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Zhang Q, Alter T, Strauch E, Eichhorn I, Borowiak M, Deneke C, Fleischmann S. German coasts harbor non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae with clinical virulence gene profiles. Infect Genet Evol 2024; 120:105587. [PMID: 38518953 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. In rare cases, they can cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in human. This ability is associated with various virulence factors. The presence of NOVC in German North Sea and Baltic Sea was observed in previous studies. However, data on virulence characteristics are still scarce. Therefore, this work aimed to investigating the virulence potential of NOVC isolated in these two regions. In total, 31 NOVC strains were collected and subjected to whole genome sequencing. In silico analysis of the pathogenic potential was performed based on the detection of genes involved in colonization and virulence. Phenotypic assays, including biofilm formation, mobility and human serum resistance assays were applied for validation. Associated toxin genes (hlyA, rtxA, chxA and stn), pathogenicity islands (Vibrio pathogenicity island 2 (VPI-II) and Vibrio seventh pathogenicity island 2 (VSP-II)) and secretion systems (Type II, III and VI secretion system) were observed. A maximum likelihood analysis from shared core genes revealed a close relationship between clinical NOVCs published in NCBI and environmental strains from this study. NOVC strains are more mobile at 37 °C than at 25 °C, and 68% of the NOVC strains could form strong biofilms at both temperatures. All tested strains were able to lyse erythrocytes from both human and sheep blood. Additionally, one strain could survive up to 60% and seven strains up to 40% human serum at 37 °C. Overall, the genetic virulence profile as well as the phenotypic virulence characteristics of the investigated NOVC from the German North Sea and Baltic Sea suggest potential human pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quantao Zhang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Alter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Strauch
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Robert Koch Institute, Genome Competence Centre (MF1), Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Borowiak
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carlus Deneke
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fleischmann
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Bergstrom K. Sweet-talk in the time of cholera: host mucin negotiates peace with Vibrio cholerae. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113204. [PMID: 36573348 PMCID: PMC9890224 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, must first be converted to its toxigenic form and cross the sugar-rich mucus barrier before it can cause disease, but whether these hurdles are linked is unclear. In this issue, Wang et al (2022) provide new evidence that mucus O-glycans directly prevent toxigenic conversion and virulence factor expression in V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Bergstrom
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of British Columbia – OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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3
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Mondal AK, Sengupta N, Singh M, Biswas R, Lata K, Lahiri I, Dutta S, Chattopadhyay K. Glu289 residue in the pore-forming motif of Vibrio cholerae cytolysin is important for efficient β-barrel pore formation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102441. [PMID: 36055404 PMCID: PMC9520032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a potent membrane-damaging β-barrel pore-forming toxin (β-PFT). Upon binding to the target membranes, VCC monomers first assemble into oligomeric pre-pore intermediates, and subsequently transform into transmembrane β-barrel pores. VCC harbors a designated pore-forming motif, which, during oligomeric pore formation, inserts into the membrane and generates a transmembrane β-barrel scaffold. It remains an enigma how the molecular architecture of the pore-forming motif regulates the VCC pore-formation mechanism. Here, we show that a specific pore-forming motif residue, E289, plays crucial regulatory roles in the pore-formation mechanism of VCC. We find that the mutation of E289A drastically compromises pore-forming activity, without affecting the structural integrity and membrane-binding potential of the toxin monomers. Although our single-particle cryo-EM analysis reveals wild type-like oligomeric β-barrel pore formation by E289A-VCC in the membrane, we demonstrate that the mutant shows severely delayed kinetics in terms of pore-forming ability that can be rescued with elevated temperature conditions. We find that the pore-formation efficacy of E289A-VCC appears to be more profoundly dependent on temperature as compared to that of the wild type toxin. Our results suggest that the E289A mutation traps membrane-bound toxin molecules in the pre-pore-like intermediate state that is hindered from converting into the functional β-barrel pores by a large energy barrier, thus highlighting the importance of this residue for the pore-formation mechanism of VCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Nayanika Sengupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kusum Lata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Indrajit Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, India.
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4
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Liang X, Pei TT, Li H, Zheng HY, Luo H, Cui Y, Tang MX, Zhao YJ, Xu P, Dong T. VgrG-dependent effectors and chaperones modulate the assembly of the type VI secretion system. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010116. [PMID: 34852023 PMCID: PMC8668125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a spear-like nanomachine found in gram-negative pathogens for delivery of toxic effectors to neighboring bacterial and host cells. Its assembly requires a tip spike complex consisting of a VgrG-trimer, a PAAR protein, and the interacting effectors. However, how the spike controls T6SS assembly remains elusive. Here we investigated the role of three VgrG-effector pairs in Aeromonas dhakensis strain SSU, a clinical isolate with a constitutively active T6SS. By swapping VgrG tail sequences, we demonstrate that the C-terminal ~30 amino-acid tail dictates effector specificity. Double deletion of vgrG1&2 genes (VgrG3+) abolished T6SS secretion, which can be rescued by ectopically expressing chimeric VgrG3 with a VgrG1/2-tail but not the wild type VgrG3. In addition, deletion of effector-specific chaperones also severely impaired T6SS secretion, despite the presence of intact VgrG and effector proteins, in both SSU and Vibrio cholerae V52. We further show that SSU could deliver a V. cholerae effector VasX when expressing a plasmid-borne chimeric VgrG with VasX-specific VgrG tail and chaperone sequences. Pull-down analyses show that two SSU effectors, TseP and TseC, could interact with their cognate VgrGs, the baseplate protein TssK, and the key assembly chaperone TssA. Effectors TseL and VasX could interact with TssF, TssK and TssA in V. cholerae. Collectively, we demonstrate that chimeric VgrG-effector pairs could bypass the requirement of heterologous VgrG complex and propose that effector-stuffing inside the baseplate complex, facilitated by chaperones and the interaction with structural proteins, serves as a crucial structural determinant for T6SS assembly. Effectors of bacterial secretion systems are generally considered as secreted proteins for interspecies interactions rather than components of the secretion apparatus. Our results reveal the complex interactions of effectors, chaperones, and structural proteins are crucial for T6SS assembly, suggesting an integral role of effectors as parts of the apparatus and distinctive from other secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Tong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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5
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Krause K, Pyrczak-Felczykowska A, Karczewska M, Narajczyk M, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Szalewska-Pałasz A, Nowicki D. Dietary Isothiocyanates, Sulforaphane and 2-Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Effectively Impair Vibrio cholerae Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10187. [PMID: 34638525 PMCID: PMC8508596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae represents a constant threat to public health, causing widespread infections, especially in developing countries with a significant number of fatalities and serious complications every year. The standard treatment by oral rehydration does not eliminate the source of infection, while increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogenic V. cholerae strains makes the therapy difficult. Thus, we assessed the antibacterial potential of plant-derived phytoncides, isothiocyanates (ITC), against V. cholerae O365 strain. Sulforaphane (SFN) and 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) ability to inhibit bacterial growth was assessed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values indicate that these compounds possess antibacterial activity and are also effective against cells growing in a biofilm. Tested ITC caused accumulation of stringent response alarmone, ppGpp, which indicates induction of the global stress response. It was accompanied by bacterial cytoplasm shrinkage, the inhibition of the DNA, and RNA synthesis as well as downregulation of the expression of virulence factors. Most importantly, ITC reduced the toxicity of V. cholerae in the in vitro assays (against Vero and HeLa cells) and in vivo, using Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model. In conclusion, our data indicate that ITCs might be considered promising antibacterial agents in V. cholerae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Krause
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | | | - Monika Karczewska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Szalewska-Pałasz
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
| | - Dariusz Nowicki
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.-P.)
