary and sufficient for 5-fluorouracil inactivation by E. coli, exhibited high catalytic efficiency for the reductive reaction, decreased the bioavailability and efficacy of oral fluoropyrimidine treatment in mice and was prevalent in the gut microbiomes of colorectal cancer patients. The conservation of both the targets and enzymes for metabolism of therapeutics across domains highlights the need to distinguish the relative contributions of human and microbial cells to drug efficacy and side-effect profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Than S Kyaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben G H Guthrie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick H Bradley
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ysabella Noelle Amora Malig
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathy N Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daryll Gempis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moriah Sandy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wesley Kidder
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Van Blarigan
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chloe E Atreya
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan Venook
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roy R Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee JV, Housley F, Yau C, Hemmati G, Zhang Y, Samson S, Baas C, Rugo H, Matloubian M, Goga A. Abstract GS1-08: The MYC oncogene suppresses tumor immune infiltration and function which is reversible with combinatorial immunotherapies. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-gs1-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunotherapy has great potential to improve outcomes for breast cancer patients. Yet, deciding on how to rationally combine therapeutic agents and predict patient populations who would benefit remains challenging. Less than 20% of patients with metastatic breast cancer respond to current immunotherapy regiments, further demonstrating the need for research in this area. We postulate that oncogene activation leads to immune-related vulnerabilities which can be exploited to discover new immunotherapy combinations with improved efficacy. MYC is an oncogene that is frequently overexpressed in the majority of triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), and is frequently found in disease recurrence, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. Despite the association of MYC with poor patient outcome, little is known about how MYC facilitates immune evasion in TNBC. Using TNBC patient datasets from the TCGA, we discovered that the MYC gene signature is anti-correlated with T-cell activation signatures and a subset of genes that regulate antigen processing and presentation with MHC-I. We further examined the effects of MYC using a MYC-driven mammary tumor mouse model (MTB-TOM). MYC activation leads to downregulation of MHC-I expression on tumor cells, poor CD8+ T cell infiltration and consequently poor response to anti-PD-L1 monotherapy. We demonstrate three methods to improve response to immunotherapy—by inactivation of MYC, by inducing an interferon response within the breast tumor, or by inducing MYC tumor synthetic lethality with a small molecule inhibitor of PIM kinases. Using these combination immunotherapy strategies, we observed that a majority of animals eradicated their breast tumors and demonstrated a durable anti-tumor response following subsequent tumor re-challenge. Our data suggest MYC is an indicator of whether a breast cancer patient will respond to immunotherapy. Analysis of the MYC gene signature as a predictor of patient response to pembrolizumab in combination with paclitaxel followed by AC in the neoadjuvant I-SPY 2 trial is on-going and will be presented. Our study is the first to describe oncogenic MYC downregulation of MHC-I in a TNBC model of breast cancer and to demonstrate translatable approaches to overcome MYC orchestrated immune evasion.
Citation Format: Joyce V Lee, Filomena Housley, Christina Yau, Golzar Hemmati, Yibing Zhang, Susan Samson, Carole Baas, Hope Rugo, Mehrdad Matloubian, Andrei Goga. The MYC oncogene suppresses tumor immune infiltration and function which is reversible with combinatorial immunotherapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS1-08.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gnanapradeepan K, Leu JIJ, Basu S, Barnoud T, Good M, Lee JV, Quinn WJ, Kung CP, Ahima R, Baur JA, Wellen KE, Liu Q, Schug ZT, George DL, Murphy ME. Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser. eLife 2020; 9:e55994. [PMID: 33170774 PMCID: PMC7661039 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pro47Ser variant of p53 (S47) exists in African-descent populations and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans and mice. Due to impaired repression of the cystine importer Slc7a11, S47 cells show increased glutathione (GSH) accumulation compared to cells with wild -type p53. We show that mice containing the S47 variant display increased mTOR activity and oxidative metabolism, as well as larger size, improved metabolic efficiency, and signs of superior fitness. Mechanistically, we show that mTOR and its positive regulator Rheb display increased association in S47 cells; this is due to an altered redox state of GAPDH in S47 cells that inhibits its ability to bind and sequester Rheb. Compounds that decrease glutathione normalize GAPDH-Rheb complexes and mTOR activity in S47 cells. This study reveals a novel layer of regulation of mTOR by p53, and raises the possibility that this variant may have been selected for in early Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Gnanapradeepan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Madeline Good
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - William J Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Che-Pei Kung
- Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Rexford Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Qin Liu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Zachary T Schug
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rohrberg J, Van de Mark D, Amouzgar M, Lee JV, Taileb M, Corella A, Kilinc S, Williams J, Jokisch ML, Camarda R, Balakrishnan S, Shankar R, Zhou A, Chang AN, Chen B, Rugo HS, Dumont S, Goga A. MYC Dysregulates Mitosis, Revealing Cancer Vulnerabilities. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3368-3382.e7. [PMID: 32160543 PMCID: PMC7085414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors that overexpress the MYC oncogene are frequently aneuploid, a state associated with highly aggressive cancers and tumor evolution. However, how MYC causes aneuploidy is not well understood. Here, we show that MYC overexpression induces mitotic spindle assembly defects and chromosomal instability (CIN) through effects on microtubule nucleation and organization. Attenuating MYC expression reverses mitotic defects, even in established tumor cell lines, indicating an ongoing role for MYC in CIN. MYC reprograms mitotic gene expression, and we identify TPX2 to be permissive for spindle assembly in MYC-high cells. TPX2 depletion blocks mitotic progression, induces cell death, and prevents tumor growth. Further elevating TPX2 expression reduces mitotic defects in MYC-high cells. MYC and TPX2 expression may be useful biomarkers to stratify patients for anti-mitotic therapies. Our studies implicate MYC as a regulator of mitosis and suggest that blocking MYC activity can attenuate the emergence of CIN and tumor evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rohrberg
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Van de Mark
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meelad Amouzgar
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moufida Taileb
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Corella
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seda Kilinc
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Williams
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Lena Jokisch
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roman Camarda
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Balakrishnan
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rama Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alicia Zhou
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee JV, Berry CT, Kim K, Sen P, Kim T, Carrer A, Trefely S, Zhao S, Fernandez S, Barney LE, Schwartz AD, Peyton SR, Snyder NW, Berger SL, Freedman BD, Wellen KE. Acetyl-CoA promotes glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration through Ca 2+-NFAT signaling. Genes Dev 2018; 32:497-511. [PMID: 29674394 PMCID: PMC5959234 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311027.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, Lee et al. investigated the molecular mechanisms by which acetyl-CoA production impacts gene expression and how acetyl-CoA promotes malignant phenotypes. Their findings show that acetyl-CoA can enhance H3K27ac in a locus-specific manner and that expression of cell adhesion genes is driven by acetyl-CoA in part through activation of Ca2+–NFAT signaling. The metabolite acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is the required acetyl donor for lysine acetylation and thereby links metabolism, signaling, and epigenetics. Nutrient availability alters acetyl-CoA levels in cancer cells, correlating with changes in global histone acetylation and gene expression. However, the specific molecular mechanisms through which acetyl-CoA production impacts gene expression and its functional roles in promoting malignant phenotypes are poorly understood. Here, using histone H3 Lys27 acetylation (H3K27ac) ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] coupled with next-generation sequencing) with normalization to an exogenous reference genome (ChIP-Rx), we found that changes in acetyl-CoA abundance trigger site-specific regulation of H3K27ac, correlating with gene expression as opposed to uniformly modulating this mark at all genes. Genes involved in integrin signaling and cell adhesion were identified as acetyl-CoA-responsive in glioblastoma cells, and we demonstrate that ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)-dependent acetyl-CoA production promotes cell migration and adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Mechanistically, the transcription factor NFAT1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 1) was found to mediate acetyl-CoA-dependent gene regulation and cell adhesion. This occurs through modulation of Ca2+ signals, triggering NFAT1 nuclear translocation when acetyl-CoA is abundant. The findings of this study thus establish that acetyl-CoA impacts H3K27ac at specific loci, correlating with gene expression, and that expression of cell adhesion genes are driven by acetyl-CoA in part through activation of Ca2+–NFAT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Karla Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Taehyong Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Steven Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sully Fernandez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lauren E Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Alyssa D Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao S, Torres A, Henry RA, Trefely S, Wallace M, Lee JV, Carrer A, Sengupta A, Campbell SL, Kuo YM, Frey AJ, Meurs N, Viola JM, Blair IA, Weljie AM, Metallo CM, Snyder NW, Andrews AJ, Wellen KE. ATP-Citrate Lyase Controls a Glucose-to-Acetate Metabolic Switch. