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Foster W, Ortega J, Vargas G. Modeling the economic impact for Chile of an import ban on genetically modified maize. GM Crops Food 2024; 15:85-104. [PMID: 38506577 PMCID: PMC10956635 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2024.2325180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
We estimate producer and consumer surplus changes due to a possible GM maize import ban in Chile, which produces only non-GM grains for internal use. Without foreign non-GM sources, the ban's effect on domestic maize prices would be so significant as to induce Chile to switch from net exporter to net importer of animal products. Fixed factor owners in farm production would benefit significantly, although non-GM maize imports would moderate gains. Total social welfare measures would decline considerably, requiring large offsetting noneconomic benefits for a ban's political viability. Without non-GM imports, internal maize prices would likely eliminate domestic animal product industries; with possible imports, industries and final consumers would suffer, but much less. Currently, the country is a net importer of grain and a net exporter of pork and poultry, and so most welfare losses on the demand side of the market for maize would be in terms of the economic rents generated by the pork and poultry sectors. International competition would protect final consumers to the extent that animal product imports based on GM feed were permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foster
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and Millennium Nucleus Center for the Integrated Development of Territories (CEDIT), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Vargas
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Castro M, Agoubi LL, Velonjara J, Lutkevicius C, Guadagnoli N, Lujan S, Petroni G, Bell MJ, Vavilala MS, Mock C. Clinical Epidemiology of Extracranial Injuries in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in South America. Injury 2024; 55:111394. [PMID: 38360517 PMCID: PMC11046303 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric mortality, with a disproportionate burden on low- and middle-income countries. The impact of concomitant extracranial injury (ECI) on these patients remains unclear. This study is the first to characterize the epidemiology and clinical course of severe pediatric TBI with extracranial injuries in any South American country. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data collected prior to implementation of a clinical trial on TBI care in Argentina, Paraguay, and Chile from September 2019 to July 2020. Patients ≤18 years with CT evidence of TBI, and a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score ≤8 were recruited. Patients were initially stratified by highest non-head abbreviated injury scale (AIS): isolated TBI (AIS=0), minor extracranial injury (MEI; AIS=1-2), and serious extracranial injury (SEI; AIS≥3). Patients were subsequently stratified by mechanism of injury. Intergroup differences were compared using ANOVA, two-tailed unpaired t-tests, and chi-square tests. RESULTS Among the 116 children included, 33 % (n = 38) had an isolated TBI, 34 % (n = 39) had MEI, and 34 % (n = 39) had SEI. Facial (n = 53), thoracic (n = 44), and abdominal (n = 31) injuries were the most common ECIs. At discharge, there were no significant differences in median GCS, GOS, or GOS-extended between groups. Patients with SEI had a longer hospital LOS than those with isolated TBI (median 28.0 (IQR 10.6-40.1) vs 11.9 (IQR 8.7-20.7) days, p = 0.013). The most common mechanisms of injury were road traffic injuries (RTIs) (n = 50, 43 %) and falls (n = 35, 30 %). Patients with RTI-associated TBIs were more likely to be older (median 11.0 (IQR 3.0-14.0) vs 2.0 (IQR 0.8-7.0) years, p<0.001) and more likely to have an ECI (86% vs 54 %, respectively; p = 0.003). ICU and Hospital LOS for RTI patients (median 10.5 (IQR 6.1-21.1) and 24.1 (IQR 11.5-40.4) days) were longer than those of fall patients (median 6.1 (IQR 2.6-8.9) and 13.7 (IQR 7.7-24.5) days). CONCLUSIONS Extracranial injuries are common in South American patients with severe TBI. Severe ECI is more frequently associated with RTIs and can result in a higher rate of surgical procedures and LOS. Further strategies are needed to characterize the prevention and treatment of severe pediatric TBI in the South American context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castro
- Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren L Agoubi
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Julia Velonjara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Silvia Lujan
- Centro de Informática e Investigación Clínica, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Petroni
- Centro de Informática e Investigación Clínica, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Michael J Bell
- Children's National Hospital Critical Care Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Mock
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Carvajal B, White H, Brooks J, Thomson AM, Cooke A. Chilean midwives' experiences while providing induced abortion care after the enactment of a law decriminalising abortion. Women Birth 2024; 37:101586. [PMID: 38331633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent change in Chilean legislation towards abortion enabled midwives to include the care of women having an induced abortion within their scope of practice. However, midwives' identity could be strained by induced abortion care provision as it is contrary to midwives' traditional role. Considering this, the aim of the study was to elucidate how Chilean midwives understand and provide abortion care. METHODS A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted using online semi-structured in-depth interviews. Midwives were purposively sampled considering maximum variation criteria and then theoretical sampling occurred. Saturation was achieved with fifteen interviews. Interviews were conducted in Spanish and then translated into English. Constant comparison analysis generated categories. Data were managed using NVivo 12. All interviewees provided their consent to be part of this study. RESULTS This article reports on the experiences of nine midwives who had provided lawful induced abortion care in Chile. The experiences of these midwives were grouped into two major categories: 'Defining a position towards abortion' and 'Abortion care is emotional labour'. CONCLUSION Midwives can successfully provide abortion care despite being challenged by certain areas of it. Considering the high demand for emotional labour in abortion care, efforts should be made to increase midwives' emotional self-regulation skills. Likewise, organisations should strengthen and implement their offer of well-being and emotional self-care support to midwives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bielka Carvajal
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK; Departamento de Promocion de la Salud de la Mujer y el Recien Nacido, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Helen White
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Brooks
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Ann M Thomson
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Cooke
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, UK; Centre for NMAHP Research and Education Excellence (CeNREE), University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
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McLaren F, Mercado M, Montalva N, Watkins L, Antipichun A, Cheristil J, Rocha-Jiménez T. Ethics in Mental Health Research with Haitian Migrants: Lessons from a Community-Based Study in Santiago, Chile. Ethics Hum Res 2024; 46:16-25. [PMID: 38629226 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Migration research poses several unique challenges and opportunities. Conducting ethical global health practice, especially when studying migrant mental health, is of particular concern. This article explores seven challenges and lessons learned in our mixed-methods study conducted to assess the impact of the migration experience on Haitian migrants' mental health in Santiago, Chile. The primary challenges were recruiting in a highly mobile population, building trust and community participation, overcoming language barriers, safety considerations during the Covid-19 pandemic, mitigating potential negative impacts of research on the community, providing psychological support, and finding meaningful ways to benefit the community. We propose moving toward a better and more ethical migrant research practice by ensuring language accessibility, hiring community members for the study team, working with local institutions and nongovernmental organizations, and maintaining sustainable connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercedes Mercado
- PhD student in psychology at the Universidad Diego Portales in Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Montalva
- Associate professor at the Society and Health Research Center (CISS) at the School of Psychology of the Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, a principal investigator of the Millennium Nucleus in Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago de Chile, and a guest researcher at BirthRites Lise Meitner Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany
| | - Loreto Watkins
- Researcher at the Universidad Diego Portales and at the Millennium Nucleus in Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andy Antipichun
- Student in training of the Millennium Nucleus in Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago, Chile
| | - Judeline Cheristil
- Member of the Haitian community and the field coordinator of the mentioned project affiliated with the ANID 11200486 project
| | - Teresita Rocha-Jiménez
- Associate professor at the Society and Health Research Center (CISS) at the School of Psychology of the Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty at Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile and a principal investigator of the Millennium Nucleus in Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago de Chile
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Pineda P, Klenner M, Espinoza G, Mariño R, Zaror C. Intercultural sensitivity in Chilean healthcare profession students. BMC Med Educ 2024; 24:467. [PMID: 38671420 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Each culture has unique health care related values, habits, perceptions, expectations, norms, etc., that makes cultural competence an important attribute to be developed by healthcare professionals, to ensure they provide effective treatment. Intercultural sensitivity (IS) is the affective dimension of cultural competence. The objective of this study is to explore the self-perceived level of IS in first and last year students of three health sciences professions (i.e., Dentistry, Medicine, and Nursing) at the Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and a group comparison (e.g., year of study). 312 students completed the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS). Findings showed that overall ISS scores ranged from 1.83 to 4.94, with a mean score of 4.11 (s.d. 0.43). Group comparison between first and final year students showed statistically significant differences (4.18 vs. 4.00; p < 0.001). Medical and nursing students had a significantly higher overall mean IS score compared to dental students (4.21 and 4.16, respectively vs. 4.02; p < 0.01). There were also significant differences between three factors (interaction engagement; interaction confidence; and interaction enjoyment) by healthcare profession. These findings allow for discussion of the need for explicit incorporation and development of cultural competence in on health care professional curricula. Longitudinal research is needed to explore how IS changes over time, along with generating qualitative data from the student populations IS experiences and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pineda
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Temuco, Chile
| | - Maura Klenner
- Departamento de Lenguas, Universidad de La Frontera, Literatura y Comunicación, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gerardo Espinoza
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Temuco, Chile.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Mariño
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Puthisatra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Carlos Zaror
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Temuco, Chile
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Arriagada G, Quezada J, Merino-Veliz N, Avilés F, Tapia-Cammas D, Gomez J, Curotto D, Valdes JA, Oyarzún PA, Gallardo-Escárate C, Metzger MJ, Alvarez M. Identification and expression analysis of two steamer-like retrotransposons in the Chilean blue mussel (Mytilus chilensis). Biol Res 2024; 57:17. [PMID: 38664786 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated neoplasia (DN) is a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalve mollusks. The disease is transmitted between individuals and can also be induced by external chemical agents such as bromodeoxyuridine. In Mya arenaria, we have cloned and characterized an LTR-retrotransposon named Steamer. Steamer mRNA levels and gene copy number correlates with DN and can be used as a marker of the disease. So far, the only mollusk where a retrotransposon expression relates to DN is Mya arenaria. On the other hand, it has been reported that the Chilean blue mussel Mytilus chilensis can also suffers DN. Our aim was to identify retrotransposons in Mytilus chilensis and to study their expression levels in the context of disseminated neoplasia. RESULTS Here we show that 7.1% of individuals collected in August 2018, from two farming areas, presents morphological characteristics described in DN. Using Steamer sequence to interrogate the transcriptome of M. chilensis we found two putative retrotransposons, named Steamer-like elements (MchSLEs). MchSLEs are present in the genome of M. chilensis and MchSLE1 is indeed an LTR-retrotransposon. Neither expression, nor copy number of the reported MchSLEs correlate with DN status but both are expressed at different levels among individual animals. We also report that in cultured M. chilensis haemocytes MchSLEs1 expression can be induced by bromodeoxyuridine. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SLEs present in Mytilus chilensis are differentially expressed among individuals and do not correlate with disseminated neoplasia. Treatment of haemocytes with a stressor like bromodeoxyuridine induces expression of MchSLE1 suggesting that in Mytilus chilensis environmental stressors can induce activation of LTR-retrotransposon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Arriagada