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6
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Carey CM, Apple SE, Hilbert ZA, Kay MS, Elde NC. Diarrheal pathogens trigger rapid evolution of the guanylate cyclase-C signaling axis in bats. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1342-1350.e5. [PMID: 34358433 PMCID: PMC8429143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of infectious diarrheal diseases is largely attributed to enterotoxins that cause dehydration by disrupting intestinal water absorption. We investigated patterns of genetic variation in mammalian guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C), an intestinal receptor targeted by bacterially encoded heat-stable enterotoxins (STa), to determine how host species adapt in response to diarrheal infections. Our phylogenetic and functional analysis of GC-C supports long-standing evolutionary conflict with diarrheal bacteria in primates and bats, with highly variable susceptibility to STa across species. In bats, we further show that GC-C diversification has sparked compensatory mutations in the endogenous uroguanylin ligand, suggesting an unusual scenario of pathogen-driven evolution of an entire signaling axis. Together, these findings suggest that conflicts with diarrheal pathogens have had far-reaching impacts on the evolution of mammalian gut physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Carey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sarah E Apple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zoë A Hilbert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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7
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Ma Y, Yang X, Wang H, Qin Z, Yi C, Shi C, Luo M, Chen G, Yan J, Liu X, Liu Z. CBS-derived H2S facilitates host colonization of Vibrio cholerae by promoting the iron-dependent catalase activity of KatB. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009763. [PMID: 34283874 PMCID: PMC8324212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and resisting oxidative stress is critical for Vibrio cholerae to survive in either the aquatic environment or the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies mainly focused on the mechanisms of oxidative stress response regulation that rely on enzymatic antioxidant systems, while functions of non-enzymatic antioxidants are rarely discussed in V. cholerae. For the first time, we investigated the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the simplest thiol compound, in protecting V. cholerae against oxidative stress. We found that degradation of L-cysteine by putative cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the major source of endogenous H2S in V. cholerae. Our results indicate that intracellular H2S level has a positive correlation with cbs expression, while the enhanced H2S production can render V. cholerae cells less susceptible to H2O2 in vitro. Using proteome analysis and real-time qPCR assay, we found that cbs expression could stimulate the expression of several enzymatic antioxidants, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying enzymes SodB, KatG and AhpC, the DNA protective protein DPS and the protein redox regulator Trx1. Assays of ROS detoxification capacities revealed that CBS-derived H2S could promote catalase activity at the post-translational level, especially for KatB, which serves as an important way that endogenous H2S participates in H2O2 detoxification. The enhancement of catalase activity by H2S is achieved through facilitating the uptake of iron. Adult mice experiments showed that cbs mutant has colonization defect, while either complementation of cbs or exogenous supplement of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine restores its fitness in the host environment. Herein, we proposed that V. cholerae regulates CBS-dependent H2S production for better survival and proliferation under ROS stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongou Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunrong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changping Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Zingl FG, Thapa HB, Scharf M, Kohl P, Müller AM, Schild S. Outer Membrane Vesicles of Vibrio cholerae Protect and Deliver Active Cholera Toxin to Host Cells via Porin-Dependent Uptake. mBio 2021; 12:e0053421. [PMID: 34076466 PMCID: PMC8262896 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00534-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are an emerging research field due to their multifactorial composition and involvement in interspecies and intraspecies communication. Recent studies indicate that vesicle release by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is increased during in vivo colonization, as exemplified by the facultative human pathogen Vibrio cholerae upon oral ingestion by the host. In this study, we investigate the fate of OMVs produced by the Gram-negative facultative pathogen V. cholerae. We show that vesicles produced by the clinically relevant El Tor biotype are readily taken up by human intestinal cell lines. We identify outer membrane porins of V. cholerae, i.e., OmpU and OmpT, as the required surface effectors on OMVs for cellular uptake, and we pinpoint the uptake mechanism as caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, we show that OMVs derived from V. cholerae grown under virulence-inducing conditions act as potent vehicles for delivery of bioactive cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast to free cholera toxin secreted via the type II secretion system, OMV-associated cholera toxin is protected from degradation by intestinal proteases. Taken together, these data show that OMV-associated cholera toxin can sustain longer periods in the intestinal tract and preserve toxin effects, as indicated by a prolonged increase of cAMP levels in the intestinal tissue. IMPORTANCE Cholera is still a massive global health burden because it causes large outbreaks with millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year. Several studies have contributed to the knowledge of this pathogen, although key parts are still missing. We aim to broaden our understanding of Vibrio cholerae infections, virulence, and toxicity by drawing attention to the involvement of OMVs in these core processes. Upon host entry, V. cholerae increases secretion of OMVs, which can carry the main virulence factor, cholera toxin, to distant host intestinal cells. We show that specific outer membrane porins on the vesicle surface mediate endocytosis of the vesicles into intestinal cells. With protection by the vesicles, cholera toxin activity endures even in the presence of intestinal proteases. It is tempting to hypothesize that the extended half-life of vesicle-associated cholera toxin allows it to target host cells distant from the primary colonization sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz G. Zingl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Himadri B. Thapa
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Scharf
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Kohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna M. Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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9
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Hsiao A, Zhu J. Pathogenicity and virulence regulation of Vibrio cholerae at the interface of host-gut microbiome interactions. Virulence 2020; 11:1582-1599. [PMID: 33172314 PMCID: PMC7671094 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1845039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for the severe diarrheal pandemic disease cholera, representing a major global public health concern. This pathogen transitions from aquatic reservoirs into epidemics in human populations, and has evolved numerous mechanisms to sense this transition in order to appropriately regulate its gene expression for infection. At the intersection of pathogen and host in the gastrointestinal tract lies the community of native gut microbes, the gut microbiome. It is increasingly clear that the diversity of species and biochemical activities within the gut microbiome represents a driver of infection outcome, through their ability to manipulate the signals used by V. cholerae to regulate virulence and fitness in vivo. A better mechanistic understanding of how commensal microbial action interacts with V. cholerae pathogenesis may lead to novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for cholera. Here, we review a subset of this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Laviad-Shitrit S, Sela R, Thorat L, Sharaby Y, Izhaki I, Nath BB, Halpern M. Identification of chironomid species as natural reservoirs of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains with pandemic potential. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008959. [PMID: 33362241 PMCID: PMC7757795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes the fatal cholera diarrhea. Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae) are abundant in freshwater aquatic habitats and estuaries and are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae. Until now, only the non-O1/O139 serogroups of V. cholerae were identified in chironomids. Here, we explored whether chironomids are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroups, which are associated with cholera endemics and pandemics. All four life stages of chironomids were sampled from two rivers, and a laboratory culture in Pune, India, and from a pond in Israel. In total, we analyzed 223 chironomid samples. The presence of V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroups was verified using molecular tools. Nine chironomid species were identified; of them, Chironomus circumdatus was the most abundant. The presence of V. cholerae serogroup O1 and the cholera toxin genes were detected in samples from all chironomid species. However, serogroup O139 was detected in only two chironomid species. Besides PCR to detect specific genes, a metagenomic analysis that was performed in three selected C. ramosus larvae, identified a list of virulence genes associated with V. cholerae. The findings provide evidence that chironomids are natural reservoirs of toxigenic V. cholerae O1/O139. Chironomid populations and V. cholerae show biannual peak patterns. A similar pattern is found for cholera epidemics in the Bengal Delta region. Thus, we hypothesize that monitoring chironomids in endemic areas of the disease may provide a novel tool for predicting and preventing cholera epidemics. Moreover, serogroup O139 was detected only in two chironomid species that have a restricted distribution in the Indian subcontinent, possibly explaining why the distribution of the O139 serogroup is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad-Shitrit
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rotem Sela
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Leena Thorat
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yehonatan Sharaby
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bimalendu B. Nath
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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11
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Dorman MJ, Domman D, Poklepovich T, Tolley C, Zolezzi G, Kane L, Viñas MR, Panagópulo M, Moroni M, Binsztein N, Caffer MI, Clare S, Dougan G, Salmond GPC, Parkhill J, Campos J, Thomson NR. Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4918. [PMID: 33004800 PMCID: PMC7530988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to control and eradicate epidemic cholera, we need to understand how epidemics begin, how they spread, and how they decline and eventually end. This requires extensive sampling of epidemic disease over time, alongside the background of endemic disease that may exist concurrently with the epidemic. The unique circumstances surrounding the Argentinian cholera epidemic of 1992-1998 presented an opportunity to do this. Here, we use 490 Argentinian V. cholerae genome sequences to characterise the variation within, and between, epidemic and endemic V. cholerae. We show that, during the 1992-1998 cholera epidemic, the invariant epidemic clone co-existed alongside highly diverse members of the Vibrio cholerae species in Argentina, and we contrast the clonality of epidemic V. cholerae with the background diversity of local endemic bacteria. Our findings refine and add nuance to our genomic definitions of epidemic and endemic cholera, and are of direct relevance to controlling current and future cholera epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Dorman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daryl Domman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tomás Poklepovich
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charlotte Tolley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gisella Zolezzi
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - María Rosa Viñas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Panagópulo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Moroni
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Binsztein
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Caffer
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QW, UK
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Josefina Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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12