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1037-1052. [PMID: 27760311 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of metabolic flexibility enable cells to survive under stressful conditions and can thwart therapeutic responses. Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) plays central roles in energy production, lipid metabolism, and epigenomic modifications. Here, we show that, upon genetic deletion of Acly, the gene coding for ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), cells remain viable and proliferate, although at an impaired rate. In the absence of ACLY, cells upregulate ACSS2 and utilize exogenous acetate to provide acetyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and histone acetylation. A physiological level of acetate is sufficient for cell viability and abundant acetyl-CoA production, although histone acetylation levels remain low in ACLY-deficient cells unless supplemented with high levels of acetate. ACLY-deficient adipocytes accumulate lipid in vivo, exhibit increased acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA production from acetate, and display some differences in fatty acid content and synthesis. Together, these data indicate that engagement of acetate metabolism is a crucial, although partial, mechanism of compensation for ACLY deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - AnnMarie Torres
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan A Henry
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sydney L Campbell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Alexander J Frey
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sodi VL, Bacigalupa ZA, Ferrer CM, Lee JV, Gocal WA, Mukhopadhyay D, Wellen KE, Ivan M, Reginato MJ. Nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase controls cancer lipid metabolism via SREBP-1 regulation. Oncogene 2017; 37:924-934. [PMID: 29059153 PMCID: PMC5814337 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated O-GlcNAcylation is associated with disease states such as diabetes and cancer. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is elevated in multiple cancers and inhibition of this enzyme genetically or pharmacologically inhibits oncogenesis. Here we show that O-GlcNAcylation modulates lipid metabolism in cancer cells. OGT regulates expression of the master lipid regulator the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and its transcriptional targets both in cancer and lipogenic tissue. OGT regulates SREBP-1 protein expression via AMP Activated protein kinase (AMPK). SREBP-1 is critical for OGT-mediated regulation of cell survival and of lipid synthesis, as overexpression of SREBP-1 rescues lipogenic defects associated with OGT suppression, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These results unravel a previously unidentified link between O-GlcNAcylation, lipid metabolism and the regulation of SREBP-1 in cancer and suggests a crucial role for O-GlcNAc signaling in transducing nutritional state to regulate lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Sodi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Z A Bacigalupa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C M Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W A Gocal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Ivan
- Department Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carrer A, Lee JV, Shah S, Aiello NM, Snyder NW, Worth AJ, Blair IA, Stanger BZ, Wellen KE. Abstract PR03: Exploring the link between Kras and histone acetylation. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.chromepi15-pr03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been shown to extensively rewire cellular metabolism to promote macromolecular biosynthesis and maintain redox homeostasis. Recently, compelling evidence has emerged demonstrating that many epigenetic modifications are sensitive to the availability of cellular metabolites. For example, acetyl-CoA is the donor substrate for lysine acetylation, and histone acetylation is responsive to levels of acetyl-CoA, which is produced largely from glucose metabolism. We thus hypothesized that oncogenic metabolic reprogramming alters metabolite levels in a way that impacts the epigenome and could thus contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, we find that oncogenic Akt activation promotes elevated histone acetylation, and that this effect is mediated by ATP-citrate-lyase (ACLY), a nucleocytoplasmic enzyme that converts glucose-derived citrate into acetyl-CoA. In order to understand what cellular processes are affected by such AKT-ACLY-mediated increase in histone acetylation, we employed a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, driven by oncogenic Kras (Pdx1-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D; TP53L/+). In this model, the PI3K/Akt pathway is activated downstream of Kras. By immunohistochemistry we found that, in mice with WT Kras, pancreatic acinar cells exhibit very low levels of histone H4 (K5/8/12/16) acetylation (AcH4), although AcH4 is clearly detectable in ductal epithelial cells and islets. By contrast, in mice expressing oncogenic Kras in the pancreas (LSL-KrasG12D; p53L/+; Pdx1-Cre), acinar H4 acetylation is dramatically increased. Remarkably, this overt increase in histone acetylation precedes the appearance of histological abnormalities and persists during several steps in tumor progression. Moreover, Kras and Akt-dependent reuglation of histone acetylation levels can be recapitulated in ex vivo acinar cell culture, suggesting that this is a primary effect of oncogene activation in these cells. Akt inhibition also significantly reduced glucose consumption and phosphorylation of ACLY and ultimately decreased acetyl-CoA levels. Akt inhibition in vitro reduces Kras-induced acinar cell hyperacetylation and block acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, an initiating event of pancreatic carcinoma. Our data indicate that Akt orchestrates a metabolic rewiring in pancreatic tumorigenesis, which promotes histone hyperacetylation, a phenotype evident before the manifestation of the disease and that might conceivably contribute to cell plasticity and tumor progression.
Citation Format: Alessandro Carrer, Joyce V. Lee, Supriya Shah, Nicole M. Aiello, Nathaniel W. Snyder, Andrew J. Worth, Ian A. Blair, Ben Z. Stanger, Kathryn E. Wellen. Exploring the link between Kras and histone acetylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Sep 24-27, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce V. Lee
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Supriya Shah
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA,
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Worth
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Ian A. Blair
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee JV, Yuan ZF, Liu S, Garcia BA, Wellen KE. Abstract B40: AKT-ACLY signaling preferentially maintains histone acetylation over lipid synthesis during nutrient limitation. Mol Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.metca15-b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming by oncogenes is a mechanism to support biosynthesis and growth in cancer cells. Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway increases glucose consumption and glycolysis, leading to higher acetyl-CoA production. Extra-mitochondrial acetyl-CoA is utilized in lipid synthesis and protein acetylation. We previously showed that tumor cell histone acetylation is regulated in a glucose-dependent manner, through ATP-citrate-lyase (ACLY) conversion of glucose-derived citrate into acetyl-CoA. In low glucose conditions, acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation levels decrease. However, AKT-dependent phosphorylation of ACLY at serine 455 promotes acetyl-CoA production to allow maintenance of global levels of histone acetylation under glucose limitation. It is unclear whether partitioning of acetyl-CoA between lipid synthesis and histone acetylation in the setting of nutrient limitation impacts cell growth or survival. In this study, we examined whether acetyl-CoA utilization for lipid synthesis is impacted by AKT-ACLY signaling during nutrient limitation. Using 13C-glucose labeling and mass spectrometry, we determined that de novo lipid synthesis is suppressed to a much greater extent than histone acetylation in low glucose conditions. Moreover, phosphorylation of ACLY does not sustain fatty acid synthesis under glucose limitation, in contrast to its effects on histone acetylation. These data indicate that the PI3K-AKT-ACLY axis preferentially maintains histone acetylation over lipid synthesis during nutrient limitation. This regulation is likely due to AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), blocking acetyl-CoA commitment to fatty acid synthesis. This study reveals that cancer cells employ robust mechanisms to maintain histone acetylation in nutrient limited environments.