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Johan Quezada
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Merino-Veliz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Avilés
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Tapia-Cammas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gomez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Curotto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo A Oyarzún
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | | | | | - Marco Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Livacic-Rojas P, Rodríguez-Araneda MJ. Validation and analysis of the metric properties of the Leadership Virtues Questionnaire in work and organizational psychologists and individuals who perform leadership functions in Chile. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297906. [PMID: 38635512 PMCID: PMC11025730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The literature on leadership and personal competencies exhibits limitations in terms of construct definition, behavior specifications and valid theory-based measuring strategies. An explanatory design with latent variables and the statistical software SAS 9.4 were used for the validation and adaptation to Spanish of the Leadership Virtues Questionnaire applied to work and organizational psychologists and people who exercise leadership functions in Chile. The levels of agreement between judges for the adaptation to the Spanish language and the confirmatory factor analysis of first order with four dimensions shows insufficient statistical indices for the absolute, comparative and parsimonious adjustments. However, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis with two dimensions presents a satisfactory fit for the item, model, and parameter matrices. The measurement of Virtuous Leadership would provide relevant inputs for further evaluation and training based on ethical competencies aimed at improving management, which would, in turn, allow for its treatment as an independent variable to generate an ethical organizational culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Livacic-Rojas
- School of Psychology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile
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Agrest M, Tapia-Muñoz T, Encina-Zúñiga E, Vidal-Zamora I, Ardila-Gómez S, Alvarado R, Leiderman EA, Reavley N. Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for a person after a potentially traumatic event: A Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:291. [PMID: 38632577 PMCID: PMC11025165 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to potentially traumatic events increases the risk of a person developing a mental disorder. Training community members to offer support to a person during and after a traumatic situation may help lower this risk. This study reports on the cultural adaptation of Australian mental health first aid guidelines for individuals exposed to a potentially traumatic event to the Chilean and Argentinian context. METHODS A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted with two panels of experts, one of people with lived experience of trauma (either their own or as a carer; n = 26) and another one of health professionals (n = 41). A total of 158 items, drawn from guidelines developed by Australian experts in 2019, were translated to Spanish and evaluated in a two-round survey process. The panellists were asked to rate each item on a five-point Likert scale; statements were included in the final guidelines if 80% of both panels endorsed the item as "essential" or "important". RESULTS Consensus was achieved on 142 statements over two survey rounds. A total of 102 statements were included from the English-language guidelines, and 40 locally generated statements were accepted in the second round. Local experts endorsed a larger number of items compared to their counterparts in Australia and emphasised the importance of acknowledging the first aider's limitations, both personally and as part of their helping role. Additional items about working as a team with other first responders and considering helping the person's significant others were endorsed by the local panellists. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a high level of acceptance of the original actions suggested for inclusion in the guidelines for Australia, but also a significant number of new statements that highlight the importance of the adaptation process. Further research on the dissemination of these guidelines into a Mental Health First Aid training course for Chile and Argentina is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Agrest
- Proyecto Suma. Güemes 4130 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Thamara Tapia-Muñoz
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Esteban Encina-Zúñiga
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Vidal-Zamora
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sara Ardila-Gómez
- Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rubén Alvarado
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Leiderman
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Inostroza PA, Elgueta S, Krauss M, Brack W, Backhaus T. A multi-scenario risk assessment strategy applied to mixtures of chemicals of emerging concern in the River Aconcagua basin in Central Chile. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171054. [PMID: 38378069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessments strategies that account for the complexity of exposures are needed in order to evaluate the toxic pressure of emerging chemicals, which also provide suggestions for risk mitigation and management, if necessary. Currently, most studies on the co-occurrence and environmental impacts of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are conducted in countries of the Global North, leaving massive knowledge gaps in countries of the Global South. In this study, we implement a multi-scenario risk assessment strategy to improve the assessment of both the exposure and hazard components in the chemical risk assessment process. Our strategy incorporates a systematic consideration and weighting of CECs that were not detected, as well as an evaluation of the uncertainties associated with Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) predictions for chronic ecotoxicity. Furthermore, we present a novel approach to identifying mixture risk drivers. To expand our knowledge beyond well-studied aquatic ecosystems, we applied this multi-scenario strategy to the River Aconcagua basin of Central Chile. The analysis revealed that the concentrations of CECs exceeded acceptable risk thresholds for selected organism groups and the most vulnerable taxonomic groups. Streams flowing through agricultural areas and sites near the river mouth exhibited the highest risks. Notably, the eight risk drivers among the 153 co-occurring chemicals accounted for 66-92 % of the observed risks in the river basin. Six of them are pesticides and pharmaceuticals, chemical classes known for their high biological activity in specific target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Inostroza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Elgueta
- Núcleo en Ciencias Ambientales y Alimentarias (NCAA), Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Sede Providencia, Chile
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Coo S, García MI, Pérez JC, Aldoney D, Olhaberry M, Fernández O, Alamo N, Franco P, Pérez F, Fernández S, Fisher J, Rowe H. Online Intervention Targeting Postnatal Depression and Anxiety in Chilean First-Time Mothers: Feasibility Trial. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:266-278. [PMID: 38070171 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Internet-based interventions may positively impact maternal symptoms of postnatal depression and anxiety. This study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, perceived usefulness, and preliminary effectiveness of an m-Health version of "What Were We Thinking?" (m-WWWT). METHODS A mixed-methods with a 2-arm randomized parallel design was used. From a total of 477 women, 157 met the inclusion criteria. 128 first-time mothers of full-term infants, aged 4-10 weeks, who received health care at primary public health centers in Chile, were randomly assigned to the experimental (EG, n = 65) or control (CG, n = 63) groups; data of 104 of them (53 and 51, respectively) was analyzed. We used percentages and rates to measure feasibility outcomes and mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and latent class analyses (LCA) to assess preliminary effectiveness. Participants completed questionnaires on mental health, social support, and maternal self-efficacy upon recruitment and 3 months after completing the intervention. For the qualitative component, 12 women from the EG were interviewed. RESULTS Quantitative results show good feasibility outcomes, such as high recruitment (82%), low attrition (EG = 12% and CG = 17%), and high follow-up (EG = 97% and CG = 91%) rates. Qualitative results indicate high acceptability and perceived usefulness of m-WWWT. Mixed ANOVA did not show significant differences between the groups (all p >.05). However, multinomial regression analysis in LCA showed that women with low baseline symptoms of depression and anxiety benefit from the intervention (B = 0.43, 95% confidence interval 1.09-2.16). CONCLUSION m-WWWT is feasible to be implemented in Chile; future studies are needed to assess the intervention's effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Coo
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Chile
| | | | - J Carola Pérez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
| | - Daniela Aldoney
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Chile
| | - Marcia Olhaberry
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Olga Fernández
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Nicolle Alamo
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
- School of Social Work, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pamela Franco
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisca Pérez
- Millennium Institute for Research on Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Chile
- School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
| | - Sofía Fernández
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jane Fisher
- School of Population Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Heather Rowe
- School of Population Health, Monash University, Australia
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11
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Rodríguez-Díaz M, Pérez FE, Manosalva PM, Cerda JI, Martínez-Contreras CF, Mora AY, Villagra NA, Bucarey SA, Barriga A, Escobar J, Martínez JL, Hidalgo AA. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Characterization of Baccharis concava Pers., a Native Plant of the Central Chilean Coast. Molecules 2024; 29:1654. [PMID: 38611933 PMCID: PMC11013932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Few sclerophyllous plants from the central coast of Chile have been systematically studied. This work describes the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Baccharis concava Pers. (sin. B. macraei), a shrub found in the first line and near the Pacific coast. B. concava has been traditionally used by indigenous inhabitants of today's central Chile for its medicinal properties. Few reports exist regarding the phytochemistry characterization and biological activities of B. concava. A hydroalcoholic extract of B. concava was prepared from leaves and small branches. Qualitative phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic, and tannin compounds. The antimicrobial activity of this extract was assessed in a panel of microorganisms including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and pathogenic yeasts. The extract displayed an important antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans but not against Gram-negatives, for which an intact Lipopolysaccharide is apparently the determinant of resistance to B. concava extracts. The hydroalcoholic extract was then fractionated through a Sephadex LH-20/methanol-ethyl acetate column. Afterward, the fractions were pooled according to a similar pattern visualized by TLC/UV analysis. Fractions obtained by this criterion were assessed for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The fraction presenting the most antimicrobial activity was HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, obtaining molecules related to caffeoylquinic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin, among others. In conclusion, the extracts of B. concava showed strong antimicrobial activity, probably due to the presence of metabolites derived from phenolic acids, such as caffeoylquinic acid, and flavonoids, such as quercetin, which in turn could be responsible for helping with wound healing. In addition, the development of antimicrobial therapies based on the molecules found in B. concava could help to combat infection caused by pathogenic yeasts and Gram-positive bacteria, without affecting the Gram-negative microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maité Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
| | - Fabián E. Pérez
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
| | - Paloma M. Manosalva
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
| | - Juan I. Cerda
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
| | - Consuelo F. Martínez-Contreras
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
| | - Aracely Y. Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Nicolás A. Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Centro de Estudios Para el Desarrollo de la Química (CEPEDEQ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Jorge Escobar
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - José L. Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (F.E.P.); (P.M.M.); (J.I.C.); (C.F.M.-C.)