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Danso EK, Asare P, Otchere ID, Akyeh LM, Asante-Poku A, Aboagye SY, Osei-Wusu S, Opare D, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Duodu S, Yeboah-Manu D. A molecular and epidemiological study of Vibrio cholerae isolates from cholera outbreaks in southern Ghana. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236016. [PMID: 32649692 PMCID: PMC7351161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new Vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study to detect virulence markers and antimicrobial resistance patterns of V. cholerae isolates obtained from the 2012–2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana. Archived clinical isolates obtained from the 2012, 2014 and 2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana were revived by culture and subjected to microscopy, biochemical identification, serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing, molecular detection of distinct virulence factors and Multi-Locus Variable-Number of Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Of 277 isolates analysed, 168 (60.6%) were confirmed to be V. cholerae and 109 (39.4%) isolates constituted other bacteria (Escherichia coli, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococci faecalis). Serotyping the V. cholerae isolates identified 151 (89.9%) as Ogawa, 3 (1.8%) as Inaba and 14 (8.3%) as non-O1/O139 serogroup. The O1 serogroup isolates (154/168, 91.7%) carried the cholera toxin ctxB gene as detected by PCR. Additional virulence genes detected include zot, tcpA, ace, rtxC, toxR, rtxA, tcpP, hlyA and tagA. The most common and rare virulence factors detected among the isolates were rtxC (165 isolates) and tcpP (50 isolates) respectively. All isolates from 2014 and 2015 were multidrug resistant against the selected antibiotics. MLVA differentiated the isolates into 2 large unique clones A and B, with each predominating in a particular year. Spatial analysis showed clustering of most isolates at Ablekuma sub-district. Identification of several virulence genes among the two different genotypes of V. cholerae isolates and resistance to first- and second-line antibiotics, calls for scaleup of preventive strategies to reduce transmission, and strengthening of public health laboratories for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide accurate treatment. Our findings support the current WHO licensed cholera vaccines which include both O1 Inaba and Ogawa serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia Konadu Danso
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana Legon, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince Asare
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Darko Otchere
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lorenzo Moses Akyeh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adwoa Asante-Poku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Yaw Aboagye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Osei-Wusu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Opare
- National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Université Marien NGouabi, Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana Legon, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana Legon, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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13
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Joshi A, Mahmoud SA, Kim SK, Ogdahl JL, Lee VT, Chien P, Yildiz FH. c-di-GMP inhibits LonA-dependent proteolysis of TfoY in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008897. [PMID: 32589664 PMCID: PMC7371385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The LonA (or Lon) protease is a central post-translational regulator in diverse bacterial species. In Vibrio cholerae, LonA regulates a broad range of behaviors including cell division, biofilm formation, flagellar motility, c-di-GMP levels, the type VI secretion system (T6SS), virulence gene expression, and host colonization. Despite LonA’s role in cellular processes critical for V. cholerae’s aquatic and infectious life cycles, relatively few LonA substrates have been identified. LonA protease substrates were therefore identified through comparison of the proteomes of wild-type and ΔlonA strains following translational inhibition. The most significantly enriched LonA-dependent protein was TfoY, a known regulator of motility and the T6SS in V. cholerae. Experiments showed that TfoY was required for LonA-mediated repression of motility and T6SS-dependent killing. In addition, TfoY was stabilized under high c-di-GMP conditions and biochemical analysis determined direct binding of c-di-GMP to LonA results in inhibition of its protease activity. The work presented here adds to the list of LonA substrates, identifies LonA as a c-di-GMP receptor, demonstrates that c-di-GMP regulates LonA activity and TfoY protein stability, and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which LonA controls important V. cholerae behaviors. This study provides insights into the mechanisms and consequences of LonA-mediated regulated proteolysis in Vibrio cholerae, the causal organism of the acute diarrheal disease cholera that is endemic in more than 47 countries across the globe. Lon is broadly conserved in bacterial systems; uncovering the molecular connection between c-di-GMP signaling and LonA-mediated proteolysis of V. cholerae will provide conceptual frameworks for the development of intervention strategies to combat virulence by bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avatar Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Samar A. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soo-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justyne L. Ogdahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vincent T. Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Alavi S, Mitchell JD, Cho JY, Liu R, Macbeth JC, Hsiao A. Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives Susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection. Cell 2020; 181:1533-1546.e13. [PMID: 32631492 PMCID: PMC7394201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is the resident microbial community of the gastrointestinal tract. This community is highly diverse, but how microbial diversity confers resistance or susceptibility to intestinal pathogens is poorly understood. Using transplantation of human microbiomes into several animal models of infection, we show that key microbiome species shape the chemical environment of the gut through the activity of the enzyme bile salt hydrolase. The activity of this enzyme reduced colonization by the major human diarrheal pathogen Vibrio cholerae by degrading the bile salt taurocholate that activates the expression of virulence genes. The absence of these functions and species permits increased infection loads on a personal microbiome-specific basis. These findings suggest new targets for individualized preventative strategies of V. cholerae infection through modulating the structure and function of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Alavi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - John C Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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15
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Arteaga M, Velasco J, Rodriguez S, Vidal M, Arellano C, Silva F, Carreño LJ, Vidal R, Montero DA. Genomic characterization of the non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strain that caused a gastroenteritis outbreak in Santiago, Chile, 2018. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000340. [PMID: 32100707 PMCID: PMC7200058 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen, which is transmitted by the consumption of contaminated food or water. V. cholerae strains belonging to the serogroups O1 and O139 can cause cholera outbreaks and epidemics, a severe life-threatening diarrheal disease. In contrast, serogroups other than O1 and O139, denominated as non-O1/non-O139, have been mainly associated with sporadic cases of moderate or mild diarrhea, bacteremia and wound infections. Here we investigated the virulence determinants and phylogenetic origin of a non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strain that caused a gastroenteritis outbreak in Santiago, Chile, 2018. We found that this outbreak strain lacks the classical virulence genes harboured by O1 and O139 strains, including the cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). However, this strain carries genomic islands (GIs) encoding Type III and Type VI secretion systems (T3SS/T6SS) and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, we found these GIs are wide distributed among several lineages of non-O1/non-O139 strains. Our results suggest that the acquisition of these GIs may enhance the virulence of non-O1/non-O139 strains that lack the CT and TCP-encoding genes. Our results highlight the pathogenic potential of these V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arteaga
- Servicio de Urgencia Infantil, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile “Dr. José Joaquín Aguirre”, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Servicio de Urgencia Infantil, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile “Dr. José Joaquín Aguirre”, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shelly Rodriguez
- Servicio de Urgencia Infantil, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile “Dr. José Joaquín Aguirre”, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maricel Vidal
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública Ambiental y Laboral, Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Arellano
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva
- Servicio de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile “Dr. José Joaquín Aguirre”, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A. Montero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Guillemette R, Ushijima B, Jalan M, Häse CC, Azam F. Insight into the resilience and susceptibility of marine bacteria to T6SS attack by Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio coralliilyticus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227864. [PMID: 31990915 PMCID: PMC6986712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a nanomachine capable of killing adjacent microbial cells in a contact-dependent manner. Due to limited studies, relatively little is known about the range of marine bacteria that are susceptible to T6SS attack. Here, 15 diverse marine bacterial isolates from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Ɣ-Proteobacteria were challenged against the marine bacterium and human pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, which has a well described T6SS. V. cholerae killed several of the tested Ɣ-Proteobacteria, including members of the orders Vibrionales, Alteromonadales, Oceanospirillales, and Pseudomonadales. In contrast, V. cholerae co-existed with multiple Bacteroidetes and Ɣ-Proteobacteria isolates, but was killed by Vibrio coralliilyticus. Follow-up experiments revealed that five V. coralliilyticus strains, including known coral and shellfish pathogens survived the T6SS challenge and killed V. cholerae. By using predicted protein comparisons and mutagenesis, we conclude that V. coralliilyticus protected itself in the challenge by using its own T6SS to kill V. cholerae. This study provides valuable insight into the resilience and susceptibility of marine bacteria to the V. cholerae T6SS, and provides the first evidence for a functional T6SS in V. coralliilyticus, both of which have implications for human and ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guillemette
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Mihika Jalan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Claudia C. Häse
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Farooq Azam
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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17
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Cruite JT, Kovacikova G, Clark KA, Woodbrey AK, Skorupski K, Kull FJ. Structural basis for virulence regulation in Vibrio cholerae by unsaturated fatty acid components of bile. Commun Biol 2019; 2:440. [PMID: 31815195 PMCID: PMC6882843 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AraC/XylS-family transcriptional regulator ToxT is the master virulence activator of Vibrio cholerae, the gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) found in bile inhibit the activity of ToxT. Crystal structures of inhibited ToxT bound to UFA or synthetic inhibitors have been reported, but no structure of ToxT in an active conformation had been determined. Here we present the 2.5 Å structure of ToxT without an inhibitor. The structure suggests release of UFA or inhibitor leads to an increase in flexibility, allowing ToxT to adopt an active conformation that is able to dimerize and bind DNA. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to validate a structural model of an open ToxT dimer bound to the cholera toxin promoter. The results presented here provide a detailed structural mechanism for virulence gene regulation in V. cholerae by the UFA components of bile and other synthetic ToxT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Cruite
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Gabriela Kovacikova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Kenzie A. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Anne K. Woodbrey
- Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Karen Skorupski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - F. Jon Kull
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
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18