Citation Format: Joyce V. Lee, Zuo-Fei Yuan, Shichong Liu, Benjamin A. Garcia, Kathryn E. Wellen. AKT-ACLY signaling preferentially maintains histone acetylation over lipid synthesis during nutrient limitation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B40.
Collapse
|
10
|
Carrer A, Lee JV, Shah S, Snyder NW, Jackson E, Aiello NM, Garcia BA, Chodosh LA, Stanger BZ, Blair IA, Wellen KE. Abstract B40: Oncogenic Kras induces histone acetylation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca2014-b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deregulation of cellular epigenetics is essential for malignant transformation. However, the mechanisms that cause epigenetic alterations in cancer cells are incompletely understood. Recent evidence has shown that cellular metabolism has a direct impact on the epigenome, since many chromatin-modifying enzymes rely on intracellular metabolites as cofactors or donor substrates. We have previously shown that the metabolic enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), which generates nuclear-cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA from glucose, is required for maintaining histone acetylation levels in multiple mammalian cell types, suggesting that alterations in acetyl-CoA metabolism in cancer cells might also impact histone acetylation levels. Cellular metabolism is massively rewired in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, although the impact of metabolic alterations on the tumor epigenome is poorly understood. We postulated that tumor cell histone acetylation levels are determined in part by changes in acetyl-CoA availability mediated by oncogenic metabolic reprogramming.
In this study, we demonstrate that acetyl-CoA abundance in cancer cells is dynamically regulated by glucose availability and that histone acetylation levels are responsive to the ratio of acetyl-CoA:coenzyme A within the nucleus. To test whether oncogene activation could mediate changes in histone acetylation in vivo, we performed immunohistochemical analysis comparing pancreata from mice expressing KrasG12D with those from mice with WT Kras. Whereas the acinar cells of WT mice exhibited very low levels of histone H4 (K5/8/12/16) acetylation, in KPC (LSL-KrasG12D; p53L/+; Pdx1-Cre) mice, acinar H4 acetylation was markedly increased, prior to the appearance of histological abnormalities or aberrant cell proliferation. High H4 acetylation persisted in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDA. Histone acetylation in PanIN-derived primary cells was selectively impaired by PI3K and Akt inhibitors, correlating with suppression of glucose consumption and cellular acetyl-CoA levels. Moreover, addition of supraphysiological doses of acetate, a source of acetyl-CoA alternative to glucose, restored histone acetylation levels. These data suggest that oncogenic Kras promotes elevated histone acetylation preceding tumor development through Akt-dependent regulation of cellular acetyl-CoA levels. Further mechanistic analysis suggests that Akt promotes elevated histone acetylation through combined effects on promoting glucose uptake and phosphorylation and activation of ATP-citrate lyase, a metabolic enzyme that produces nuclear-cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA. The aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway occurs in broad variety of human malignancies. pAkt(Ser473) levels correlate significantly with histone acetylation marks in human gliomas and prostate tumors, suggesting that PI3K-Akt-dependent promotion of acetyl-CoA metabolism may contribute to histone acetylation levels in multiple cancer types. Our data implicate acetyl-CoA metabolism as a key determinant of histone acetylation levels in tumors and offer novel insights on Kras-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Citation Format: Alessandro Carrer, Joyce V. Lee, Supriya Shah, Nathaniel W. Snyder, Ellen Jackson, Nicole M. Aiello, Benjamin A. Garcia, Lewis A. Chodosh, Ben Z. Stanger, Ian A. Blair, Kathryn E. Wellen. Oncogenic Kras induces histone acetylation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B40.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shah S, Lee JV, Carrer A, Snyder NW, Wellen KE. Abstract A31: Akt-dependent metabolic reprogramming regulates tumor cell histone acetylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-8514.pi3k14-a31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays important roles in gene regulation, DNA replication, and the response to DNA damage, and it is frequently deregulated in tumors. We postulated that tumor cell histone acetylation levels are determined in part by changes in acetyl-CoA availability mediated by oncogenic metabolic reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate that acetyl-CoA is dynamically regulated by glucose availability in cancer cells and that the ratio of acetyl-CoA: coenzyme A within the nucleus modulates global histone acetylation levels. In vivo, expression of oncogenic Kras or Akt stimulates histone acetylation changes that precede tumor development. Furthermore, we show that Akt's effects on histone acetylation are mediated through the metabolic enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), and that pAkt(Ser473) levels correlate significantly with histone acetylation marks in human gliomas and prostate tumors. The data implicate acetyl-CoA metabolism as a key determinant of histone acetylation levels in cancer cells.
Citation Format: Supriya Shah, Joyce V. Lee, Alessandro Carrer, Nathaniel W. Snyder, Kathryn E. Wellen. Akt-dependent metabolic reprogramming regulates tumor cell histone acetylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Shah
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Joyce V. Lee
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
| | | | - Kathryn E. Wellen
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aird KM, Worth AJ, Snyder NW, Lee JV, Sivanand S, Liu Q, Blair IA, Wellen KE, Zhang R. ATM couples replication stress and metabolic reprogramming during cellular senescence. Cell Rep 2015; 11:893-901. [PMID: 25937285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication stress induced by nucleotide deficiency plays an important role in cancer initiation. Replication stress in primary cells typically activates the cellular senescence tumor-suppression mechanism. Senescence bypass correlates with development of cancer, a disease characterized by metabolic reprogramming. However, the role of metabolic reprogramming in the cellular response to replication stress has been little explored. Here, we report that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in regulating the cellular response to replication stress by shifting cellular metabolism. ATM inactivation bypasses senescence induced by replication stress triggered by nucleotide deficiency. This was due to restoration of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) levels through both upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway via increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and enhanced glucose and glutamine consumption. These phenotypes were mediated by a coordinated suppression of p53 and upregulation of c-MYC downstream of ATM inactivation. Our data indicate that ATM status couples replication stress and metabolic reprogramming during senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharanya Sivanand
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee JV, Shah S, Carrer A, Wellen KE. A cancerous web: signaling, metabolism, and the epigenome. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 2:e965620. [PMID: 27308412 PMCID: PMC4904988 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.965620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is sensitive to the availability of acetyl-CoA. However, the extent to which metabolic alterations in cancer cells impact tumor histone acetylation has been unclear. Here, we discuss our recent findings that oncogenic AKT1 activation regulates histone acetylation levels in tumors through regulation of acetyl-CoA metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Supriya Shah
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JV, Carrer A, Shah S, Snyder NW, Wei S, Venneti S, Worth AJ, Yuan ZF, Lim HW, Liu S, Jackson E, Aiello NM, Haas NB, Rebbeck TR, Judkins A, Won KJ, Chodosh LA, Garcia BA, Stanger BZ, Feldman MD, Blair IA, Wellen KE. Akt-dependent metabolic reprogramming regulates tumor cell histone acetylation. Cell Metab 2014; 20:306-319. [PMID: 24998913 PMCID: PMC4151270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays important roles in gene regulation, DNA replication, and the response to DNA damage, and it is frequently deregulated in tumors. We postulated that tumor cell histone acetylation levels are determined in part by changes in acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) availability mediated by oncogenic metabolic reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate that acetyl-CoA is dynamically regulated by glucose availability in cancer cells and that the ratio of acetyl-CoA:coenzyme A within the nucleus modulates global histone acetylation levels. In vivo, expression of oncogenic Kras or Akt stimulates histone acetylation changes that precede tumor development. Furthermore, we show that Akt's effects on histone acetylation are mediated through the metabolic enzyme ATP-citrate lyase and that pAkt(Ser473) levels correlate significantly with histone acetylation marks in human gliomas and prostate tumors. The data implicate acetyl-CoA metabolism as a key determinant of histone acetylation levels in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Supriya Shah
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Shuanzeng Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA 10065
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Zuo-Fei Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Shichong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Ellen Jackson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Nicole M Aiello
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Naomi B Haas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Alexander Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90027