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12
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Arriagada O, Arévalo B, Pacheco I, Schwember AR, Meisel LA, Silva H, Márquez K, Plaza A, Pérez-Diáz R, Pico-Mendoza J, Cabeza RA, Tapia G, Fuentes C, Rodríguez-Alvarez Y, Carrasco B. A Past Genetic Bottleneck from Argentine Beans and a Selective Sweep Led to the Race Chile of the Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4081. [PMID: 38612891 PMCID: PMC11012279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The domestication process of the common bean gave rise to six different races which come from the two ancestral genetic pools, the Mesoamerican (Durango, Jalisco, and Mesoamerica races) and the Andean (New Granada, Peru, and Chile races). In this study, a collection of 281 common bean landraces from Chile was analyzed using a 12K-SNP microarray. Additionally, 401 accessions representing the rest of the five common bean races were analyzed. A total of 2543 SNPs allowed us to differentiate a genetic group of 165 accessions that corresponds to the race Chile, 90 of which were classified as pure accessions, such as the bean types 'Tórtola', 'Sapito', 'Coscorrón', and 'Frutilla'. Our genetic analysis indicates that the race Chile has a close relationship with accessions from Argentina, suggesting that nomadic ancestral peoples introduced the bean seed to Chile. Previous archaeological and genetic studies support this hypothesis. Additionally, the low genetic diversity (π = 0.053; uHe = 0.53) and the negative value of Tajima' D (D = -1.371) indicate that the race Chile suffered a bottleneck and a selective sweep after its introduction, supporting the hypothesis that a small group of Argentine bean genotypes led to the race Chile. A total of 235 genes were identified within haplotype blocks detected exclusively in the race Chile, most of them involved in signal transduction, supporting the hypothesis that intracellular signaling pathways play a fundamental role in the adaptation of organisms to changes in the environment. To date, our findings are the most complete investigation associated with the origin of the race Chile of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvin Arriagada
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
| | - Bárbara Arévalo
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
| | - Igor Pacheco
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (I.P.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Andrés R. Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.R.S.); (Y.R.-A.)
| | - Lee A. Meisel
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (I.P.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Herman Silva
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Katherine Márquez
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
| | - Andrea Plaza
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Diáz
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
| | - José Pico-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador;
| | - Ricardo A. Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Vegetal, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Gerardo Tapia
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA Quilamapu), Chillán 3800062, Chile;
| | - Camila Fuentes
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Yohaily Rodríguez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.R.S.); (Y.R.-A.)
| | - Basilio Carrasco
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3480094, Chile; (B.A.); (K.M.); (A.P.); (R.P.-D.); (C.F.)
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13
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Torres JP, Basso L, Saure D, Zuñiga M, Couve A, Farfán M, de la Maza V, Campos N, O’Ryan M. Transdisciplinary research before, during and after COVID-19 vaccination in Chile: a virtuoso collaboration with future perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1354645. [PMID: 38633235 PMCID: PMC11021585 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presented numerous challenges that required immediate attention to mitigate its devastating consequences on a local and global scale. In March 2020, the Chilean government, along with health and science authorities, implemented a strategy aimed at generating relevant evidence to inform effective public health decisions. One of the key strengths of this strategy was the active involvement of the scientific community, employing transdisciplinary approaches to address critical questions and support political decision-making. The strategy promoted collaborations between the government, public and private institutions, and transdisciplinary academic groups throughout each phase of the pandemic. By focusing on pressing problems and questions, this approach formed the foundation of this report which reflects the collaborative effort throughout the pandemic of individuals from the Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile, government authorities and industry. Early in the pandemic, it became crucial to gather evidence on how to minimize the impact of infection and disease while awaiting the availability of vaccines. This included studying the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, assessing the impact of quarantines on people's mobility, implementing strategies for widespread SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and exploring pool testing for large populations. The urgent need to reduce disease severity and transmission posed a significant challenge, as it was essential to prevent overwhelming healthcare systems. Studies were conducted to predict ICU bed requirements at the local level using mathematical models. Additionally, novel approaches, such as using cellphone mobility-based technology to actively identify infected individuals, and to optimize population sampling, were explored following the first wave of the pandemic. Chile took early action in addressing vaccination through a high-level scientific board, before vaccines became available. Studies conducted during this period included population-based immunologic evaluations of different vaccines, which helped build confidence in the population and supported the need for booster doses and potential vaccination of children. These studies and collaborations, which will be discussed here, have provided valuable insights and will inform future approaches in a post-pandemic world. Importantly, highly conservative estimates indicate that 3,000 lives and more than 300 million USD were saved by this academic-public-private collaborative effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Torres
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Basso
- Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denis Saure
- Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrés Couve
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Farfán
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica de la Maza
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Campos
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), Santiago, Chile
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14
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Peña-Y-Lillo M. From Information Seeking and Scanning to the Practice of Healthy Habits: A Longitudinal Test of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction in the Context of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. J Health Commun 2024; 29:284-293. [PMID: 38646930 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2024.2339231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable intake is essential for health, but global adherence to recommended levels remains insufficient. Health information exposure positively influences consumption, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to explore the relationships between information seeking and scanning, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), intentions, and fruit and vegetable intake, following the main tenets of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IM). Data were collected through face-to-face surveys in Santiago, Chile, with a representative sample of individuals aged 25 and older in two waves. Findings revealed that intentions in Wave 1 predicted fruit and vegetable consumption in Wave 2, with positive associations between attitudes, norms, PBC, and intentions. Information seeking was positively associated with attitudes, norms, and PBC, and it had indirect effects on fruit and vegetable consumption through attitudes, norms, PBC, and intentions. Information scanning did not show significant indirect effects on fruit and vegetable consumption, even though the path between scanning and attitudes was significant. The study provides support for the IM and highlights the importance of information seeking in promoting fruit and vegetable consumption through its influence on attitudes, norms, and PBC. The findings have practical implications for health campaigns, educational programs, healthcare interactions, and public policies targeting healthier dietary habits.
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15
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Abarca-Brown G. Becoming a (Neuro)migrant: Haitian Migration, Translation and Subjectivation in Santiago, Chile. Med Anthropol 2024; 43:262-276. [PMID: 38446092 DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2024.2324890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted over 14 months in northern Santiago, I examine how the introduction of a series of health policies and the global mental health agenda has interacted with and impacted Haitian migrants in the context of a postdictatorship neoliberal Chile (1990-2019). Specifically, I explore the interactions between health and social institutions, mental health practitioners, psy technologies, and Haitian migrants, highlighting migrants' subjectivation processes and everyday life. I argue that Haitian migrants engage with heterogeneous subjectivation processes in their interactions with health and social institutions, challenging normative values of integration into Chilean society. These processes are marked not only by the presence of, or exposure to, psy interventions and mental health discourses but also by the degree of compatibility between a psychiatric and neurological language and Haitians' ideals and moral frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Abarca-Brown
- Center for Culture and the Mind (CULTMIND), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Vargas Salfate S, Stern C. Is contact among social class groups associated with legitimation of inequality? An examination across 28 countries. Br J Soc Psychol 2024; 63:572-590. [PMID: 38009906 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Is class-based contact associated with legitimation of inequality? Drawing from the idea that people adopt beliefs predominant in groups with whom they interact, we hypothesized that upper-class contact would correspond to greater legitimation of inequality, whereas lower-class contact would correspond to lesser legitimation of inequality among lower- and upper-class individuals. We also hypothesized that middle-class individuals might possess a more precarious identity, leading lower-class contact to correspond to higher legitimation of inequality. We tested hypotheses using a nationally representative sample from Chile (N = 4446; Study 1), and nationally representative samples from 28 countries (N = 43,811; Study 2). Support for hypotheses was mixed. Upper-class contact was often associated with greater legitimation of inequality, whereas lower-class contact was frequently related to lower legitimation of inequality. Patterns emerged among most social class groups, but there was also variation across groups. We discuss potential explanations for results along with theoretical implications for class-based contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chadly Stern
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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17
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Castillo B, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Sapiente-Aguirre C. Demographics and tenure of the Chilean urban dog population. A mathematical model. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106141. [PMID: 38359471 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irresponsible dog ownership in urban areas is a public health concern with significant implications for human, animal, and environmental welfare. Factors such as abandonment, variations in adoption, insufficient supervision, emerging identification initiatives, and collective feeding impact the growth of stray dog populations and the transmission of diseases. Developing a modeling tool to understand the dynamics of canine population growth and the effect of human behavior on this phenomenon is essential. METHODS An ordinary differential equation model was developed to depict the growth dynamics and movements of urban dog populations, distinguishing between those with owners (restricted and semi-restricted) and those without (stray and community dogs). Two equilibrium states of the system were analyzed: with and without the presence of individually owned dogs. An increase rate for the population of individually owned dogs was calculated, and a local sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of parameters on the reduction of this population. Additionally, two global sensitivity analysis methods were used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of the parameters. RESULTS Findings indicate that system equilibrium depends on various dog categories. Although total eradication of stray and community dogs is unlikely, equilibrium levels are directly related to subpopulation growth rates, responsible ownership practices, and adoption and abandonment rates. The growth rates of the population of dogs without individual owners have a direct and proportional influence on their regulation, while adoption rates have an inverse and proportional effect. The study, through global sensitivity analysis, identifies key parameters for each dog subpopulation. For restricted dogs, environmental carrying capacity is the most variable factor; for semi-restricted dogs, awareness of responsible ownership is crucial. The abandonment of restricted dogs significantly impacts stray dog dynamics, while the transition from stray to community status is an important variable factor for community dogs. CONCLUSION Addressing the situation of unowned dogs requires a collective effort to reduce risks associated with the spread of zoonotic diseases, environmental pollution, and biodiversity loss, thus contributing to public health and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Castillo
- Centro de investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | | | - Claudia Sapiente-Aguirre
- Programa Nacional de Tenencia Responsable de Animales de Compañía (PTRAC), Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile, Chile
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18
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Carvajal B, White H, Brooks J, Thomson AM, Cooke A. Navigating a maze: Midwives' identity response to the enactment of an abortion law in Chile. Midwifery 2024; 131:103938. [PMID: 38309123 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chilean midwives have been identified as essential for successfully implementing an abortion law, a practice which could potentially be understood as contradicting their central mission. Nevertheless, to date, there has been no investigation into how Chilean midwives have incorporated induced abortion care provision into their professional identity. OBJECTIVE To elucidate how Chilean midwives understand and provide abortion care and how they have (re)defined their professional identity to include induced abortion care. This article reports the findings of the second part of this aim. METHODS This study was underpinned by a constructivist grounded theory methodology informed by a reproductive justice and feminist perspective. Midwives from Chile who have cared for women undergoing abortion were invited to participate in the study. After purposive and theoretical sampling, fifteen midwives were recruited. FINDINGS Midwives' identity is woman-centred, with high value placed on their role protecting life. These two aspects of midwives' identity are in contradiction when providing abortion care. Midwives' identity results from and informs midwives' practice. Midwifery regulation influences both practice and identity. The model 'Navigating a maze' explains the interaction of these three elements. CONCLUSION Midwives' identity response to the enactment of the Chilean abortion law is an example of how professional identity must navigate regulation and practice to make sense of its purpose. In light of this study's findings, the current tension experienced in midwives' identity should be carefully attended to prevent adverse outcomes for midwives and the Chilean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bielka Carvajal
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK; Departamento de Promocion de la Salud de la Mujer y el Recien Nacido, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Helen White
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Jane Brooks
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Ann M Thomson
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Alison Cooke
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, UK; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, UK; Centre for NMAHP Research and Education Excellence (CeNREE), University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, UK.