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McKitterick AC, Hays SG, Johura FT, Alam M, Seed KD. Viral Satellites Exploit Phage Proteins to Escape Degradation of the Bacterial Host Chromosome. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:504-514.e4. [PMID: 31600502 PMCID: PMC6910227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phage defense systems are often found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), where they constitutively defend against invaders or are induced to respond to new assaults. Phage satellites, one type of MGE, are induced during phage infection to promote their own transmission, reducing phage production and protecting their hosts in the process. One such satellite in Vibrio cholerae, phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE), sabotages the lytic phage ICP1, which triggers PLE excision from the bacterial chromosome, replication, and transduction to neighboring cells. Analysis of patient stool samples from different geographic regions revealed that ICP1 has evolved to possess one of two syntenic loci encoding an SF1B-type helicase, either of which PLE exploits to drive replication. Further, loss of PLE mobilization limits anti-phage activity because of phage-mediated degradation of the bacterial genome. Our work provides insight into the unique challenges facing parasites of lytic phages and underscores the adaptions of satellites to their ever-evolving target phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C McKitterick
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephanie G Hays
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fatema-Tuz Johura
- ICDDR,B, formerly known as International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munirul Alam
- ICDDR,B, formerly known as International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kimberley D Seed
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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19
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Naser IB, Hoque MM, Faruque SN, Kamruzzaman M, Yamasaki S, Faruque SM. Vibrio cholerae strains with inactivated cqsS gene overproduce autoinducer-2 which enhances resuscitation of dormant environmental V. cholerae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223226. [PMID: 31574121 PMCID: PMC6772001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae resides in aquatic reservoirs of cholera-endemic areas mostly in a dormant form known as conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC) in which the bacteria remain embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix, and fail to grow in routine bacteriological culture. The CVEC can be resuscitated by supplementing culture media with either of two autoinducers CAI-1 and AI-2, which are signal molecules controlling quorum sensing, a regulatory network of bacterial gene expression dependent on cell density. This study investigated possible existence of variant strains that overproduce AIs, sufficient to resuscitate CVEC in environmental waters. METHODS Environmental V. cholerae isolates and Tn insertion mutants of a V. cholerae strain C6706 were screened for production of AIs using bioluminescent reporter strains. Relevant mutations in environmental strains which overproduced AI-2 were characterized by nucleotide sequencing and genetic complementation studies. Effect of AIs produced in culture supernatants of relevant strains on reactivation of CVEC in water was determined by resuscitation assays. RESULTS Two of 54 environmental V. cholerae isolates were found to overproduce AI-2. Screening of a Tn-insertion library of V. cholerae strain C6706, identified a mutant which overproduced AI-2, and carried Tn insertion in the cqsS gene. Nucleotide sequencing also revealed mutations inactivating the cqsS gene in environmental isolates which overproduced AI-2, and this property was reversed when complemented with a wild type cqsS gene. Culture of river water samples supplemented with spent medium of these mutants resuscitated dormant V. cholerae cells in water. SIGNIFICANCE V. cholerae strains with inactivated cqsS gene may offer a convenient source of AI-2 in enhanced assays for monitoring bacteriological quality of water. The results also suggest a potential role of naturally occurring cqsS mutants in the environmental biology of V. cholerae. Furthermore, similar phenomenon may have relevance in the ecology of other waterborne bacterial pathogens beyond V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Bin Naser
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Mozammel Hoque
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Nayeem Faruque
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Kamruzzaman
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shah M. Faruque
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: ,
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Xu M, Wu J, Chen L. Virulence, antimicrobial and heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:27338-27352. [PMID: 31325090 PMCID: PMC6733808 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a leading waterborne pathogen worldwide. Continuous monitoring of V. cholerae contamination in aquatic products and identification of risk factors are crucial for assuring food safety. In this study, we determined the virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of 400 V. cholerae isolates recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish (Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Parabramis pekinensis) collected in July and August of 2017 in Shanghai, China. V. cholerae has not been previously detected in the half of these fish species. The results revealed an extremely low occurrence of pathogenic V. cholerae carrying the major virulence genes ctxAB (0.0%), tcpA (0.0%), ace (0.0%), and zot (0.0%). However, high incidence of virulence-associated genes was observed, including the RTX toxin gene cluster (rtxA-D) (83.0-97.0%), hlyA (87.8%), hapA (95.0%), and tlh (76.0%). Meanwhile, high percentages of resistance to antimicrobial agents streptomycin (65.3%), ampicillin (44.5%), and rifampicin (24.0%) were observed. Approximately 30.5% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes with 42 resistance profiles, which were significantly different among the four fish species (MARI, P = 0.001). Additionally, tolerance of isolates to heavy metals Hg2+ (49.3%), Zn2+ (30.3%), and Pb2+ (12.0%) was observed. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)-based fingerprinting of the 400 V. cholerae isolates revealed 328 ERIC-genotypes, which demonstrated a large degree of genomic variation among the isolates. Overall, the results of this study support the need for food safety risk assessment of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a life-threatening diarrheal disease. Cholera causes epidemics and pandemics, but the ways this disease spreads worldwide is still unclear. This review highlights a relatively new hypothesis regarding the way V. cholerae can be globally dispersed. Copepods and chironomids are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae and are part of different fish species’ diet. Furthermore, V. cholerae inhabits marine and freshwater fish species. Waterbird species feed on fish or on small invertebrates such as copepods and chironomids. Waterbirds have also been found to carry living copepods and/or chironomids internally or externally from one waterbody to another. All of the above points to the fact that some waterbird species might be vectors of V. cholerae. Indeed, we and others have found evidence for the presence of V. cholerae non-O1 as well as O1 in waterbird cloacal swabs, feces, and intestine samples. Moreover, hand-reared cormorants that were fed on tilapia, a fish that naturally carries V. cholerae, became infected with this bacterial species, demonstrating that V. cholerae can be transferred to cormorants from their fish prey. Great cormorants as well as other waterbird species can cover distances of up to 1,000 km/day and thus may potentially transfer V. cholerae in a short time across and between continents. We hope this review will inspire further studies regarding the understanding of the waterbirds' role in the global dissemination of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad-Shitrit
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel
- * E-mail:
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22
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Weil AA, Ellis CN, Debela MD, Bhuiyan TR, Rashu R, Bourque DL, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB. Posttranslational Regulation of IL-23 Production Distinguishes the Innate Immune Responses to Live Toxigenic versus Heat-Inactivated Vibrio cholerae. mSphere 2019; 4:e00206-19. [PMID: 31434744 PMCID: PMC6706466 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00206-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae infection provides long-lasting protective immunity, while oral, inactivated cholera vaccines (OCV) result in more-limited protection. To identify characteristics of the innate immune response that may distinguish natural V. cholerae infection from OCV, we stimulated differentiated, macrophage-like THP-1 cells with live versus heat-inactivated V. cholerae with and without endogenous or exogenous cholera holotoxin (CT). Interleukin 23A gene (IL23A) expression was higher in cells exposed to live V. cholerae than in cells exposed to inactivated organisms (mean change, 38-fold; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.0 to 42; P < 0.01). IL-23 secretion was also higher in cells exposed to live V. cholerae than in cells exposed to inactivated V. cholerae (mean change, 5.6-fold; 95% CI, 4.4 to 11; P < 0.001). This increase in IL-23 secretion was more marked than for other key innate immune cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-6) and dependent on exposure to the combination of both live V. cholerae and CT. While IL-23 secretion was reduced following stimulation with either heat-inactivated wild-type V. cholerae or a live isogenic ctxAB mutant of V. cholerae, the addition of exogenous CT restored IL-23 secretion in combination with the live isogenic ctxAB mutant V. cholerae, but not when it was paired with stimulation by heat-inactivated V. cholerae The posttranslational regulation of IL-23 under these conditions was dependent on the activity of the cysteine protease cathepsin B. In humans, IL-23 promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells to T follicular helper cells, which maintain and support long-term memory B cell generation after infection. Based on these findings, the stimulation of IL-23 production may be a determinant of protective immunity following V. cholerae infection.IMPORTANCE An episode of cholera provides better protection against reinfection than oral cholera vaccines, and the reasons for this are still under study. To better understand this, we compared the immune responses of human cells exposed to live Vibrio cholerae with those of cells exposed to heat-killed V. cholerae (similar to the contents of oral cholera vaccines). We also compared the effects of active cholera toxin and the inactive cholera toxin B subunit (which is included in some cholera vaccines). One key immune signaling molecule, IL-23, was uniquely produced in response to the combination of live bacteria and active cholera holotoxin. Stimulation with V. cholerae that did not produce the active toxin or was killed did not produce an IL-23 response. The stimulation of IL-23 production by cholera toxin-producing V. cholerae may be important in conferring long-term immunity after cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Crystal N Ellis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meti D Debela
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taufiqur R Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel L Bourque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Maynard A, Butler NL, Ito T, da Silva AJ, Murai M, Chen T, Koffas MAG, Miyoshi H, Barquera B. Antibiotic Korormicin A Kills Bacteria by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00718-18. [PMID: 30858300 PMCID: PMC6509656 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00718-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Korormicin is an antibiotic produced by some pseudoalteromonads which selectively kills Gram-negative bacteria that express the Na+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR.) We show that although korormicin is an inhibitor of Na+-NQR, the antibiotic action is not a direct result of inhibiting enzyme activity. Instead, perturbation of electron transfer inside the enzyme promotes a reaction between O2 and one or more redox cofactors in the enzyme (likely the flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD] and 2Fe-2S center), leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). All Pseudoalteromonas contain the nqr operon in their genomes, including Pseudoalteromonas strain J010, which produces korormicin. We present activity data indicating that this strain expresses an active Na+-NQR and that this enzyme is not susceptible to korormicin inhibition. On the basis of our DNA sequence data, we show that the Na+-NQR of Pseudoalteromonas J010 carries an amino acid substitution (NqrB-G141A; Vibrio cholerae numbering) that in other Na+-NQRs confers resistance against korormicin. This is likely the reason that a functional Na+-NQR is able to exist in a bacterium that produces a compound that typically inhibits this enzyme and causes cell death. Korormicin is an effective antibiotic against such pathogens as Vibrio cholerae, Aliivibrio fischeri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but has no effect on Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, microorganisms that are important members of the human intestinal microflora.IMPORTANCE As multidrug antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria continues to rise, there is a critical need for novel antimicrobial agents. An essential requirement for a useful antibiotic is that it selectively targets bacteria without significant effects on the eukaryotic hosts. Korormicin is an excellent candidate in this respect because it targets a unique respiratory enzyme found only in prokaryotes, the Na+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR). Korormicin is synthesized by some species of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas and is a potent and specific inhibitor of Na+-NQR, an enzyme that is essential for the survival and proliferation of many Gram-negative human pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among others. Here, we identified how korormicin selectively kills these bacteria. The binding of korormicin to Na+-NQR promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species generated by the reaction of the FAD and the 2Fe-2S center cofactors with O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Nicole L Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Adilson José da Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Masatoshi Murai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsute Chen