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ou CY, Chen TC, Lee JV, Wang JC, Stallcup MR. Coregulator cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) positively regulates adipocyte differentiation through the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17078-86. [PMID: 24811171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids contribute to adipocyte differentiation by cooperating with transcription factors, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), to stimulate transcription of the gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ), a master regulator of adipogenesis. However, the mechanism of PPARγ gene regulation by glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and its coregulators is poorly understood. Here we show that two GR binding regions (GBRs) in the mouse PPARγ gene were responsive to glucocorticoid, and treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with glucocorticoid alone induced GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling at PPARγ GBRs, which also contain binding sites for C/EBP and PPARγ proteins. GR recruited cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1), a transcription coregulator, to the PPARγ gene GBRs. Notably, CCAR1 was required for GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling at one of the PPARγ gene GBRs. Moreover, depletion of CCAR1 markedly suppressed differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to mature adipocytes and decreased induction of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPδ. Although CCAR1 was required for stimulation of several GR-regulated adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by glucocorticoid, it was not required for GR-activated transcription of certain anti-inflammatory genes in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Overall, our results highlighted the novel and specific roles of GR and CCAR1 in adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yin Ou
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 and
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joyce V Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
As rates of obesity soar in the Unites States and around the world, cancer attributed to obesity has emerged as major threat to public health. The link between obesity and cancer can be attributed in part to the state of chronic inflammation that develops in obesity. Acetyl-CoA production and protein acetylation patterns are highly sensitive to metabolic state and are significantly altered in obesity. In this article, we explore the potential role of nutrient-sensitive lysine acetylation in regulating inflammatory processes in obesity-linked cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gizer IR, Ehlers CL, Vieten C, Seaton-Smith KL, Feiler HS, Lee JV, Segall SK, Gilder DA, Wilhelmsen KC. Linkage scan of nicotine dependence in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study. Psychol Med 2011; 41:799-808. [PMID: 20594377 PMCID: PMC3045476 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence has been shown to represent a heritable condition, and several research groups have performed linkage analysis to identify genomic regions influencing this disorder though only a limited number of the findings have been replicated. METHOD In the present study, a genome-wide linkage scan for nicotine dependence was conducted in a community sample of 950 probands and 1204 relatives recruited through the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study. A modified version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) with additional questions that probe nicotine use was used to derive DSM-IV nicotine dependence diagnoses. RESULTS A locus on chromosome 2q31.1 at 184 centiMorgans nearest to marker D2S2188 yielded a logarithm (base 10) of odds (LOD) score of 3.54 (point-wise empirical p=0.000012). Additional peaks of interest were identified on chromosomes 2q13, 4p15.33-31, 11q25 and 12p11.23-21. Follow-up analyses were conducted examining the contributions of individual nicotine dependence symptoms to the chromosome 2q31.1 linkage peak as well as examining the relationship of this chromosomal region to alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS The present report suggests that chromosome 2q31.1 confers risk to the development of nicotine dependence and that this region influences a broad range of nicotine dependence symptoms rather than a specific facet of the disorder. Further, the results show that this region is not linked to alcohol dependence in this population, and thus may influence nicotine dependence specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Gizer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee JV, Lai S, Exner M, Lenz J, Gaia V, Casati S, Hartemann P, Lück C, Pangon B, Ricci ML, Scaturro M, Fontana S, Sabria M, Sánchez I, Assaf S, Surman-Lee S. An international trial of quantitative PCR for monitoring Legionella in artificial water systems. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1032-44. [PMID: 21276147 PMCID: PMC3564408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To perform an international trial to derive alert and action levels for the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the monitoring of Legionella to determine the effectiveness of control measures against legionellae. METHODS AND RESULTS Laboratories (7) participated from six countries. Legionellae were determined by culture and qPCR methods with comparable detection limits. Systems were monitored over ≥10 weeks. For cooling towers (232 samples), there was a significant difference between the log mean difference between qPCR (GU l(-1) ) and culture (CFU l(-1) ) for Legionella pneumophila (0·71) and for Legionella spp. (2·03). In hot and cold water (506 samples), the differences were less, 0·62 for Leg. pneumophila and 1·05 for Legionella spp. Results for individual systems depended on the nature of the system and its treatment. In cooling towers, Legionella spp. GU l(-1) always exceeded CFU l(-1) , and usually Legionella spp. were detected by qPCR when absent by culture. The pattern of results by qPCR for Leg. pneumophila followed the culture trend. In hot and cold water, culture and qPCR gave similar results, particularly for Leg. pneumophila. There were some marked exceptions with temperatures ≥50°C, or in the presence of supplementary biocides. Action and alert levels for qPCR were derived that gave results comparable to the application of the European Guidelines based on culture. Algorithms are proposed for the use of qPCR for routine monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Action and alert levels for qPCR can be adjusted to ensure public health is protected with the benefit that remedial actions can be validated earlier with only a small increase in the frequency of action being required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study confirms it is possible to derive guidelines on the use of qPCR for monitoring the control of legionellae with consequent improvement to response and public health protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Lee
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany Istituto Cantonale di Microbiologia, Bellinzona, Switzerland CHU Nancy, Nancy, France Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany Unité de Microbiologie-Hygiène, CH Versailles, Versailles, France Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Pall GeneSystems, Bruz, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu CY, Mayba O, Lee JV, Tran J, Harris C, Speed TP, Wang JC. Genome-wide analysis of glucocorticoid receptor binding regions in adipocytes reveal gene network involved in triglyceride homeostasis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15188. [PMID: 21187916 PMCID: PMC3004788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play important roles in the regulation of distinct aspects of adipocyte biology. Excess glucocorticoids in adipocytes are associated with metabolic disorders, including central obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. To understand the mechanisms underlying the glucocorticoid action in adipocytes, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to isolate genome-wide glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding regions (GBRs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, gene expression analyses were used to identify genes that were regulated by glucocorticoids. Overall, 274 glucocorticoid-regulated genes contain or locate nearby GBR. We found that many GBRs were located in or nearby genes involved in triglyceride (TG) synthesis (Scd-1, 2, 3, GPAT3, GPAT4, Agpat2, Lpin1), lipolysis (Lipe, Mgll), lipid transport (Cd36, Lrp-1, Vldlr, Slc27a2) and storage (S3-12). Gene expression analysis showed that except for Scd-3, the other 13 genes were induced in mouse inguinal fat upon 4-day glucocorticoid treatment. Reporter gene assays showed that except Agpat2, the other 12 glucocorticoid-regulated genes contain at least one GBR that can mediate hormone response. In agreement with the fact that glucocorticoids activated genes in both TG biosynthetic and lipolytic pathways, we confirmed that 4-day glucocorticoid treatment increased TG synthesis and lipolysis concomitantly in inguinal fat. Notably, we found that 9 of these 12 genes were induced in transgenic mice that have constant elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels. These results suggested that a similar mechanism was used to regulate TG homeostasis during chronic glucocorticoid treatment. In summary, our studies have identified molecular components in a glucocorticoid-controlled gene network involved in the regulation of TG homeostasis in adipocytes. Understanding the regulation of this gene network should provide important insight for future therapeutic developments for metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yi Yu
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Oleg Mayba
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce V. Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joanna Tran
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Charlie Harris