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19
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Pozo K, Ahrendt C, Gómez V, Jacobsen C, Torres M, Recabarren T, Oyanedel-Craver V, Audy O, Přibylová P, Klánová J. Novel flame retardants detected in marine plastic litter in coastal areas in Central Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 201:116194. [PMID: 38432180 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are released throughout the plastic life cycle, potentially impacting the environment, biodiversity, and human health. This study analyzed novel flame retardants (NFR) in marine plastic litter (MPL) from six coastal areas in central Chile in November 2017. Target chemicals (n = 19) were analyzed using ultrasonic extraction with hexane, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From all nineteen NFRs analyzed, only ten (53 %) were routinely detected. BTBPE (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane) showed the highest concentrations at the Bellavista site (618 to 424,000 pg g-1), and HBB (Hexabromobiphenyl), banned since 1970, was detected in Coliumo (2630 to 13,700 pg g-1). These results show emerging transport patterns and underscore the critical need for enhanced waste management practices for MPL in coastal regions to prevent adverse impacts on marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic; Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile.
| | | | - Victoria Gómez
- GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Jacobsen
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mariett Torres
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tatiana Recabarren
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vinka Oyanedel-Craver
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Avendaño-Herrera R, Saldarriga-Córdoba M, Poblete-Morales M, Irgang R. Flavobacterium psychraquaticum sp. nov., isolated from water system of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) smolts cultured in Chile. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 38563675 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Strain LB-N7T, a novel Gram-negative, orange, translucent, gliding, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from water samples collected from an open system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in a fish farm in Chile during a flavobacterial infection outbreak in 2015. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences (1337 bp) revealed that strain LB-N7T belongs to the genus Flavobacterium and is closely related to the type strains Flavobacterium ardleyense A2-1T (98.8 %) and Flavobacterium cucumis R2A45-3T (96.75 %). The genome size of strain LB-N7T was 2.93 Mb with a DNA G+C content 32.6 mol%. Genome comparisons grouped strain LB-N7T with Flavobacterium cheniae NJ-26T, Flavobacterium odoriferum HXWNR29T, Flavobacterium lacisediminis TH16-21T and Flavobacterium celericrescens TWA-26T. The calculated digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LB-N7T and the closest related Flavobacterium strains were 23.3 % and the average nucleotide identity values ranged from 71.52 to 79.39 %. Menaquinone MK-6 was the predominant respiratory quinone, followed by MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The primary polar lipids detected included nine unidentified lipids, two amounts of aminopospholipid and phospholipids, and a smaller amount of aminolipid. Phenotypic, genomic, and chemotaxonomic data suggest that strain LB-N7T (=CECT 30406T=RGM 3221T) represents as a novel bacterial species, for which the name Flavobacterium psychraquaticum sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Mónica Saldarriga-Córdoba
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
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21
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Lantschner V, Gomez DF, Vilardo G, Stazione L, Ramos S, Eskiviski E, Fachinetti R, Schiappacassi M, Vallejos N, Germano M, Villacide J, Grilli MP, Martinez G, Ahumada R, Estay SA, Dumois I, Corley J. Distribution, Invasion History, and Ecology of Non-native Pine Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Southern South America. Neotrop Entomol 2024; 53:351-363. [PMID: 38236322 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The growth of international trade, coupled with an expansion of large-scale pine plantations in South America during the second half of the twentieth century, has significantly increased the opportunities for the invasion of forest insects. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are a large and diverse group of insects, commonly recognized as one of the most important tree mortality agents in coniferous forests worldwide and an important group among invasive forest species. In this study, we combined data from field sampling with published records of established non-native pine bark beetles, to describe their distribution and invasion history in pine plantations across southern South America, reviewing the available information on their phenology and host range. We obtained records of established populations of six Eurasian species distributed in two major regions: the southwest region comprises plantations in Chile and the Argentine Patagonia, with four bark beetle species: Hylastes ater, Hylastes linearis, Hylurgus ligniperda, and Orthotomicus laricis; the northeastern zone includes northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, and includes three bark beetle species: Cyrtogenius luteus, H. ligniperda, and O. erosus. The establishment of non-native populations across the study area began in the 1950s, and from the 1980s onwards, there has been an exponential increase in introductions. We predict that several of these species will continue spreading across South America and that new species will continue arriving. We highlight the importance of international collaboration for early detection and management of non-native pine bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lantschner
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | | | - Gimena Vilardo
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Leonel Stazione
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sergio Ramos
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Edgar Eskiviski
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Montecarlo, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Romina Fachinetti
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (IMBIV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Monica Germano
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Campo Forestal General San Martín, Lago Puelo, Chubut, Argentina
| | - José Villacide
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Mariano P Grilli
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (IMBIV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Rodrigo Ahumada
- Bioforest - Arauco, Silviculture and Forest Health Division, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sergio A Estay
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Valdivia, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Dumois
- Departamento de Entomología, Laboratorio Vegetal, SENASA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Corley
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, INTA EEA Bariloche - CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
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22
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Valenzuela-Levi N, Teresa Espinoza Pérez A, Vásquez ÓC. Market concentration in industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste valorisation: the case of Chile. Waste Manag 2024; 177:106-114. [PMID: 38306920 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Market concentration among buyers of recycled materials is a phenomenon discussed since the 1980 s by the anti-trust literature. Yet, there is still a lack of studies on simultaneous market concentration on both the supply and demand sides. This is particularly relevant when Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies produce two-sided waste generation and valorisation markets. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the link between market concentration on the generation side and market share on the valorisation side. Specifically, this research addresses the case of valorisation of commercial and industrial non-hazardous waste in Chile. The analysis covers 261 companies that valorised industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste between 2015 and 2019. Being part of the top 10 % of generator companies in Chile is significantly correlated to higher valorisation market share, in a context in which mean market share per company decreased, total tons valorised stagnated, and the country-level valorisation rate diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Teresa Espinoza Pérez
- University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering Department, Chile; University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Engineering, Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Chile.
| | - Óscar C Vásquez
- University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering Department, Chile; University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Engineering, Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Chile.