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Hideto Miyoshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Blanca Barquera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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24
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Lin JZ, Xu R, Tian XH. Transmission dynamics of cholera with hyperinfectious and hypoinfectious vibrios: mathematical modelling and control strategies. Math Biosci Eng 2019; 16:4339-4358. [PMID: 31499665 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2019216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholera is a common infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, which has different infectivity. In this paper, we propose a cholera model with hyperinfectious and hypoinfectious vibrios, in which both human-to-human and environment-to-human transmissions are considered. By analyzing the characteristic equations, the local stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria is established. By using Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle's invariance principle, it is verified that the global threshold dynamics of the model can be completely determined by the basic reproduction number. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results and describe the cholera outbreak in Haiti. The study of optimal control helps us seek cost-effective solutions of time-dependent control strategies against cholera outbreaks, which shows that control strategies, such as vaccination and sanitation, should be taken at the very beginning of the outbreak and become less necessary after a certain period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhe Lin
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang 050003, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xu
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Hong Tian
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P.R. China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Lund Group, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li X, Yang H, Gao X, Zhang H, Chen N, Miao Z, Liu X, Zhang X. The pathogenicity characterization of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and its activation on immune system in freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:507-514. [PMID: 30711493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of mass mortalities among cultured Macrobrachium nipponense occurred in a commercial hatchery during the autumn of 2017 in Jiangsu province, P. R. China, and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated and identified as causal agents of M. nipponense, with a LD50 value 4.09 × 104 CFU/mL. Detection of virulence-associated genes by PCR indicated that XL1 was positive for Mp, HlyA, RtxA, OmpU, Ace, Zot and T6SS. Furthermore, the results of extracellular enzyme analysis revealed that the strain can produce lecithinase, amylase, gelatinase and hemolysin. Histopathological analysis revealed that the hepatic tubule lumen and the gap between the hepatic tubules became larger, and the brush border disappeared in the hepatopancreas. Quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was undertaken to measure mRNA expression levels for thirteen immune related genes in M. nipponense after non-O1 V. cholerae infection. The transcriptional analysis of these immune related genes demonstrated that the expression levels of dorsal, relish, p38, crustin1, crustin2, crustin3, hemocyanin, i-lysozyme, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 1, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 2, prophenoloxidase were significantly up-regulated in hemolymph of M. nipponense post-infection. These results revealed varying expression profiles and clear transcriptional activation of these immune related genes in hemolymph, which will contribute to better understand the pathogenesis and host defensive system in non-O1 V. cholerae invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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27
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Shahul Hameed UF, Liao C, Radhakrishnan AK, Huser F, Aljedani SS, Zhao X, Momin AA, Melo FA, Guo X, Brooks C, Li Y, Cui X, Gao X, Ladbury JE, Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M, Li J, Arold ST. H-NS uses an autoinhibitory conformational switch for environment-controlled gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2666-2680. [PMID: 30597093 PMCID: PMC6411929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an environment-dependent pleiotropic gene regulator in Gram-negative bacteria, the H-NS protein is crucial for adaptation and toxicity control of human pathogens such as Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae or enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Changes in temperature affect the capacity of H-NS to form multimers that condense DNA and restrict gene expression. However, the molecular mechanism through which H-NS senses temperature and other physiochemical parameters remains unclear and controversial. Combining structural, biophysical and computational analyses, we show that human body temperature promotes unfolding of the central dimerization domain, breaking up H-NS multimers. This unfolding event enables an autoinhibitory compact H-NS conformation that blocks DNA binding. Our integrative approach provides the molecular basis for H-NS-mediated environment-sensing and may open new avenues for the control of pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar F Shahul Hameed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anand K Radhakrishnan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Franceline Huser
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Safia S Aljedani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaochuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Afaque A Momin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernando A Melo
- Department of Physics (IBILCE), São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xianrong Guo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claire Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yu Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
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28
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Ferreira JL, Gao FZ, Rossmann FM, Nans A, Brenzinger S, Hosseini R, Wilson A, Briegel A, Thormann KM, Rosenthal PB, Beeby M. γ-proteobacteria eject their polar flagella under nutrient depletion, retaining flagellar motor relic structures. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000165. [PMID: 30889173 PMCID: PMC6424402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria switch only intermittently to motile planktonic lifestyles under favorable conditions. Under chronic nutrient deprivation, however, bacteria orchestrate a switch to stationary phase, conserving energy by altering metabolism and stopping motility. About two-thirds of bacteria use flagella to swim, but how bacteria deactivate this large molecular machine remains unclear. Here, we describe the previously unreported ejection of polar motors by γ-proteobacteria. We show that these bacteria eject their flagella at the base of the flagellar hook when nutrients are depleted, leaving a relic of a former flagellar motor in the outer membrane. Subtomogram averages of the full motor and relic reveal that this is an active process, as a plug protein appears in the relic, likely to prevent leakage across their outer membrane; furthermore, we show that ejection is triggered only under nutritional depletion and is independent of the filament as a possible mechanosensor. We show that filament ejection is a widespread phenomenon demonstrated by the appearance of relic structures in diverse γ-proteobacteria including Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio fischeri, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While the molecular details remain to be determined, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism for bacteria to halt costly motility when nutrients become scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie L. Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Forson Z. Gao
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian M. Rossmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rohola Hosseini
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kai M. Thormann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Nsubuga F, Garang SC, Tut M, Oguttu D, Lubajo R, Lodiongo D, Lasuba M, Mpairwe A. Epidemiological description of a protracted cholera outbreak in Tonj East and Tonj North counties, former Warrap State, South Sudan, May-Oct 2017. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:4. [PMID: 30606126 PMCID: PMC6318988 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 18th May 2017, State Ministry of Health of former Warrap State received a report from Tonj East County of an outbreak of acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting in Makuac payam. We conducted this investigation to confirm the causative organism and describe the epidemiology of the outbreak in order to support evidence-based control measures. METHODS We defined a suspected case as a resident of Tonj East or Tonj North County with sudden onset of acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting between May 1 and October 15, 2017. A probable case was defined as a suspected case with a positive rapid test for Vibrio cholerae; a confirmed case was a probable case with a positive stool culture for V. cholerae. We conducted systematic case finding by visiting health facilities and villages in the affected payams. We reviewed patient records from 1 May 2017 to 15 October 2017, to identify suspected cholera case-patients. We conducted a descriptive epidemiologic study, examining the distribution of the cases. We computed the attack rates by age, sex, and payam of residence. Case fatality rate was calculated as the ratio of the total number of suspected cholera death to the total number of cholera case-patients. We conducted an oral cholera vaccination campaign after the peak of the outbreak to control and prevent the spread to other payams. RESULTS We identified 1451 suspected cholera cases between May and October 2017. Of these, 81% (21/26) had a positive rapid diagnostic test for V. cholerae; out of the 16 rectal swabs transported to the National Public Laboratory, 88% (14/16) were confirmed to be V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba. The epidemic curve shows continuous common source outbreak with several peaks. The mean age of the case-patients was 24 years (Range: 0.2-75y). The clinical presentations of the case-patients were consistent with cholera. Males had an attack rate of 9.9/10000. The highest attack rate was in ≥30y (14 per 10,000). Among the six payams affected, Makuac had the highest attack rate of 3/100. The case fatality rate (CFR) was 3.0% (44/1451). Paliang and Wunlit had an oral cholera vaccination coverage of ≥100%, while 4 payams had a vaccination coverage of < 90%. CONCLUSION This was a continuous common source cholera outbreak caused by V. cholerae 01 sero type Inaba. We recommended strengthening of the surveillance system to improve early detection and effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Nsubuga
- World Health Organization Warrap Hub, Juba, South Sudan
| | | | - Mathew Tut
- Ministry of Health, Ministry Complex, Juba, South Sudan
| | | | - Robert Lubajo
- Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Dennis Lodiongo
- Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Michael Lasuba
- Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Allan Mpairwe
- World Health Organization Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
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Angeli A, Del Prete S, Osman SM, Alasmary FAS, AlOthman Z, Donald WA, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Activation studies of the α- and β-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae with amines and amino acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:227-233. [PMID: 29231751 PMCID: PMC7012002 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1412316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The α- and β-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae, VchCAα, and VchCAβ, were investigated for their activation with natural and non-natural amino acids and amines. The most effective VchCAα activators were L-tyrosine, histamine, serotonin, and 4-aminoethyl-morpholine, which had KAs in the range of 8.21-12.0 µM. The most effective VchCAβ activators were D-tyrosine, dopamine, serotonin, 2-pyridyl-methylamine, 2-aminoethylpyridine, and 2-aminoethylpiperazine, which had KAs in the submicromolar - low micromolar range (0.18-1.37 µM). The two bacterial enzymes had very different activation profiles with these compounds, between each other, and in comparison to the human isoforms hCA I and II. Some amines were selective activators of VchCAβ, including 2-pyridylmethylamine (KA of 180 nm for VchCAβ, and more than 20 µM for VchCAα and hCA I/II). The activation of CAs from bacteria, such as VchCAα/β has not been considered previously for possible biomedical applications. It would be of interest to study in more detail the extent that CA activators are implicated in the virulence and colonisation of the host by such pathogenic bacteria, which for Vibrio cholerae, is highly dependent on the bicarbonate concentration and pH in the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah A. S. Alasmary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ivers LC. Advancing Control of Cholera in the Interest of the Most Vulnerable in our Global Society. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S135-S136. [PMID: 30184099 PMCID: PMC6188543 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Ivers