- Department of Medicine, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Terence P. Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shipp LE, Lee JV, Yu CY, Pufall M, Zhang P, Scott DK, Wang JC. Transcriptional regulation of human dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) gene by glucocorticoids. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13754. [PMID: 21060794 PMCID: PMC2966426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases. They convey signals through the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which upon binding to ligands, associates with genomic glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) to regulate transcription of associated genes. One mechanism by which glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation is through induction of the dual specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1, a.k.a. mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, MKP-1) gene. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that glucocorticoids rapidly increased transcription of DUSP1 within 10 minutes in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) scanning, we located a GR binding region between -1421 and -1118 upstream of the DUSP1 transcription start site. This region is active in a reporter system, and mutagenesis analyses identified a functional GRE located between -1337 and -1323. We found that glucocorticoids increased DNase I hypersensitivity, reduced nucleosome density, and increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation within genomic regions surrounding the GRE. ChIP experiments showed that p300 was recruited to the DUSP1 GRE, and RNA interference experiments demonstrated that reduction of p300 decreased glucocorticoid-stimulated DUSP1 gene expression and histone H3 hyperacetylation. Furthermore, overexpression of p300 potentiated glucocorticoid-stimulated activity of a reporter gene containing the DUSP1 GRE, and this coactivation effect was compromised when the histone acetyltransferase domain was mutated. ChIP-reChIP experiments using GR followed by p300 antibodies showed significant enrichment of the DUSP1 GRE upon glucocorticoid treatment, suggesting that GR and p300 are in the same protein complex recruited to the DUSP1 GRE. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies identified a functional GRE for the DUSP1 gene. Moreover, the transcriptional activation of DUSP1 by glucocorticoids requires p300 and a rapid modification of the chromatin structure surrounding the GRE. Overall, understanding the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced DUSP1 gene transcription could provide insights into therapeutic approaches against inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Shipp
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce V. Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Chi-Yi Yu
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Miles Pufall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pili Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donald K. Scott
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rogers J, Dowsett AB, Dennis PJ, Lee JV, Keevil CW. Influence of Plumbing Materials on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Potable Water Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:1842-51. [PMID: 16349278 PMCID: PMC201571 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.6.1842-1851.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-stage chemostat model of a plumbing system was developed, with tap water as the sole nutrient source. The model system was populated with a naturally occurring inoculum derived from an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and containing Legionella pneumophila along with associated bacteria and protozoa. The model system was used to develop biofilms on the surfaces of a range of eight plumbing materials under controlled, reproducible conditions. The materials varied in their abilities to support biofilm development and the growth of L. pneumophila. Elastomeric surfaces had the most abundant biofilms supporting the highest numbers of L. pneumophila CFU; this was attributed to the leaching of nutrients for bacterial growth from the materials. No direct relationship existed between total biofouling and the numbers of L. pneumophila CFU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rogers
- Pathology Division, Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Harrison TG, Afshar B, Doshi N, Fry NK, Lee JV. Distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroups, monoclonal antibody subgroups and DNA sequence types in recent clinical and environmental isolates from England and Wales (2000–2008). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:781-91. [PMID: 19156453 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T G Harrison
- Respiratory and Systemic Infections Department, HPA Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lock K, Millett C, Heathcock R, Joseph CA, Harrison TG, Lee JV, Rao G, Surman-Lee S. Public health and economic costs of investigating a suspected outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:1306-14. [PMID: 18088448 PMCID: PMC2870734 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides one of the first assessments of the burden of both the public health investigation and the economic costs associated with an apparent outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in South East London. In addition to epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations, we collected data on the staff time and resources committed by the 11 main organizations responsible for managing the outbreak. Of the overall estimated costs of 455,856 pounds, only 14% (64,264 pounds) was spent on investigation and control of the outbreak compared with 86% (391,592 pounds) spent on the hospital treatment of the patients. The time and money spent on public health services in this investigation appear to represent good value for money considering the potential costs of a major outbreak, including the high case-fatality rate in LD generally and the high health-care costs. Further research is needed to determine optimum strategies for the cost-effective use of health system resources in investigations of LD. Whether the threshold for investigation of cases should be based on observed incidence rates or the cost-effectiveness of investigations, or both, should be debated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lock
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pereira AJ, Broadbent J, Mahgoub H, Morgan O, Bracebridge S, Reacher M, Ibbotson S, Lee JV, Harrison TG, Nair P. Legionnaires' disease: when an 'outbreak' is not an outbreak. Euro Surveill 2006; 11:E061130.3. [PMID: 17213561 DOI: 10.2807/esw.11.48.03089-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During August 2006, there was a large increase in non-travel related legionella cases throughout England and in the Netherlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Pereira
- Great Yarmouth and Waveney Primary Care Trust, Beccles, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Beyrer K, Lai S, Dreesman J, Lee JV, Joseph C, Harrison T, Surman-Lee S, Lück C, Brodhun B, Buchholz U, Windorfer A. Legionnaires' disease outbreak associated with a cruise liner, August 2003: epidemiological and microbiological findings. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:802-10. [PMID: 17109773 PMCID: PMC2870631 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight cases of Legionnaires' disease were identified among the 215 German passengers after a cruise to the Nordic Sea in August 2003. An unmatched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors and the source of infection. In total, eight passengers fulfilled the case definition, one of these died. Forty-two passengers served as controls. The attack rate was 4%. The mean age was 60 years for cases and 62 years for controls. Prolonged exposure to the spa pool seemed to be a risk factor of infection (OR 4.85, P=0.09). Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, monoclonal antibody (mAb) subgroup 'Knoxville' was isolated from clinical and environmental samples. DNA sequence-based typing revealed that these isolates were indistinguishable from each other. The investigation showed the importance of an interdisciplinary approach of microbiology and epidemiology as not all sites on the ship that tested positive for L. pneumophila actually posed a relevant risk for the passengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Beyrer
- Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alsibai S, Bilo de Bernardi P, Janin C, Che D, Lee JV. Outbreak of legionellosis suspected to be related to a whirlpool spa display, September 2006, Lorquin, France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:E061012.3. [PMID: 17213535 DOI: 10.2807/esw.11.41.03063-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twelve cases of legionellosis in the small town of Lorquin, district of Moselle, northeast France, were identified by the local health authority in charge of legionellosis surveillance in September 2006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alsibai
- Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie (Cire) Est, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Owen RJ, Chisholm SA, Brick G, Lee JV, Surman-Lee S, Lai S, Said B, Nichols G. Culture of Helicobacter pylori from domestic water samples--the impact of strain variation on growth on solid and in liquid media. Water Sci Technol 2006; 54:147-52. [PMID: 17037146 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2006.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important global human pathogen and there is growing evidence from PCR assays that contaminated drinking water might be a possible source of infection in some circumstances. There are no validated protocols for direct isolation but various culture media have been developed for possible environmental sampling. Our aim here was to investigate how inter-strain variation might affect the interpretation of results with such media. Two laboratory adapted reference strains and four recent clinical isolates were tested on four solid media and in ten liquid media. Considerable variation was found between strains in their ability to recover on the different media after stress exposure (suspension in sterile tap water). Generally, clinical isolates were less robust than the laboratory-adapted strains and, overall, the former required longer recovery times. Our findings highlighted the importance of using a range of isolates for evaluations, as examination of laboratory-adapted strains alone did not provide an accurate representation of the utility of media that may be used to recover H. pylori from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Owen