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23
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González ME, Syphard AD, Fischer AP, Muñoz AA, Miranda A. Chile's Valparaíso hills on fire. Science 2024; 383:1424. [PMID: 38547262 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro E González
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Fire and Socioecosystem Resilience (FireSES), Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), 8370451 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra D Syphard
- Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - A Paige Fischer
- Western Forest and Fire Initiative, School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A A Muñoz
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), 8370451 Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340025 Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Acción Climática, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340025 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alejandro Miranda
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), 8370451 Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de la Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
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24
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Duckwall C, Largier JL, Wieters EA, Valdovinos FS. Modeling time-varying phytoplankton subsidy reveals at-risk species in a Chilean intertidal ecosystem. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6995. [PMID: 38523196 PMCID: PMC10961311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The allometric trophic network (ATN) framework for modeling population dynamics has provided numerous insights into ecosystem functioning in recent years. Herein we extend ATN modeling of the intertidal ecosystem off central Chile to include empirical data on pelagic chlorophyll-a concentration. This intertidal community requires subsidy of primary productivity to support its rich ecosystem. Previous work models this subsidy using a constant rate of phytoplankton input to the system. However, data shows pelagic subsidies exhibit highly variable, pulse-like behavior. The primary contribution of our work is incorporating this variable input into ATN modeling to simulate how this ecosystem may respond to pulses of pelagic phytoplankton. Our model results show that: (1) closely related sea snails respond differently to phytoplankton variability, which is explained by the underlying network structure of the food web; (2) increasing the rate of pelagic-intertidal mixing increases fluctuations in species' biomasses that may increase the risk of local extirpation; (3) predators are the most sensitive species to phytoplankton biomass fluctuations, putting these species at greater risk of extirpation than others. Finally, our work provides a straightforward way to incorporate empirical, time-series data into the ATN framework that will expand this powerful methodology to new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Duckwall
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group in Applied Mathematics, University of California, Davis, Mathematical Sciences Building, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - John L Largier
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, 2099 Westshore Drive, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA
| | - Evie A Wieters
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Millennium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Osvaldo Marin 1672, Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Fernanda S Valdovinos
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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25
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Mendoza M, Providel E, Santos M, Valenzuela S. Detection and impact estimation of social bots in the Chilean Twitter network. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6525. [PMID: 38499853 PMCID: PMC10948871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of bots that mimic human behavior represents one of the most pressing threats to healthy information environments on social media. Many bots are designed to increase the visibility of low-quality content, spread misinformation, and artificially boost the reach of brands and politicians. These bots can also disrupt civic action coordination, such as by flooding a hashtag with spam and undermining political mobilization. Social media platforms have recognized these malicious bots' risks and implemented strict policies and protocols to block automated accounts. However, effective bot detection methods for Spanish are still in their early stages. Many studies and tools used for Spanish are based on English-language models and lack performance evaluations in Spanish. In response to this need, we have developed a method for detecting bots in Spanish called Botcheck. Botcheck was trained on a collection of Spanish-language accounts annotated in Twibot-20, a large-scale dataset featuring thousands of accounts annotated by humans in various languages. We evaluated Botcheck's performance on a large set of labeled accounts and found that it outperforms other competitive methods, including deep learning-based methods. As a case study, we used Botcheck to analyze the 2021 Chilean Presidential elections and discovered evidence of bot account intervention during the electoral term. In addition, we conducted an external validation of the accounts detected by Botcheck in the case study and found our method to be highly effective. We have also observed differences in behavior among the bots that are following the social media accounts of official presidential candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Mendoza
- Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eliana Providel
- School of Informatics Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcelo Santos
- School of Communications, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Valenzuela
- School of Communications, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Aldunate N, López-Silva P, Brotfeld C, Guerra E, Kronmüller E. Spanish version of Multidimensional Mentalizing Questionnaire (MMQ): Translation, adaptation and psychometric properties in a Chilean population. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296691. [PMID: 38498499 PMCID: PMC10947660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first translation and adaptation of the Multidimensional Mentalizing Questionnaire (MMQ) into Spanish for a native Spanish-speaking sample in Chile. The study examines the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the translated MMQ. The instrument undergoes modifications based on a confirmatory factor analysis of the original structure, resulting in the elimination of items with cross-loadings and improvement in model fit. The modified scale is then analyzed, demonstrating strong psychometric properties. Convergent evidence is assessed by correlating MMQ subscales with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Empathy Quotient (EQ), while divergent evidence is assessed by correlating aggressive traits using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The study also explores gender differences and age. Results reveal positive correlations between good mentalizing and empathy, particularly cognitive empathy, supporting the significance of positive mentalization in empathy. Negative mentalization is associated with difficulties in perspective-taking and social skills, as well as aggressive traits. Gender differences in mentalizing capacities are observed, and negative aspects of mentalization decrease with age. The availability of the Spanish translation of the MMQ, the first self-reporting scale measuring mentalization adapted to Chilean population, contributes to research aiming to understand its relationship with other psychological phenomena in different cultural context and facilitating clinical interventions with different population groups. We therefore encourage further investigation into cultural, gender and age differences in mentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Aldunate
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo López-Silva
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Ernesto Guerra
- Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Educación, Instituto de Educación, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edmundo Kronmüller
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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27
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López M, Mira A, Mauricia D, Acevedo P, Lopez R, Molina P, Gutiérrez L, de Billerbeck E, Breinbauer C. Are children under five with disabilities' educational rights acknowledged and supported in Chile? Front Public Health 2024; 12:1304152. [PMID: 38560435 PMCID: PMC10979822 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1304152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio López
- Millennium Nucleus Studies on Disability and Citizenship (DISCA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Mira
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Mauricia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Center for Healthy Development, Round Hill, VA, United States
| | - Paulina Acevedo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Center for Healthy Development, Round Hill, VA, United States
| | - Ruth Lopez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Center for Healthy Development, Round Hill, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Eloisa de Billerbeck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Center for Healthy Development, Round Hill, VA, United States
| | - Cecilia Breinbauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Center for Healthy Development, Round Hill, VA, United States
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28
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Loewe-Muñoz V, Delard C, del Río R, Balzarini M. Recommendations for increasing yield of the edible Pinus pinea L. pine nuts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300008. [PMID: 38442094 PMCID: PMC10914291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In Pinus pinea, cone to pine nut yield (total pine nut weight expressed as percentage of cone weight), an important crop trait, is decreasing worldwide. This phenomenon is of great concern, since the nuts of this species are highly demanded. Cone weight, seed and pine nut morphometry, and pine nut yield were monitored in a non-native area in Chile for 10 years. For this purpose, 560 cones, and the seeds and pine nuts contained in them, were counted, measured and weighed in a multi-environment study involving seven plantations. Seed and pine nut damage was evaluated. Two contrasting categories of cone weight (heavy/light) were defined. Cone to pine nut yield (PY) and other traits were calculated and compared between categories using a mixed linear model. Regression trees were used to explain PY variability. Cone weight was higher than in the species' native range (474 g vs 300 g on average). Pine nut number per cone and PY were significantly higher in the heavy cone category than in the light cone category (125 vs 89 units, and 4.05 vs 3.62%, respectively), The percentage of damaged seeds was lower in heavy than in light cones (9.0% vs 15.9%). Thus, PY depended on seed and pine nut morphometry as well as on seed health. Management practices, such as fertilization and irrigation, could be used to boost production of heavy cones and consequently increase PY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Loewe-Muñoz
- Chilean Forest Institute (INFOR), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo del Río
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Balzarini
- CONICET UFYMA Biometry Unit, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Jedliński M, Belfus J, Milona M, Mazur M, Grocholewicz K, Janiszewska-Olszowska J. Orthodontic treatment demand for fixed treatment and aligners among young adults in middle Europe and South America - a questionnaire study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:292. [PMID: 38431544 PMCID: PMC10908024 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients experiencing any malocclusion, may desire for treatment. However, there is no scientific information orthodontic treatment demand and the knowledge of young adults about orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to assess orthodontic treatment demand in young adults from Poland and Chile, their previous orthodontic experience and their knowledge on fixed and aligner orthodontic treatment. METHODS The target group comprised people aged 18-30. The sample size was estimated as above 400 for each country. The survey was carried out in Polish and Spanish within 3 months and consisted of 25 questions delivered via social media. Comparisons were made between countries, age subgroups and gender. RESULTS The response rate was 1,99%, what stands for 1092 responses, 670 from Chile and 422 from Poland, respectively. The percentage of young adults who were already treated was 42,9% in Poland and 25,0% in Chile. The ones planning to have orthodontic treatment within a year counted for 11,8% in Poland and 5,3% in Chile. Most young adults who want to be treated (20,6%) rely on doctor's recommendation on type of appliance while 14,7% of all respondents are interested solely in aligners. Most respondents have heard about aligners (58%). Direct provider-to-customer service without a doctor is not acceptable, neither in Poland (85,1%) nor in Chile (64,8%). Most young adults provided incorrect answers referring various aspects of aligner treatment. CONCLUSIONS In both countries, patients demand to be treated and monitored by the orthodontist. A high percentage of patients want to be treated exclusively with aligners. Direct-to-consumer orthodontics does not seem attractive to patients. Young adults do not have adequate knowledge referring to aligner treatment. Many people want to be treated despite a previous orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jedliński
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Private Dental Practice, Adent- Ortodoncja i Stomatologia, ul. 4-go Marca 23G, 75-710, Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Joyce Belfus
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, 7620001, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marta Milona
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Mazur
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Grocholewicz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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30
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Dardati E, de Elejalde R, Giolito E. On the short-term impact of pollution: The effect of PM 2.5 on emergency room visits. Health Econ 2024; 33:482-508. [PMID: 38010262 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the short-term effect of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) exposure on respiratory emergency room (ER) visits in Chile, a middle-income country with high levels of air pollution. To instrument for PM 2.5, we use wind speed at different altitudes (pressure levels). Unlike previous papers, our data allow us to study the impact of high pollution levels across all age groups. We find that a 1 μg per cubic meter (μg/m3 ) increase in PM 2.5 exposure for 1 day increases ER visits for respiratory illness by 0.36%. The effect is positive and significant for all age groups. Furthermore, the coefficients on government environmental alerts suggest that avoidance behavior becomes increasingly significant across all age groups as restrictions become more severe.
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Rojas-Navarro S, Alarcón-Arcos S, Tabilo-Prieto I. Spectralities of ADHD: hauntological diagnosis amidst agency, politics and pedagogies. Health Sociol Rev 2024; 33:89-103. [PMID: 38373414 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2024.2316736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Hauntology has become an increasingly alluring concept in social sciences to reflect upon everyday life and how subjects dwell upon scenarios pervaded not only by the potency of the actual but also the haunting of the past and the virtual. Drawing on the concept of 'hauntology', we inquire about recurring temporalities and spectrality themes concerning the 'controversial' diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Chile. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews with health practitioners, teachers, school staff, diagnosed children, and their peers from 3-year-long research, we examine how the performance of the diagnosis by clinicians at times can produce a modification of the temporality of the diagnosed children from that moment forth. Amidst tension created by educational policies, ideas of well-being, pedagogical practices, and everyday living, the diagnosis keeps repeating its agentic capacity while resisting its decay, becoming ever-present and actual. Once cast, the diagnosis acts as a repeating force that can shape every experience, cancelling the possibility for the child to become different by unfolding out of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Rojas-Navarro
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile
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Langer ÁI, Ponce FP, Ordóñez-Carrasco JL, Fuentes-Ferrada R, Mac-Ginty S, Gaete J, Núñez D. Psychometric evidence of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): an item response theory analysis in university students from Chile. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:111. [PMID: 38429801 PMCID: PMC10908082 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiential avoidance (EA) is a psychological mechanism associated with several mental health disorders and is regarded as a relevant target by third-generation cognitive behavioral therapies. It has been mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, and the AAQ-II is the most used tool. Its psychometric evidence has been mostly tested through the classical test theory (CTT) and very scarcely assessed through Item Response Theory (IRT). METHODS We used the Graded Response Model to examine its psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking university students (n = 1503; women = 995 (66.2%), mean age = 19.29, SD = 2.45). We tested whether the empirical data fit the model's predictions and estimated the dispersion of persons and items along the experiential avoidance continuum. Moreover, we examined category probability curves to identify the response probability of each answer. Likewise, an item-person map was made where the measurement of persons and items, both on the same scale and along the experiential avoidance continuum, could be observed jointly. Finally, we tested the gender invariance of the scale. RESULTS We found that the values of the individuals and the items were in the established range to be considered an adequate measure of EA. Additionally, we observed high discrimination indices for all items. The current version with seven answer options could not be optimal and should be tested in future studies. Finally, we found evidence of differential functioning by gender in one of the seven items of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the AAQ-II is a suitable tool for measuring EA and accurately classifying and differentiating EA levels in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro I Langer
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fernando P Ponce
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, s/n, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus on Intergenerational Mobility: From Modelling to Policy (MOVI), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Reiner Fuentes-Ferrada
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Scarlett Mac-Ginty
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jorge Gaete
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for Students Mental Health (ISME), Faculty of Education, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Núñez
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile.