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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32
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Cakar F, Zingl FG, Schild S. Silence is golden: gene silencing of V. cholerae during intestinal colonization delivers new aspects to the acid tolerance response. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:228-234. [PMID: 30110191 PMCID: PMC6546326 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1502538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract alter their expression profile upon ingestion by the host and activate a variety of factors enhancing colonization and virulence. However, gene silencing during infection might be as important as gene activation to achieve full colonization fitness. Thus, we developed and successfully applied a reporter technology to identify 101 in vivo repressed (ivr) genes of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae. In depth analysis of the in vivo repressed H+/Cl- transporter ClcA revealed an inverse requirement along gastrointestinal colonization. ClcA could be linked to acid tolerance response required during stomach passage, but ClcA expression is detrimental during subsequent colonization of the lower intestinal tract as it exploits the proton-motive force in alkaline environments. The study summarized in this addendum demonstrates that constitutive expression of ivr genes can reduce intestinal colonization fitness of V. cholerae, highlighting the necessity to downregulate these genes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Cakar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz G. Zingl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Waterborne diseases continue to take a heavy toll on the global community, with developing nations, and particularly young children carrying most of the burden of morbidity and mortality. Starting with the historical context, this article explores some of the reasons why this burden continues today, despite our advances in public health over the past century or so. While molecular biology has revolutionized our abilities to define the ecosystems and etiologies of waterborne pathogens, control remains elusive. Lack of basic hygiene and sanitation, and failing infrastructure, remain two of the greatest challenges in the global fight against waterborne disease. Emerging risks continue to be the specter of multiple drug resistance and the ease with which determinants of virulence appear to be transmitted between strains of pathogens, both within and outside the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Ford
- School of Health Professions, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA.
| | - Steve Hamner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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Alisson-Silva F, Liu JZ, Diaz SL, Deng L, Gareau MG, Marchelletta R, Chen X, Nizet V, Varki N, Barrett KE, Varki A. Human evolutionary loss of epithelial Neu5Gc expression and species-specific susceptibility to cholera. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007133. [PMID: 29912959 PMCID: PMC6023241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While infectious agents have typical host preferences, the noninvasive enteric bacterium Vibrio cholerae is remarkable for its ability to survive in many environments, yet cause diarrheal disease (cholera) only in humans. One key V. cholerae virulence factor is its neuraminidase (VcN), which releases host intestinal epithelial sialic acids as a nutrition source and simultaneously remodels intestinal polysialylated gangliosides into monosialoganglioside GM1. GM1 is the optimal binding target for the B subunit of a second virulence factor, the AB5 cholera toxin (Ctx). This coordinated process delivers the CtxA subunit into host epithelia, triggering fluid loss via cAMP-mediated activation of anion secretion and inhibition of electroneutral NaCl absorption. We hypothesized that human-specific and human-universal evolutionary loss of the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the consequent excess of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) contributes to specificity at one or more steps in pathogenesis. Indeed, VcN was less efficient in releasing Neu5Gc than Neu5Ac. We show enhanced binding of Ctx to sections of small intestine and isolated polysialogangliosides from human-like Neu5Gc-deficient Cmah-/- mice compared to wild-type, suggesting that Neu5Gc impeded generation of the GM1 target. Human epithelial cells artificially expressing Neu5Gc were also less susceptible to Ctx binding and CtxA intoxication following VcN treatment. Finally, we found increased fluid secretion into loops of Cmah-/- mouse small intestine injected with Ctx, indicating an additional direct effect on ion transport. Thus, V. cholerae evolved into a human-specific pathogen partly by adapting to the human evolutionary loss of Neu5Gc, optimizing multiple steps in cholera pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Alisson-Silva
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Z. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lingquan Deng
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mélanie G. Gareau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald Marchelletta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis CA, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (KEB)
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (KEB)
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Martínez-García R, Nadell CD, Hartmann R, Drescher K, Bonachela JA. Cell adhesion and fluid flow jointly initiate genotype spatial distribution in biofilms. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006094. [PMID: 29659578 PMCID: PMC5901778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial collectives that occupy a diverse array of surfaces. It is well known that the function and evolution of biofilms are strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of different strains and species within them, but how spatiotemporal distributions of different genotypes in biofilm populations originate is still underexplored. Here, we study the origins of biofilm genetic structure by combining model development, numerical simulations, and microfluidic experiments using the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Using spatial correlation functions to quantify the differences between emergent cell lineage segregation patterns, we find that strong adhesion often, but not always, maximizes the size of clonal cell clusters on flat surfaces. Counterintuitively, our model predicts that, under some conditions, investing in adhesion can reduce rather than increase clonal group size. Our results emphasize that a complex interaction between fluid flow and cell adhesiveness can underlie emergent patterns of biofilm genetic structure. This structure, in turn, has an outsize influence on how biofilm-dwelling populations function and evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martínez-García
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Carey D. Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan A. Bonachela
- Marine Population Modeling Group, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Das S, Angsantikul P, Le C, Bao D, Miyamoto Y, Gao W, Zhang L, Eckmann L. Neutralization of cholera toxin with nanoparticle decoys for treatment of cholera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006266. [PMID: 29470490 PMCID: PMC5839590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In many cases, antibiotic therapy is either ineffective or not recommended due to concerns about emergence of resistance. The pathogenesis of several of the most prevalent infections, including cholera and enteroxigenic Escherichia coli, is dominated by enterotoxins produced by lumen-dwelling pathogens before clearance by intestinal defenses. Toxins gain access to the host through critical host receptors, making these receptors attractive targets for alternative antimicrobial strategies that do not rely on conventional antibiotics. Here, we developed a new nanotechnology strategy as a countermeasure against cholera, one of the most important and prevalent toxin-mediated enteric infections. The key host receptor for cholera toxin, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), was coated onto the surface of polymeric nanoparticles. The resulting GM1-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were shown to function as toxin decoys by selectively and stably binding cholera toxin, and neutralizing its actions on epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the GM1-coated nanoparticle decoys attenuated epithelial 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate production and fluid responses to infection with live Vibrio cholera in cell culture and a murine infection model. Together, these studies illustrate that the new nanotechnology-based platform can be employed as a non-traditional antimicrobial strategy for the management of enteric infections with enterotoxin-producing pathogens. Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of suffering and death in the world, particularly in tropical regions with limited health care resources. Many of the most important diarrhea-causing microbes produce toxins that activate fluid secretion in the gut. A prototype pathogen in this category is the cause of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, which is characterized by profuse diarrhea and severe electrolyte disturbances due to the release of cholera toxin. Although treatment with fluids by mouth or injection can save patients from death, they still experience the devastating symptoms of the disease. In the present study, we have developed a new intervention strategy with engineered nanoparticles, particulates than are smaller than one millionth of a meter, which can neutralize cholera toxin in the gut before it can cause the characteristic disease manifestations. This strategy represents a novel interventional approach whose mechanism of action is different from currently existing therapies, thus significantly broadening the medical armamentarium against cholera and perhaps other gut infections that cause diseases dominated by toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Denny Bao
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LE); (LZ)
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LE); (LZ)
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Fu Y, Ho BT, Mekalanos JJ. Tracking Vibrio cholerae Cell-Cell Interactions during Infection Reveals Bacterial Population Dynamics within Intestinal Microenvironments. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:274-281.e2. [PMID: 29398650 PMCID: PMC6031135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. Although many V. cholerae virulence factors have been studied, the role of interbacterial interactions within the host gut and their influence on colonization are poorly understood. Here, we utilized the conjugative properties of a Vibrio-specific plasmid to serve as a quantifiable genetic marker for direct contact among V. cholerae cells in the infant rabbit model for cholera. In conjunction, we also quantified contact-dependent type 6 secretion system (T6SS)-mediated killing of co-infecting V. cholerae strains. Tracking these interbacterial interactions revealed that most contact-dependent cell-cell interactions among V. cholerae occur in specific intestinal microenvironments, notably the distal small intestine and cecum, and that the T6SS confers a competitive advantage within the middle small intestine. These results support a model for V. cholerae gut colonization, which includes microenvironments where critical microbial-host and bacterial-bacterial interactions occur to facilitate colonization by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian T Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lam E, Al-Tamimi W, Russell SP, Butt MOUI, Blanton C, Musani AS, Date K. Oral Cholera Vaccine Coverage during an Outbreak and Humanitarian Crisis, Iraq, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:38-45. [PMID: 27983502 PMCID: PMC5176248 DOI: 10.3201/eid2301.160881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During November–December 2015, as part of the 2015 cholera outbreak response in Iraq, the Iraqi Ministry of Health targeted ≈255,000 displaced persons >1 year of age with 2 doses of oral cholera vaccine (OCV). All persons who received vaccines were living in selected refugee camps, internally displaced persons camps, and collective centers. We conducted a multistage cluster survey to obtain OCV coverage estimates in 10 governorates that were targeted during the campaign. In total, 1,226 household and 5,007 individual interviews were conducted. Overall, 2-dose OCV coverage in the targeted camps was 87% (95% CI 85%–89%). Two-dose OCV coverage in the 3 northern governorates (91%; 95% CI 87%–94%) was higher than that in the 7 southern and central governorates (80%; 95% CI 77%–82%). The experience in Iraq demonstrates that OCV campaigns can be successfully implemented as part of a comprehensive response to cholera outbreaks among high-risk populations in conflict settings.