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London NW9 5HT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watson CL, Owen RJ, Said B, Lai S, Lee JV, Surman-Lee S, Nichols G. Detection of Helicobacter pylori by PCR but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in England. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 97:690-8. [PMID: 15357718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate treated water distribution systems in England as a source of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS AND RESULTS Water and biofilms were obtained from 11 domestic and seven educational properties and from hydrants, reservoirs and water meters supplied by three water utilities. Samples were cultured on nonselective and antibiotic containing media combined with immunomagnetic separation concentration. Viable helicobacters were not detected in any of the 151 samples but Helicobacter-specific PCR assays detected DNA in 26% of samples from domestic properties, schools and hydrants with the highest frequency in biofilms (42%). Direct sequencing of six selected amplicons confirmed >95% sequence homology to H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS While viable helicobacters were not isolated, evidence was obtained for the presence of Helicobacter DNA, including that of H. pylori. Biofilms on surfaces within water distribution systems may act either as sites for the passive accumulation of helicobacters or as potentially important reservoirs of infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our findings strengthen evidence that H. pylori may be transmitted through drinking water. However, there is currently no evidence that viable cells can survive the disinfection levels used in UK mains supplies and the health risk from this source remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Watson
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of community-acquired Legionnaires' Disease in Nottingham with England and Wales and to explore reasons for any difference observed. Based on data from the National Surveillance Scheme for Legionnaires' Disease (1980-1999), the rate of infection in England and Wales was 1.3 per million/year compared with 6.6 per million/ year in Nottingham. Domestic water samples were obtained from 41 (95%) of 43 Nottingham cases between 1997 and 2000. In 16 (39%) cases, Legionella sp. were cultured in significant quantities. Proximity to a cooling tower was examined using a 1:4 case-controlled analysis. No significant difference in the mean distance between place of residence to the nearest cooling tower was noted (cases 2.7 km vs. controls 2.3 km; P = 0.5). These data suggest that Nottingham does have a higher rate of legionella infection compared to national figures and that home water systems are a source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Lim
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vulindlu M, Charlett A, Surman S, Lee JV. Comparison of agar-based methods for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria with the new multidose IDEXX SimPlate method. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:277-280. [PMID: 15318522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pour and spread plates are the conventional methods of choice for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic microorganisms in treated water supplies. The tests are performed at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 72 h and 48 h respectively. Counts at 22 degrees C are associated with pollution of water systems from external sources, while counts at 37 degrees C are used as an indication of treatment plant performance and the deterioration of the general quality of water. Conventional methods using Yeast Extract Agar for a pour plate and R2A agar for a spread plate were compared with the multidose IDEXX SimPlate method for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria in water. SimPlate gave a significantly higher count on average than the conventional methods. The R2A method showed the next highest count, being significantly higher than Yeast Extract Agar. In addition, unlike the pour and spread plate methods, SimPlate was easier to use, reduced labour, and the test results were far easier to read.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vulindlu
- City of Cape Town, Water Services, Scientific Services Department, Vlaeberg 8018, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Niemela SI, Lee JV, Fricker CR. A comparison of the International Standards Organisation reference method for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in water with a defined substrate procedure. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:1285-92. [PMID: 14633003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the use of the International Standards Organisation (ISO) procedure for the comparison of microbiological methods. Using this procedure the ISO reference procedure for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in water was compared with a defined substrate method (ColilertTM). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 20 laboratories from 13 European countries compared the use of Colilert/Quanti-TrayTM, a quantitative defined substrate test (DST) for the presence of coliforms and E. coli with the ISO reference procedure, which utilizes tergitol-TTC medium. Results of the study showed that DST detected significantly more coliforms and E. coli than did the reference procedure. In the case of E. coli the recoveries were also higher when using DST and the difference seen was statistically significant. The confirmation rate obtained when using the DST product suggested that no confirmation of wells positive for E. coli was necessary during routine use. CONCLUSIONS Colilert is a suitable alternative to the ISO reference procedure for the detection of coliforms and E. coli in water. The methods used during the comparison study indicated that confirmation of all colonies/positive wells led to the most accurate information and it is recommended that for future comparison studies this should become standard practice. Confirmation of a small proportion of colonies led to misleading conclusions and should be avoided when comparing microbiological methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY It has been demonstrated that the ISO reference procedure fails to detect a significant proportion of coliforms and E. coli in drinking water. Colilert/QuantiTrayTM is a more suitable alternative.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee JV, Joseph C. Guidelines for investigating single cases of Legionnaires' disease. Commun Dis Public Health 2002; 5:157-62. [PMID: 12166305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
These guidelines for the investigation of single cases of legionnaires' disease have been updated from those produced in 1994 to take account of developments in microbiological and environmental diagnostic capabilities and the recognition that infection may be acquired from the patient's domestic water system. The new guidelines recommend that when a case of legionnaires' disease has been diagnosed, it should be investigated to determine whether it is part of an outbreak or cluster, work related, suspected to be a hospital acquired infection or is travel associated. If information concerning the patient's movements during the incubation period shows it to be none of these, then appropriate environmental investigations should be considered which might include the patient's domestic water system as a potential source of infection. The guidelines are designed to provide advice and information to all public health personnel involved in the control and prevention of legionnaires' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Lee
- Respiratory Division, Public Health Laboratory Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Turner DP, Boswell TC, Lee JV, Slack RC, Burden RP. Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease in an immunocompromised patient masquerading as a hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2001; 47:76-7. [PMID: 11161908 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
34
|
Ballard AL, Fry NK, Chan L, Surman SB, Lee JV, Harrison TG, Towner KJ. Detection of Legionella pneumophila using a real-time PCR hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4215-8. [PMID: 11060093 PMCID: PMC87566 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4215-4218.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2000] [Accepted: 08/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time PCR hybridization assay for Legionella pneumophila is described; the assay uses LightCycler (Idaho Technology) methodology to specifically detect 2.5 CFU/reaction, equivalent to 1,000 CFU/liter of starting water sample. The assay, including DNA extraction and confirmation of product identity, is completed within 90 min of receipt of a sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and PHLS Laboratory, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Humphreys H, Lee JV. Water quality for endoscope washer-disinfectors. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42:76-8. [PMID: 10363218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
36
|