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, s/n, Talca, Chile.
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Norambuena-Subiabre L, Carbonell P, Salgado P, Zamora C, Espinoza-González O. Sources and profiles of toxins in shellfish from the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒ 43° S). Harmful Algae 2024; 133:102608. [PMID: 38485442 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The study of marine toxins in shellfish is of the utmost importance to ensure people's food safety. Marine toxins in shellfish and microalgae in the water column off the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒43° S) were studied in a network of 64 stations over a 14-month period. The relative abundance of harmful species Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, Protoceratium reticulatum, Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata group and P. delicatissima group was analyzed. The detection and quantification of lipophilic toxins and domoic acid (DA) in shellfish was determined by UHPLC-MS/MS, and for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) by HPLC-FD with post-column oxidation, while for a culture of A. ostenfeldii a Hylic-UHPLC-MS/MS was used. Results showed that DA, gonyautoxin (GTX)-2, GTX-3 and pectenotoxin (PTX)-2 were detected below the permitted limits, while Gymnodimine (GYM)-A and 13-desmethylespirolide C (SPX-1) were below the limit of quantitation. According to the distribution and abundance record of microalgae, DA would be associated to P. seriata and P. delicatissima-groups, PTX-2 to D. acuminata, and GTX-2, GTX-3, GYM-A, and SPX-1 to A. ostenfeldii. However, the toxin analysis of an A. ostenfeldii culture from the Biobío region only showed the presence of the paralytic toxins C2, GTX-2, GTX-3, GTX-5 and saxitoxin, therefore, the source of production of GYM and SPX is still undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Norambuena-Subiabre
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Pamela Carbonell
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Claudia Zamora
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Luebert F, Scherson RA. Choice of molecular marker influences spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230581. [PMID: 38503344 PMCID: PMC10950465 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) are increasingly becoming relevant for conservation decisions. PD measures are based on phylogenies estimated from molecular data. This paper addresses the question of how different molecular markers impact PD spatial patterns. We first conducted a simple simulation to explore the effect of deep and shallow changes in topology (simulating variations in molecular markers), using ultrametric and non-ultrametric trees, and then used a dataset of Chilean flora with four sets of markers to assess potential differences in spatial patterns of PD ranks using different markers and types of trees. The simulation consistently showed that the difference in PD rank was lower for ultrametric trees than for phylograms. A similar trend was observed using the Chilean flora dataset, with among-markers variability in spatial patterns of the PD metrics lower for ultrametric than for non-ultrametric trees, depicted as top 2.5 and 5% hotspots. Frequency distribution of PD values differed among markers as well, with this variation less apparent for ultrametric trees. We conclude that the choice of markers impacts spatial patterns of PD, and these results vary more strongly for phylograms, suggesting that ultrametric trees are more robust to the choice of marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Luebert
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa A. Scherson
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Kailany R, Presmont Y, Zapata R, Owusu-Kwarteng J, Fedio W. Validation of rapid detection methods for Salmonella enterica in green chile. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae011. [PMID: 38364315 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to validate the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rea-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, the Neogen Amplified Nucleic Single Temperature Reaction (ANSR) assay, and the Vitek ImmunoDiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) SLM procedure against the FDA cultural procedure for Salmonella detection in green chile pepper. Green chile was artificially contaminated with Salmonella according to the FDA guidelines (FDA. Guidelines for the Validation of Microbiological Methods for the FDA Foods Program, 3rd Edition. 2019. www.fda.gov/media/83812/download?attachment (17 March 2024, date last accessed)) at a fractional recovery level (where 50%-25% tests positive and at a level +1 log greater for each organism tested). Enriched samples were tested directly by the ANSR Salmonella test and by qPCR, and were subcultured into Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate brilliant green broth for cultural detection and qPCR. For the VIDAS-SLM assay, the selective enrichments were further cultured in M broth before testing. Presumptive salmonellae were confirmed with biochemical tests, serology, and qPCR. All three rapid assays were compared favorably with the FDA-BAM (Bacteriological Analytical Manual) method. No significant differences at P < .05 were found between the procedures using McNemar's χ2 test. The three procedures were found to be rapid and reliable alternatives to cultural detection of Salmonella enterica in green chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghda Kailany
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Yatziri Presmont
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Ruben Zapata
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - James Owusu-Kwarteng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, PO Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Willis Fedio
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Pérez Castro P, Muñoz D, González MT, Vera M, Muñoz AM. Disparities Affecting Organ Donation Rates in Chile. Transplantation 2024; 108:579-582. [PMID: 38385336 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pérez Castro
- Transplant Center, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Delia Muñoz
- Transplant Center, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
| | | | - Magdalena Vera
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
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Miranda CD, Irgang R, Concha C, Rojas R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Phenotypic and genomic characterization of a non-pathogenic Epilithonimonas ginsengisoli isolated from diseased farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Chile. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13897. [PMID: 38031399 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterial infection associated with diseased fish is caused by multiple bacterial species within the family Flavobacteriaceae. In the present study, the Chilean isolate FP99, from the gills of a diseased, farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), was characterized using phenotypic and genomic analyses. Additionally assessed was pathogenic activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that isolate FP99 belonged to the genus Epilithonimonas, an average nucleotide identity value of 100% was detected with the Chilean isolate identified as Epilithonimonas sp. FP211-J200. In silico genome analysis, mechanisms for toxins production, and superantigens, adhesion, or other genes associated with virulence were not detected. However, genes encoding proteins for antibiotic resistance were found, including the chrA gene and the nucleotide sequence that encodes for multiple antibiotic resistance MarC proteins. Furthermore, the blaESP-1 gene (87.85% aminoacidic sequence identity), encoding an extended-spectrum subclass B3 metallo-β-lactamase and conferring carbapenem-hydrolysing activity, and the tet(X) gene, which encodes a monooxygenase that catalyses the degradation of tetracycline-class antimicrobials were carried by this isolate. Phenotyping analyses also supported assignment as E. ginsengisoli. Challenge trials against healthy rainbow trout resulted in no observed pathogenic effect. Our findings identify for the first time the species E. ginsengisoli as associated with fish farming, suggesting that this isolate may be a component of the microbiota of the freshwater system. Notwithstanding, poor environmental conditions and any stressors associated with aquaculture situations or lesions caused by other pathogenic bacteria, such as F. psychrophilum, could favour the entry of E. ginsengisoli into rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Christopher Concha
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro Tecnológico de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro Tecnológico de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Aránguiz-Ramírez J, Olivares-Tirado P, Baeza-Correa C, Castells X. Urinary incontinence in health workers as a predisposing factor for presenteeism in Chile: A mixed-methods exploratory study. Medwave 2024; 24:e2779. [PMID: 38412202 DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2024.01.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urinary incontinence negatively impacts the quality of life and can harm work activities, causing presenteeism in health professionals and decreasing the quality of care and patient safety. The objective of this study is to explore the self-perception of health workers who suffer from urinary incontinence as a predisposing factor for presenteeism. Methods Mixed study of an exploratory-descriptive nature. The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic and intentional way by criterion and convenience with a size of 14 volunteers, considering the saturation of the information. Reliability criteria defined by Guba for the process and analysis of thematic data were considered. Results The sample had a mean age of 38.9 + 7.1 years and a mean SPS-6 score of 15.8 + 3.5 points, showing alteration in the dimension of avoiding deconcentration. The narratives in the case study provide relevant information on how urinary incontinence affects the work performance of health workers through the interruption in their day, decreases the quality of clinical care, and increases their anxiety regarding their environment. Conclusions Urinary incontinence and presenteeism are subjective, and multidimensional experiences affect work performance. Therefore, further studies are recommended to identify predictor variables and the economic losses associated with this condition to establish improvements in the work environment and the self-care of female employees seeking greater benefits and better levels of efficiency in the organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Aránguiz-Ramírez
- Programa de Doctorado en Metodología de la Investigación Biomédica y Salud Pública, Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Pedro Olivares-Tirado
- Centro de Investigación en Innovación Terapéutica del Programa de Postgrado en Gestión y Economía de la Salud, Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | - Cecilia Baeza-Correa
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Neonatología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xavier Castells
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Evaluación, Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas, Barcelona, España