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Bina XR, Howard MF, Taylor-Mulneix DL, Ante VM, Kunkle DE, Bina JE. The Vibrio cholerae RND efflux systems impact virulence factor production and adaptive responses via periplasmic sensor proteins. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006804. [PMID: 29304169 PMCID: PMC5773229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux systems are ubiquitous transporters in Gram-negative bacteria that are essential for antibiotic resistance. The RND efflux systems also contribute to diverse phenotypes independent of antimicrobial resistance, but the mechanism by which they affect most of these phenotypes is unclear. This is the case in Vibrio cholerae where the RND systems function in antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor production. Herein, we investigated the linkage between RND efflux and V. cholerae virulence. RNA sequencing revealed that the loss of RND efflux affected the activation state of periplasmic sensing systems including the virulence regulator ToxR. Activation of ToxR in an RND null mutant resulted in ToxR-dependent transcription of the LysR-family regulator leuO. Increased leuO transcription resulted in the repression of the ToxR virulence regulon and attenuated virulence factor production. Consistent with this, leuO deletion restored virulence factor production in an RND-null mutant, but not its ability to colonize infant mice; suggesting that RND efflux was epistatic to virulence factor production for colonization. The periplasmic sensing domain of ToxR was required for the induction of leuO transcription in the RND null mutant, suggesting that ToxR responded to metabolites that accumulated in the periplasm. Our results suggest that ToxR represses virulence factor production in response to metabolites that are normally effluxed from the cell by the RND transporters. We propose that impaired RND efflux results in periplasmic metabolite accumulation, which then activates periplasmic sensors including ToxR and two-component regulatory systems to initiate the expression of adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Renee Bina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Mondraya F. Howard
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Taylor-Mulneix
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Vanessa M. Ante
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Dillon E. Kunkle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - James E. Bina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wotanis CK, Brennan WP, Angotti AD, Villa EA, Zayner JP, Mozina AN, Rutkovsky AC, Sobe RC, Bond WG, Karatan E. Relative contributions of norspermidine synthesis and signaling pathways to the regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186291. [PMID: 29045455 PMCID: PMC5646818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyamine norspermidine is one of the major polyamines synthesized by Vibrionales and has also been found in various aquatic organisms. Norspermidine is among the environmental signals that positively regulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. The NspS/MbaA signaling complex detects extracellular norspermidine and mediates the response to this polyamine. Norspermidine binding to the NspS periplasmic binding protein is thought to inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity of MbaA, increasing levels of the biofilm-promoting second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, thus enhancing biofilm formation. V. cholerae can also synthesize norspermidine using the enzyme NspC as well as import it from the environment. Deletion of the nspC gene was shown to reduce accumulation of bacteria in biofilms, leading to the conclusion that intracellular norspermidine is also a positive regulator of biofilm formation. Because V. cholerae uses norspermidine to synthesize the siderophore vibriobactin it is possible that intracellular norspermidine is required to obtain sufficient amounts of iron, which is also necessary for robust biofilm formation. The objective of this study was to assess the relative contributions of intracellular and extracellular norspermidine to the regulation of biofilm formation in V. cholerae. We show the biofilm defect of norspermidine synthesis mutants does not result from an inability to produce vibriobactin as vibriobactin synthesis mutants do not have diminished biofilm forming abilities. Furthermore, our work shows that extracellular, but not intracellular norspermidine, is mainly responsible for promoting biofilm formation. We establish that the NspS/MbaA signaling complex is the dominant mediator of biofilm formation in response to extracellular norspermidine, rather than norspermidine synthesized by NspC or imported into the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K. Wotanis
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William P. Brennan
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Angotti
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Villa
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Josiah P. Zayner
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexandra N. Mozina
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexandria C. Rutkovsky
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Sobe
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Whitney G. Bond
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ece Karatan
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khan AI, Islam MT, Qadri F. Safety of oral cholera vaccines during pregnancy in developing countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2245-2246. [PMID: 28825876 PMCID: PMC5647996 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taufiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Antibiotics are important adjuncts to oral rehydration therapy in cholera disease management. However, due to the rapid emergence of resistance to the antibiotics used to treat cholera, therapeutic options are becoming limited. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop additional therapeutics to aid in the treatment of cholera. Previous studies showed that the extracytoplasmic stress response (σE) pathway of Vibrio cholerae is required for full virulence of the organism. The pathway is also required for bacterial growth in the presence of ethanol. Therefore, we exploited this ethanol sensitivity phenotype in order to develop a screen for inhibitors of the pathway, with the aim of also inhibiting virulence of the pathogen. Here we describe the optimization and implementation of our high-throughput screening strategy. From a primary screen of over 100,000 compounds, we have identified seven compounds that validated the growth phenotypes from the primary and counterscreens. These compounds have the potential to be developed into therapeutic agents for cholera and will also be valuable probes for uncovering basic molecular mechanisms of an important cause of diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stanbery
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jyl S Matson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2017; 92:477-98. [PMID: 28845659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Klancher CA, Hayes CA, Dalia AB. The nucleoid occlusion protein SlmA is a direct transcriptional activator of chitobiose utilization in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006877. [PMID: 28683122 PMCID: PMC5519180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin utilization by the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae is required for its persistence and evolution via horizontal gene transfer in the marine environment. Genes involved in the uptake and catabolism of the chitin disaccharide chitobiose are encoded by the chb operon. The orphan sensor kinase ChiS is critical for regulation of this locus, however, the mechanisms downstream of ChiS activation that result in expression of the chb operon are poorly understood. Using an unbiased transposon mutant screen, we uncover that the nucleoid occlusion protein SlmA is a regulator of the chb operon. SlmA has not previously been implicated in gene regulation. Also, SlmA is a member of the TetR family of proteins, which are generally transcriptional repressors. In vitro, we find that SlmA binds directly to the chb operon promoter, and in vivo, we show that this interaction is required for transcriptional activation of this locus and for chitobiose utilization. Using point mutations that disrupt distinct functions of SlmA, we find that DNA-binding, but not nucleoid occlusion, is critical for transcriptional activation. This study identifies a novel role for SlmA as a transcriptional regulator in V. cholerae in addition to its established role as a cell division licensing factor. The cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae is a natural resident of the aquatic environment and causes disease when ingested in the form of contaminated food or drinking water. In the aquatic environment, the shells of marine zooplankton, which are primarily composed of chitin, serve as an important food source for this pathogen. The genes required for the utilization of chitin are tightly regulated in V. cholerae, however, the exact mechanism underlying this regulation is currently unclear. Here, we uncover that a protein involved in regulating cell division is also important for regulating the genes involved in chitin utilization. This is a newly identified property for this cell division protein and the significance of a common regulator for these two disparate activities remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Klancher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Chelsea A. Hayes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Ankur B. Dalia