Gray JJ, Green J, Cunliffe C, Gallimore C, Lee JV, Neal K, Brown DW. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. J Med Virol 1997; 52:425-9. [PMID: 9260692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Samples of faeces collected from a party of canoeists involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak were examined by electron microscopy and RT-PCR for evidence of infection with SRSVs. A broadly reactive primer pair was used to detect SRSVs followed by application of genogroup-specific primers to SRSV-positive specimens. Exposure data were collected by means of a questionnaire. SRSVs were detected in 1/4 specimens examined by EM and 3/4 by RT-PCR. Genogrouping, and sequencing of PCR products revealed two distinct strains: a genogroup I strain, related to the Desert Shield virus, and a genogroup II strain, related to the Lordsdale virus to be associated with the outbreak. Exposure data indicated that capsising and eating food before getting changed were associated with an increased risk of gastroenteritis and was consistent with infection following the consumption of contaminated water. This study confirms the greater sensitivity of RT-PCR for the diagnosis of SRSV infections and its utility, when incorporating genogroup-specific primers, in establishing more complex epidemiological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Gray
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rogers J, Dowsett AB, Dennis PJ, Lee JV, Keevil CW. Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:1585-92. [PMID: 8017938 PMCID: PMC201521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.5.1585-1592.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival and growth of Legionella pneumophila in both biofilm and planktonic phases were determined with a two-stage model system. The model used filter-sterilized tap water as the sole source of nutrient to culture a naturally occurring mixed population of microorganisms including virulent L. pneumophila. At 20 degrees C, L. pneumophila accounted for a low proportion of biofilm flora on polybutylene and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, but was absent from copper surfaces. The pathogen was most abundant on biofilms on plastics at 40 degrees C, where it accounted for up to 50% of the total biofilm flora. Copper surfaces were inhibitory to total biofouling and included only low numbers of L. pneumophila organisms. The pathogen was able to survive in biofilms on the surface of the plastic materials at 50 degrees C, but was absent from the copper surfaces at the same temperature. L. pneumophila could not be detected in the model system at 60 degrees C. In the presence of copper surfaces, biofilms forming on adjacent control glass surfaces were found to incorporate copper ions which subsequently inhibited colonization of their surfaces. This work suggests that the use of copper tubing in water systems may help to limit the colonization of water systems by L. pneumophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rogers
- Pathology Division, PHLS CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Colville A, Crowley J, Dearden D, Slack RC, Lee JV. Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at University Hospital, Nottingham. Epidemiology, microbiology and control. Epidemiol Infect 1993; 110:105-16. [PMID: 8432314 PMCID: PMC2271972 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve patients in a large teaching hospital contracted Legionnaires' disease over a period of 11 months. The source was a domestic hot water system in one of the hospital blocks, which was run at a temperature of 43 degrees C. Five different subtypes of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 have been isolated from water in different parts of the hospital, over a period of time. Only one subtype, Benidorm RFLP 14, was implicated in disease. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the outbreak may have been due to recent colonization of the hot water system with a virulent strain of Legionella pneumophila. The outbreak was controlled by raising the hot water temperature to 60 degrees C, but careful surveillance uncovered two further cases in the following 30 months. Persistent low numbers of Legionella pneumophila were isolated from the domestic hot water of wards where Legionnaires' disease had been contracted, until an electrolytic unit was installed releasing silver and copper ions into this supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Colville
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hunt DA, Cartwright KA, Smith MC, Middleton J, Bartlett CL, Lee JV, Dennis PJ, Harper D. An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Gloucester. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 107:133-41. [PMID: 1879480 PMCID: PMC2272039 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800048767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen people living in or near the city of Gloucester fell ill with Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup (SG) 1 between 27 August and 27 October 1986. Another patient had fallen ill on 30 May. Nine of the 15 were diagnosed retrospectively during a case finding exercise. There were three deaths. Three cases of Pontiac fever were also diagnosed. The source was probably one or more wet cooling towers. Nineteen premises in the city with such towers were identified, and three just outside Gluocester. Samples from 11 of the 22 premises grew Legionella spp.; from nine of these L. pneumophila SG 1 (Pontiac) was isolated. The efficacy of regular addition of biocide in addition to hypochlorite added at the time of disinfection in inhibiting the growth of Legionella spp. was demonstrated. A survey of patients' movements during their likely incubation period showed that there was no single building that all patients had visited, but there were two areas of the city which nearly all had visited or passed through by car. A case-control study demonstrated an association with one of these areas. Cooling towers near both areas may have been sources but the evidence is insufficient to incriminate any single one. The unexpected finding of L. pneumophila SG 1 (Pontiac) in nine towers supports the hypothesis that there may have been multiple sources. Cooling towers may have been contaminated by mains water or by drift from other towers.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee JV, Akunne HC, Soliman KF. Involvement of the brain cholinergic system in the rapid development of tolerance to glucose-induced analgesia. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1990; 306:34-44. [PMID: 2076047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-230 g), maintained under controlled lighting and temperature conditions, were used. In one experiment, glucose administration (10 g/kg) was found to be associated with profound analgesia which could be blocked by prior administration of atropine (0.5 mg/kg). In another experiment, when two doses of glucose were given at 24 hr interval, the second injection of glucose was associated with tolerance to glucose-induced analgesia. In an attempt to correlate changes in the cholinergic enzymes with glucose-induced analgesia, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were determined in the cerebral cortex, bulbus olfactorius, midbrain, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata in control rats and rats treated with a single dose of glucose (10 g/kg) or two doses of glucose. The second administration of glucose was accompanied with tolerance in the level of acetylcholinesterase in the bulbus olfactorius, midbrain, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons. There were no significant changes in choline acetyltransferase activities between the groups studied. The results obtained indicate that the cholinergic system may be involved in glucose-induced analgesia and that the rapid development of tolerance to glucose-induced analgesia is associated with the tolerance in the response of brain acetylcholinesterase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee 32307
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
O'Mahony MC, Stanwell-Smith RE, Tillett HE, Harper D, Hutchison JG, Farrell ID, Hutchinson DN, Lee JV, Dennis PJ, Duggal HV. The Stafford outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104:361-80. [PMID: 2347381 PMCID: PMC2271767 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800047385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was associated with Stafford District General Hospital. A total of 68 confirmed cases was treated in hospital and 22 of these patients died. A further 35 patients, 14 of whom were treated at home, were suspected cases of Legionnaires' disease. All these patients had visited the hospital during April 1985. Epidemiological investigations demonstrated that there had been a high risk of acquiring the disease in the out patient department (OPD), but no risk in other parts of the hospital. The epidemic strain of Legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, subgroup Pontiac 1a was isolated from the cooling water system of one of the air conditioning plants. This plant served several departments of the hospital including the OPD. The water in the cooling tower and a chiller unit which cooled the air entering the OPD were contaminated with legionellae. Bacteriological and engineering investigations showed how the chiller unit could have been contaminated and how an aerosol containing legionellae could have been generated in the U-trap below the chiller unit. These results, together with the epidemiological evidence, suggest that the chiller unit was most likely to have been the major source of the outbreak. Nearly one third of hospital staff had legionella antibodies. These staff were likely to have worked in areas of the hospital ventilated by the contaminated air conditioning plant, but not necessarily the OPD. There was evidence that a small proportion of these staff had a mild legionellosis and that these 'influenza-like' illnesses had been spread over a 5-month period. A possible explanation of this finding is that small amounts of aerosol from cooling tower sources could have entered the air-intake and been distributed throughout the areas of the hospital served by this ventilation system. Legionellae, subsequently found to be of the epidemic strain, had been found in the cooling tower pond in November 1984 and thus it is possible that staff were exposed to low doses of contaminated aerosol over several months. Control measures are described, but it was later apparent that the outbreak had ended before these interventions were introduced. The investigations revealed faults in the design of the ventilation system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C O'Mahony
- Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Current methods for the identification of the Legionellaceae to species level are suitable only for the specialist or research laboratory. As part of a continuing taxonomic study 42 simple biochemical tests were screened for their ability to differentiate species of Legionella. Only 23 of these were of practical use. These tests are able to differentiate 21 of 23 recognized species of Legionella and six new species. Phenotypic screening with these tests may prove useful to the routine microbiologist and be a viable alternative to identification techniques currently employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Vesey
- PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
A strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 known to be virulent for guinea-pigs was found to be least stable at a relative humidity (r.h.) of 60% when stored as a small particle aerosol. Three L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains of different virulence for guinea-pigs were then tested at a r.h. of 60% at 20 degrees C. The most virulent strain was found to have the best survival and the avirulent strain was least stable. The strain of intermediate virulence did not survive as well as the virulent strain but was more stable than the avirulent strain. Strains of L. pneumophila serogroup epidemiologically associated with legionnaires' disease had better survival in small particle aerosols than strains which were not associated with disease. Subtyping with monoclonal antibodies also showed that the type more commonly associated with disease survived longer in aerosols than the other subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Dennis
- Quality Control and Safety Laboratory, Service Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wilts, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
A matrix for the probabilistic identification of species of Vibrio and related genera has been constructed using the data from 1091 strains collected throughout the world and classified. Thirty-eight phenons are included in the matrix, 31 of these represent previously identified species or biovars and seven represent phenons which could not be identified and may represent new species. The identification matrix incorporates 81 characters although a subset of 30 tests can be used to distinguish the 38 phenons from each other. The additional 51 tests were included to assist the identification of some strains for which the initial 30 tests were inadequate. No significant cluster overlap was found at the 5% level and the identification score for the Hypothetical Median Organism of each cluster exceeded 0.9999 in all cases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Data from 1091 strains of the family Vibrionaceae collected in five different studies have been merged into a single data matrix and analysed in a taxonomic study. A set of 142 characters was selected to compare these data. Seventy-nine characters were common to all studies, but data for the other 63 characters were incomplete. Cultures of 90 strains, examined in more than one of the original studies, were used to estimate test error and inter-study variability. The data from these replicate strains also allowed the problem of merging data from different studies to be assessed. Taxonomic resemblance was estimated on the basis of 111 characters using the SSM coefficient and UPGMA clustering. A taxonomic analysis based on 999 strains, which included most of the major species of the family Vibrionaceae, gave 59 clusters and 44 unclustered strains. A table of properties of these phenons was produced. The results showed that data obtained from studies carried out at different times and in different locations, but using standard techniques, could be combined and used to provide useful taxonomic information.
Collapse
|
47
|
Turnbull PC, Lee JV, Miliotis MD, Still CS, Isaäcson M, Ahmad QS. In vitro and in vivo cholera toxin production by classical and El Tor isolates of Vibrio cholerae. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21:884-90. [PMID: 4008618 PMCID: PMC271811 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.21.6.884-890.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out on the in vitro production of cholera toxin by 19 Vibrio cholerae El Tor isolates from patients with cholera in South Africa, one El Tor isolate from a patient in Malawi (a country approximately 1000 km north-northeast of South Africa), 6 El Tor and 12 classical type isolates from patients in Bangladesh, and 5 culture collection classical strains. Identical phage types and indistinguishable toxigenicities among the South African and Malawi V. cholerae, representing isolations obtained over a 10-year period, indicated that essentially a single strain was involved in the cholera of these regions. Similarly, phage typing and toxin profiles indicated that the 12 classical and 6 El Tor V. cholerae cultures in Bangladesh, all isolated in November 1983, represented just two strains. As assessed by titrations in Y-1 mouse adrenal and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, the general order of toxigenicities was Bangladesh and culture collection classical greater than Bangladesh El Tor greater than southern African El Tor. The African isolates consistently gave rise to very low titers. Their relative reluctance to produce the toxin in vitro compared with the culture collection classical strains, particularly strain 569B, was confirmed by rocket electrophoresis. In somewhat of a contrast, maximum in vivo titers in rice water stools from cholera patients in South Africa and from both classical and El Tor type cholera patients in Bangladesh were essentially equal. It is postulated that under the continuous culture conditions that occur in vivo, cholera toxin concentrations can accumulate to a maximum level, depending on the rate of purging by the diarrheal fluid rather than the toxigenicity of the infecting stain. The relevance of these findings to the relative severities of classical and El Tor types of cholera is discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. were isolated from blood cultures taken from four clinically bacteraemic patients over an 18 day period on four separate wards. A common source was suspected and extensive environmental sampling revealed two more ward isolates of Aeromonas spp. A biotyping system was employed which distinguished the strains from each other and indicated that a common source was unlikely. This coincidental clustering occurred in the autumn, a period when isolates from water and faeces are normally at a peak. All patients were debilitated and it is postulated that their own gastrointestinal tracts acted as the most likely route for their bacteraemias.
Collapse
|
49
|
Turnbull PC, Lee JV, Miliotis MD, Van de Walle S, Koornhof HJ, Jeffery L, Bryant TN. Enterotoxin production in relation to taxonomic grouping and source of isolation of Aeromonas species. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:175-80. [PMID: 6699147 PMCID: PMC271012 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.175-180.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 19 of 20 (95%) strains of Aeromonas hydrophila biovar hydrophila and 16 of 17 (94%) strains of Aeromonas sobria isolated from a variety of clinical and environmental sources were found to be enterotoxin positive. Only 2 of 18 (11%) A. hydrophila biovar anaerogenes and 2 of 13 (15%) unidentified Aeromonas strains from a similar variety of sources produced enterotoxin. No association was apparent between the source of isolation, in particular diarrheal stools, and enterotoxigenicity; 41% of the isolates from diarrheal stools were enterotoxin negative. A strong correlation was noted between ability to produce enterotoxin and positive results in six characters: lysine decarboxylase and Voges-Proskauer reactions, production of gas from glucose, gluconate oxidation, xanthine hydrolysis, and hemolysis of human erythrocytes. In the majority of cases (35 of 39 strains), enterotoxigenicity was detected using cell-free filtrates of brain heart infusion broth cultures grown at 36 degrees C for 15; however, the other four positive isolates were detected after growth in the same broth at 30 degrees C or in Casamino Acids-yeast extract broth at 30 or 37 degrees C. It is recommended that for enterotoxin tests, strains should be grown in both media at both temperatures. The infant mouse test was found to be a simple and reliable method for detection of the enterotoxin. The toxin proved to be heat labile and not neutralized by cholera antitoxin.
Collapse
|
50
|
Morris JG, Picardi JL, Lieb S, Lee JV, Roberts A, Hood M, Gunn RA, Blake PA. Isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O group 1 from a patient with severe gastrointestinal disease. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:296-7. [PMID: 6199370 PMCID: PMC271043 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.296-297.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A nontoxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae O group 1 was isolated in Florida from the stool of a patient with severe diarrhea. The strain had the same hemolytic and unique phage-sensitivity pattern as all toxigenic isolates from recent cases of cholera in Texas and Louisiana. Identical strains were transiently isolated from sewerage systems in two other Florida communities, suggesting that multiple human infections had occurred. This is the first indication that V. cholerae O1 strains which do not produce cholera toxin may be able to cause gastrointestinal disease in humans. The identification of these strains also raises questions about the relationship between toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1 along the Gulf Coast of the United States.
Collapse
|