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Figueroa-Vargas A, Góngora B, Alonso MF, Ortega A, Soto-Fernández P, Z-Rivera L, Ramírez S, González F, Muñoz Venturelli P, Billeke P. The effect of a cognitive training therapy based on stimulation of brain oscillations in patients with mild cognitive impairment in a Chilean sample: study protocol for a phase IIb, 2 × 3 mixed factorial, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:144. [PMID: 38395980 PMCID: PMC10885461 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-07972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ageing population has increased the prevalence of disabling and high-cost diseases, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The latter can be considered a prodromal phase of some dementias and a critical stage for interventions to postpone the impairment of functionality. Working memory (WM) is a pivotal cognitive function, representing the fundamental element of executive functions. This project proposes an intervention protocol to enhance WM in these users, combining cognitive training with transcranial electrical stimulation of alternating current (tACS). This technique has been suggested to enhance the neuronal plasticity needed for cognitive processes involving oscillatory patterns. WM stands to benefit significantly from this approach, given its well-defined electrophysiological oscillations. Therefore, tACS could potentially boost WM in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS This study is a phase IIb randomised, double-blind clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up period. The study participants will be 62 participants diagnosed with MCI, aged over 60, from Valparaíso, Chile. Participants will receive an intervention combining twelve cognitive training sessions with tACS. Participants will receive either tACS or placebo stimulation in eight out of twelve training sessions. Sessions will occur twice weekly over 6 weeks. The primary outcomes will be electroencephalographic measurements through the prefrontal theta oscillatory activity, while the secondary effects will be cognitive assessments of WM. The participants will be evaluated before, immediately after, and 3 months after the end of the intervention. DISCUSSION The outcomes of this trial will add empirical evidence about the benefits and feasibility of an intervention that combines cognitive training with non-invasive brain stimulation. The objective is to contribute tools for optimal cognitive treatment in patients with MCI. To enhance WM capacity, postpone the impairment of functionality, and obtain a better quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05291208. Registered on 28 February 2022. ISRCTN87597719 retrospectively registered on 15 September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Figueroa-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación del Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio LaNCE, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Begoña Góngora
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - María Francisca Alonso
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alonso Ortega
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Soto-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lucía Z-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisca González
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Muñoz Venturelli
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación del Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
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Valenzuela J, Miranda-Ossandon J, Muñoz C, Precht A, Del Valle M, Vergaño-Salazar JG. Learning-oriented motivation: Examining the impact of teaching practices with motivational potential. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297877. [PMID: 38394311 PMCID: PMC10890759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compares the predictive ability of nine different types of motivational practices on the motivational orientation toward learning. Given the nature of undergraduate studies, identifying the most predictive motivational variables on learning orientation allows us to focus our efforts on those motivational practices to guide students to deploy their cognitive resources by focusing on learning and not only on obtaining good grades. The study included Chilean university students from health (n = 398) and education (n = 365) programs. A Bayesian multiple regression was carried out in both groups. The results show strong evidence of a specific effect of motivational practices on motivational orientation towards learning. Although the impact on motivational orientation toward learning may vary slightly across different fields of study, the primary predictors consistently are practices that emphasize importance and foster autonomy. The effect of utility-focused motivational practices is observed only within the predictive model for the group of health students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Science of Learning, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Carla Muñoz
- Millennium Nucleus for the Science of Learning, Talca, Chile
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Andrea Precht
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Milenko Del Valle
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Rojas M, Cánepa González J, Ortiz-López N. Characterization of content associated with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer individuals in Chilean medical schools: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Med Educ 2024; 24:167. [PMID: 38383416 PMCID: PMC10882924 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, and other sexual and gender identities (LGBTIQ+) individuals face health inequities. Additionally, medical students report a lack of confidence in providing specific health care to LGBTIQ + individuals, and medical schools do not offer the breadth and depth of coverage needed to fully prepare and make them comfortable in caring for these individuals. This study aims to characterize the teaching of curricular content related to LGBTIQ + health issues in medical schools in Chile. METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive mixed-methods study based on a 15-question survey sent to school directors of the 24 medical schools in Chile, conducted between October 2020 and July 2021. The questions included in the study were mostly based on two pre-existing questionnaires covering content, assessment methods, and identification of barriers to teaching this content. RESULTS The validated questionnaire was answered by 14 of 24 Chilean medical schools, with 11 schools (78.9%) declaring that they included some training in their curriculum. The predominant range of time allocated to LGBTIQ + training in medical programs was between 1 and 5 h. The most addressed topics were HIV (92.85%), sexual orientation (78.57%), and chronic disease risk in LGBTIQ + populations (78.57%). Most schools, accounting for 71.5%, considered the content they delivered to be "moderately insufficient" or "insufficient". Regarding the teaching methodologies, the most used were lectures (92.8%), clinical cases (42.9%), and clinical simulation (28.6%). CONCLUSION Most surveyed medical schools reported curricular spaces dedicated to teaching health issues of LGBTIQ + individuals, primarily during the pre-internship training period. However, the time allocated is insufficient, and there is little approach to topics beyond the patient's sexual history or sexual orientation. Given the crucial role of medical schools, they must adopt both local and national strategies to enrich training focused on the care of LGBTIQ + patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rojas
- School of Education, Stanford University, California, United States of America
| | | | - Nicolás Ortiz-López
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Rivera M, Fontana P, Cortes W, Merino C, Vega JL. Exploring perceptions of extreme environments and extremophiles in Chilean schoolchildren: an ethnographic study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1221731. [PMID: 38444444 PMCID: PMC10913583 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1221731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chile is unique because of its diverse extreme environment, ranging from arid climates in the north to polar climates in Patagonia. Microorganisms that live in these environments are called extremophiles, and these habitats experience intense ecosystem changes owing to climate warming. Most studies of extremophiles have focused on their biotechnological potential; however, no study has examined how students describe extremophiles. Therefore, we were interested in answering the following question: How do schoolchildren living in extreme environments describe their environments and extremophiles? We performed an ethnographic study and analyzed the results of 347 representative drawings of participants aged 12-16 years from three schools located in the extreme environments of Chile San Pedro de Atacama (hyper-arid, 2,400 m), Lonquimay (forest, 925 m), and Punta Arenas (sub-Antarctic, 34 m). The social representation approach was used to collect data, and systemic networks were used to organize and systematize the drawings. The study found that, despite differences between extreme environments, certain natural elements, such as trees and the sun, are consistently represented by schoolchildren. The analysis revealed that the urban and rural categories were the two main categories identified. The main systemic networks were rural-sun (21,1%) for hyper-arid areas, urban-tree (14,1%) for forest areas, and urban-furniture (23,4%) for sub-Antarctic areas. When the results were analyzed by sex, we found a statistically significant difference for the rural category in the 7th grade, where girls mentioned being more rural than boys. Students living in hyper-arid areas represented higher extremophile drawings, with 57 extremophiles versus 20 and 39 for students living in sub-Antarctic and forest areas, respectively. Bacteria were extremophiles that were more represented. The results provide evidence that natural variables and semantic features that allow an environment to be categorized as extreme are not represented by children when they are focused on and inspired by the environment in which they live, suggesting that school literacy processes impact representations of their environment because they replicate school textbooks and not necessarily their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailing Rivera
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Paola Fontana
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Wilson Cortes
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Merino
- CIDSTEM, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Mardones C. Contribution of the carbon tax, phase-out of thermoelectric power plants, and renewable energy subsidies for the decarbonization of Chile - A CGE model and microsimulations approach. J Environ Manage 2024; 352:120017. [PMID: 38198840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
There are various climate policies to decarbonize the energy matrix of a country. In the case of Chile, a carbon tax of 5 USD/tCO2 was initially implemented, and later, a schedule was established for the phase-out of coal-fired thermoelectric plants, all the above in the absence of subsidies for non-conventional renewable energy (NCRE). This study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and microsimulations to assess the contribution of current climate policies and other more demanding scenarios that accelerate the decarbonization of the Chilean energy matrix, considering economic, environmental, and distributional impacts. Specifically, carbon taxes are simulated with and without complementary climate policies (phase-out of coal-fired power plants and NCRE subsidies). The results show that the scenarios that combine the three climate policies generate a greater decrease in greenhouse gas emissions (40.4% ∼ 57.5%). Besides, the drop in GDP is more pronounced when coal-fired thermoelectric plants phase out (0.3% additional), and NCRE subsidies contribute to moderately reducing emissions. However, NCRE subsidies reduce the negative effect on households' expenditure and income, especially in the poorest quintile. Finally, microsimulations show marginal changes in income distribution and an increase of up to 0.4 percentage points in the poverty rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Mardones
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 217, 4th Floor, Concepción, Chile.