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vanhove AS, Hang S, Vijayakumar V, Wong ACN, Asara JM, Watnick PI. Vibrio cholerae ensures function of host proteins required for virulence through consumption of luminal methionine sulfoxide. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006428. [PMID: 28586382 PMCID: PMC5473594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a diarrheal pathogen that induces accumulation of lipid droplets in enterocytes, leading to lethal infection of the model host Drosophila melanogaster. Through untargeted lipidomics, we provide evidence that this process is the product of a host phospholipid degradation cascade that induces lipid droplet coalescence in enterocytes. This infection-induced cascade is inhibited by mutation of the V. cholerae glycine cleavage system due to intestinal accumulation of methionine sulfoxide (MetO), and both dietary supplementation with MetO and enterocyte knock-down of host methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) yield increased resistance to infection. MsrA converts both free and protein-associated MetO to methionine. These findings support a model in which dietary MetO competitively inhibits repair of host proteins by MsrA. Bacterial virulence strategies depend on functional host proteins. We propose a novel virulence paradigm in which an intestinal pathogen ensures the repair of host proteins essential for pathogenesis through consumption of dietary MetO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S. Vanhove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Saiyu Hang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Vidhya Vijayakumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Adam CN Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Paula I. Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Di Giacomo R, Krödel S, Maresca B, Benzoni P, Rusconi R, Stocker R, Daraio C. Deployable micro-traps to sequester motile bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45897. [PMID: 28378786 PMCID: PMC5381207 DOI: 10.1038/srep45897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies to reduce the load of unwanted bacteria is a fundamental challenge in industrial processing, environmental sciences and medical applications. Here, we report a new method to sequester motile bacteria from a liquid, based on passive, deployable micro-traps that confine bacteria using micro-funnels that open into trapping chambers. Even in low concentrations, micro-traps afford a 70% reduction in the amount of bacteria in a liquid sample, with a potential to reach >90% as shown by modelling improved geometries. This work introduces a new approach to contain the growth of bacteria without chemical means, an advantage of particular importance given the alarming growth of pan-drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Di Giacomo
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Krödel
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Maresca
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rusconi
- Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roman Stocker
- Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Joshi A, Kostiuk B, Rogers A, Teschler J, Pukatzki S, Yildiz FH. Rules of Engagement: The Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio cholerae. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:267-279. [PMID: 28027803 PMCID: PMC5365375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial species often exist in complex communities where they must avoid predation and compete for favorable niches. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent bacterial weapon that allows for direct killing of competitors through the translocation of proteinaceous toxins. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen that can use its T6SS during antagonistic interactions with neighboring prokaryotic and eukaryotic competitors. The T6SS not only promotes V. cholerae's survival during its aquatic and host life cycles, but also influences its evolution by facilitating horizontal gene transfer. This review details the recent insights regarding the structure and function of the T6SS as well as the diverse signals and regulatory pathways that control its activation in V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avatar Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Kostiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Teschler
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fitnat H Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
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Xia X, Larios-Valencia J, Liu Z, Xiang F, Kan B, Wang H, Zhu J. OxyR-activated expression of Dps is important for Vibrio cholerae oxidative stress resistance and pathogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171201. [PMID: 28151956 PMCID: PMC5289545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a dehydrating diarrheal disease. This Gram-negative pathogen is able to modulate its gene expression in order to combat stresses encountered in both aquatic and host environments, including stress posed by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to further the understanding of V. cholerae’s transcriptional response to ROS, we performed an RNA sequencing analysis to determine the transcriptional profile of V. cholerae when exposed to hydrogen hydroperoxide. Of 135 differentially expressed genes, VC0139 was amongst the genes with the largest induction. VC0139 encodes a protein homologous to the DPS (DNA-binding protein from starved cells) protein family, which are widely conserved and are implicated in ROS resistance in other bacteria. Using a promoter reporter assay, we show that during exponential growth, dps is induced by H2O2 in a manner dependent on the ROS-sensing transcriptional regulator, OxyR. Upon entry into stationary phase, the major stationary phase regulator RpoS is required to transcribe dps. Deletion of dps impaired V. cholerae resistance to both inorganic and organic hydroperoxides. Furthermore, we show that Dps is involved in resistance to multiple environmental stresses. Finally, we found that Dps is important for V. cholerae adult mouse colonization, but becomes dispensable in the presence of antioxidants. Taken together, our results suggest that Dps plays vital roles in both V. cholerae stress resistance and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jessie Larios-Valencia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biotechnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (JZ)
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (JZ)
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Khunkheeva JY, Mironova LV, Belakhonov SV, Afanasiev MV. [The application of MALDI-ToF mini-sequencing for detecting genetically altered versions of cholera agent]. Klin Lab Diagn 2017; 62:116-120. [PMID: 30615401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genetically altered modifications of V.cholerae eltor are characterized by occurrence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in gene ctxB. To detect these modifications the technique is proposed based on mini-sequencing with MALDI-ToF by of products of reaction with selected probes adjacent to 115 and 203 positions of gene mentioned previously. The mass-spectrometry analysis of the results of reaction of mini-sequencing of strains of V.cholerae eltor isolated during epidemic complications at the territory of the Siberia and the Far East revealed mass-specters corresponding to values of molecular masses of probes (ctxB115, ctxB203) and those complementary completed to points of corresponding replacements (T/C) of didesoxinucleotides (ddTTP, ddCTP). For analyzed strains of V.cholerae eltor isolated in the 1970s, elongation is establishedfor both probes by didesoxinucleotide that testifies presence in their genome ctxB3 allele with thymine in 115 and 203 positions, distinctive for typical representatives of V.cholerae eltor. For V.cholerae eltor, isolated in 1990s, hybridization to points of replacement of didesoxicytosine and presence of ctxB1 allele with cytosine at analyzed positions, distinctive to vibrio of classic biovars. This allele is detected in genome of one of modifications of atypical genetically altered clones ofV.cholerae eltor. This technique, by its sensitivity and specificity, matches direct sequencing of gene ctxB of strains of V.cholerae eltor and proves promising for analysis of other valuable single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Aoun J, Hayashi M, Sheikh IA, Sarkar P, Saha T, Ghosh P, Bhowmick R, Ghosh D, Chatterjee T, Chakrabarti P, Chakrabarti MK, Hoque KM. Anoctamin 6 Contributes to Cl- Secretion in Accessory Cholera Enterotoxin (Ace)-stimulated Diarrhea: AN ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE (PIP2) SIGNALING IN CHOLERA. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26816-26836. [PMID: 27799301 PMCID: PMC5207189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) of Vibrio cholerae has been shown to contribute to diarrhea. However, the signaling mechanism and specific type of Cl- channel activated by Ace are still unknown. We have shown here that the recombinant Ace protein induced ICl of apical plasma membrane, which was inhibited by classical CaCC blockers. Surprisingly, an Ace-elicited rise of current was neither affected by ANO1 (TMEM16A)-specific inhibitor T16A(inh)-AO1(TAO1) nor by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) blocker, CFTR inh-172. Ace stimulated whole-cell current in Caco-2 cells. However, the apical ICl was attenuated by knockdown of ANO6 (TMEM16F). This impaired phenotype was restored by re-expression of ANO6 in Caco-2 cells. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of ANO currents in HEK293 cells transiently expressing mouse ANO1-mCherry or ANO6-GFP confirmed that Ace induced Cl- secretion. Application of Ace produced ANO6 but not the ANO1 currents. Ace was not able to induce a [Ca2+]i rise in Caco-2 cells, but cellular abundance of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) increased. Identification of the PIP2-binding motif at the N-terminal sequence among human and mouse ANO6 variants along with binding of PIP2 directly to ANO6 in HEK293 cells indicate likely PIP2 regulation of ANO6. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of Ace stimulated Cl- current along with intestinal fluid accumulation, and binding of PIP2 to the proximal KR motif of channel proteins, whose mutagenesis correlates with altered binding of PIP2, is comparable with ANO6 stimulation. We conclude that ANO6 is predominantly expressed in intestinal epithelia, where it contributes secretory diarrhea by Ace stimulation in a calcium-independent mechanism of RhoA-ROCK-PIP2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Aoun
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Mikio Hayashi
- the Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 5-1, Shimmachi 2, Hirakata, 573 1010 Osaka, Japan
| | - Irshad Ali Sheikh
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Paramita Sarkar
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Tultul Saha
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Rajsekhar Bhowmick
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- the Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India, and
| | - Tanaya Chatterjee
- the Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Road, Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pinak Chakrabarti
- the Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Road, Scheme-VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Manoj K Chakrabarti
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Kazi Mirajul Hoque
- From the Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India,
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