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Martel SI, Zamora CA, Ricote N, Sepúlveda DA, Mahéo F, Simon JC, Figueroa CC, Rezende EL, Bozinovic F. Rapid turnover of a pea aphid superclone mediated by thermal endurance in central Chile. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232462. [PMID: 38320609 PMCID: PMC10846945 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Global change drivers are imposing novel conditions on Earth's ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Among them, biological invasions and climate change are of critical concern. It is generally thought that strictly asexual populations will be more susceptible to rapid environmental alterations due to their lack of genetic variability and, thus, of adaptive responses. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of a widely distributed asexual lineage of the alfalfa race of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, along a latitudinal transect of approximately 600 km in central Chile after facing environmental change for a decade. Based on microsatellite markers, we found an almost total replacement of the original aphid superclone by a new variant. Considering the unprecedented warming that this region has experienced in recent years, we experimentally evaluated the reproductive performance of these two A. pisum lineages at different thermal regimes. The new variant exhibits higher rates of population increase at warmer temperatures, and computer simulations employing a representative temperature dataset suggest that it might competitively displace the original superclone. These results support the idea of a superclone turnover mediated by differential reproductive performance under changing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián I. Martel
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristián A. Zamora
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Natalia Ricote
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Daniela A. Sepúlveda
- Center for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems (CEMF), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRAE, UMR IGEPP, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Christian C. Figueroa
- Center for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems (CEMF), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile
| | - Enrico L. Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Castro-Sanguinetti GR, González-Veliz R, Callupe-Leyva A, Apaza-Chiara AP, Jara J, Silva W, Icochea E, More-Bayona JA. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Peru forms a monophyletic group with Chilean isolates in South America. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3635. [PMID: 38351134 PMCID: PMC10864398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) has spread in an unprecedented extent globally in recent years. Despite the large reports of cases in Asia, Europe, and North America, little is known about its circulation in South America. Here, we describe the isolation, and whole genome characterization of HPAIV obtained from sampling 26 wild bird species in Peru, representing one of the largest studies in our region following the latest HPAIV introduction in South America. Out of 147 samples analyzed, 22 were positive for detection of avian influenza virus using a qRT-PCR-based assay. Following inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs, fourteen viral isolates were obtained from which nine isolates were selected for genome characterization, based on their host relevance. Our results identified the presence of HPAIV H5N1 subtype in a highly diverse wild bird species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates correspond to the clade 2.3.4.4b, sharing a common ancestor with North American isolates and forming a monophyletic group along with isolates from Chile. Altogether, changes at the amino acid levels compared to their closest relatives indicates the virus is evolving locally, highlighting the need for constant genomic surveillance. This data evidence the chances for spillover events increases as the virus spreads into large populations of immunologically naïve avian species and adding conditions for cross species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Castro-Sanguinetti
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa González-Veliz
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Alonso Callupe-Leyva
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana P Apaza-Chiara
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Jara
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Walter Silva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Eliana Icochea
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
| | - Juan A More-Bayona
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
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Marcus L, Mardones JI, Rioseco JT, Pinochet J, Montes C, Corredor-Acosta A, Moreno-Meynard P, Garcés-Vargas J, Jorquera E, Iriarte JL, Urbina MA. Evidence of plastic pollution from offshore oceanic sources in southern Chilean Patagonian fjords. Sci Total Environ 2024; 911:168706. [PMID: 37992835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean Patagonian fjords are globally renowned as one of the few remaining pristine environments on Earth; however, their ecosystems are under significant threat from climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Of particular concern is the lack of research into the impact of plastic pollution on the waters and biodiversity of these fjords. In this study, the marine environment of a secluded and sparsely populated fjord system in southern Patagonia was sampled to assess microplastics in seawater, beaches, bottom sediment, and zooplankton. Microplastics were found to be widespread across the water surface of the fjord, but with low abundances of 0.01 ± 0.01 particles m-3 (mean ± SD). The presence of microplastics in sedimentary environments (e.g., beaches and bottom sediments, 15.6 ± 15.3 and 9.8 ± 24 particles kg of dry sediment-1, respectively) provided additional evidence of plastic debris accumulation within the fjord system. Furthermore, microplastics were already bioavailable to key zooplankton species of the Patagonian food web (0.01 ± 0.02 particles individual-1), suggesting bioaccumulation. A comprehensive examination of potential microplastic inputs originating from coastal runoff, coupled with distribution of water masses, suggested minimal local contribution of microplastics to the fjord, strongly indicating that plastic litter is likely entering the area through oceanic currents. The composition and type of microplastics, primarily consisting of polyester fibers (approx. 60 %), provided further support for the proposed distant origin and transportation into the fjord by oceanographic drivers. These results raise significant concern as reveal that despite a lack of nearby population, industrial or agricultural activity, remote Patagonian fjords are still impacted by plastic pollution originating from distant sources. Prioritizing monitoring efforts is crucial for effectively assessing the future trends and ecological impact of plastic pollution in these once so-called pristine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Marcus
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, 5501842 Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jazmin Toledo Rioseco
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Pinochet
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Caroline Montes
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring Research (LAPMAR), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Andrea Corredor-Acosta
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - José Garcés-Vargas
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Erika Jorquera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Luis Iriarte
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.; Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 1313, Concepción, Chile
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Agrest M, Tapia-Munoz T, Encina-Zúñiga E, Vidal-Zamora I, Geffner N, Ardila-Gómez S, Alvarado R, Leiderman EA, Reavley N. Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for psychosis: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:113. [PMID: 38336694 PMCID: PMC10858466 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic symptoms may be less common than anxiety or affective symptoms, but they are still frequent and typically highly debilitating. Community members can have a role in helping to identify, offer initial help and facilitate access to mental health services of individuals experiencing psychosis. Mental health first aid guidelines for helping a person experiencing psychosis have been developed for the global north. This study aimed to adapt the English- language guidelines for Chile and Argentina. METHODS A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted with two panels of experts, one of people with lived experience of psychosis (either their own or as a carer; n = 29) and another one of health professionals (n = 29). Overall, 249 survey items from the original English guidelines and 26 items suggested by the local team formed a total of 275 that were evaluated in the first round. Participants were invited to rate how essential or important those statements were for Chile and Argentina, and encouraged to suggest new statements if necessary. These were presented in a second round. Items with 80% of endorsement by both panels were included in the guidelines for Chile and Argentina. RESULTS Data were obtained over two survey rounds. Consensus was achieved on 244 statements, including 26 statements locally generated for the second round. Almost 20% of the English statements were not endorsed (n = 50), showing the applicability of the original guidelines but also the importance of culturally adapting them. Attributions and tasks expected to be delivered by first aiders were shrunk in favour of a greater involvement of mental health professionals. Self-help strategies were mostly not endorsed and as were items relating to respecting the person's autonomy. CONCLUSIONS While panellists agreed that first aiders should be aware of human rights principles, items based on recovery principles were only partially endorsed. Further research on the dissemination of these guidelines and development of a Mental Health First Aid training course for Chile and Argentina is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Agrest
- Proyecto Suma, Güemes 4130 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Thamara Tapia-Munoz
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Esteban Encina-Zúñiga
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Vidal-Zamora
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norma Geffner
- Proyecto Suma, Güemes 4130 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Ardila-Gómez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rubén Alvarado
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Leiderman
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Palermo, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Obach A, Blukacz A, Sadler M, Carreño Calderón A, Cabieses B, Díaz C. Barriers and facilitators to access sexual and reproductive health services among young migrants in Tarapacá, Chile: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:386. [PMID: 38317103 PMCID: PMC10845769 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chile has become a destination country for immigrants from Latin America, including youth. Guaranteeing access and use of sexual and reproductive health services for young migrants is crucial because of their overlapping experiences of transitioning to a new country and to adulthood. However, the existing evidence shows barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive healthcare among young migrant populations. In this context, the main objective of this article is to identify the barriers and facilitators that young migrants experience to access sexual and reproductive healthcare in the Tarapacá region of Chile. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted in the Tarapacá region of Chile. Semi-structured interviews with 25 young migrants from Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, as well as 10 health workers, were carried out. The interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad del Desarrollo (#2019-22). RESULTS Young migrants face barriers linked to structural shortcomings within the healthcare system, which may be similar to those faced by the local population. Barriers are also derived from reductionist sexual and reproductive health approaches, which prioritise the prevention of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV, with a predominantly heteronormative focus. The prevailing narratives from the health system are those of risk and lack of control and self-care among young people, and they are exacerbated in the case of migrants. Young migrants, especially from the Caribbean, are stereotyped as over-sexualised and liberal in comparison to the local population and believed to be engaging in riskier sexual behaviours that should be kept under check. This may translate into experiences of discrimination and mistreatment when receiving care. Facilitators include good-quality information and community-level interventions. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a limited approach to the sexual and reproductive health of young migrants in Chile, severely hampering their reproductive and sexual rights. Policies and initiatives must work towards removing structural barriers, changing narratives, and empowering young migrants regarding their sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Obach
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, y Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alice Blukacz
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, y Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Michelle Sadler
- Departamento de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Carreño Calderón
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, y Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, y Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Díaz
- Centro de Salud Global Intercultural, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, y Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Baldrich ÁM, Díaz PA, Rosales SA, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Álvarez G, Pérez-Santos I, Díaz M, Schwerter C, Araya M, Reguera B. An Unprecedented Bloom of Oceanic Dinoflagellates ( Karenia spp.) Inside a Fjord within a Highly Dynamic Multifrontal Ecosystem in Chilean Patagonia. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:77. [PMID: 38393154 PMCID: PMC10892511 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of summer 2020, a moderate (~105 cells L-1) bloom of potential fish-killing Karenia spp. was detected in samples from a 24 h study focused on Dinophysis spp. in the outer reaches of the Pitipalena-Añihue Marine Protected Area. Previous Karenia events with devastating effects on caged salmon and the wild fauna of Chilean Patagonia had been restricted to offshore waters, eventually reaching the southern coasts of Chiloé Island through the channel connecting the Chiloé Inland Sea to the Pacific Ocean. This event occurred at the onset of the COVID-19 lockdown when monitoring activities were slackened. A few salmon mortalities were related to other fish-killing species (e.g., Margalefidinium polykrikoides). As in the major Karenia event in 1999, the austral summer of 2020 was characterised by negative anomalies in rainfall and river outflow and a severe drought in March. Karenia spp. appeared to have been advected in a warm (14-15 °C) surface layer of estuarine saline water (S > 21). A lack of daily vertical migration patterns and cells dispersed through the whole water column suggested a declining population. Satellite images confirmed the decline, but gave evidence of dynamic multifrontal patterns of temperature and chl a distribution. A conceptual circulation model is proposed to explain the hypothetical retention of the Karenia bloom by a coastally generated eddy coupled with the semidiurnal tides at the mouth of Pitipalena Fjord. Thermal fronts generated by (topographically induced) upwelling around the Tic Toc Seamount are proposed as hot spots for the accumulation of swimming dinoflagellates in summer in the southern Chiloé Inland Sea. The results here provide helpful information on the environmental conditions and water column structure favouring Karenia occurrence. Thermohaline properties in the surface layer in summer can be used to develop a risk index (positive if the EFW layer is thin or absent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M. Baldrich
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Sergio A. Rosales
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral y COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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Díaz-Matus de la Parra M, Inostroza K, Alcalde JA, Larama G, Bravo S. Characterization of the genetic diversity, structure, and admixture of 7 Chilean chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103238. [PMID: 38071783 PMCID: PMC10750188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mapuche fowl is an autochthonous breed raised in Chile and represents an important zoogenetic resource for the local economy. This study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, relationship and population structure of 96 local Chilean chickens derived from 3 ecotype of Mapuche fowl (Kollonka, Ketro, and Kollonka de aretes), 2 ecotype Chilean (Trintre, Cogote pelado) and 2 breeds (Light Brahma and Barred Plymouth Rock) using 12 microsatellite markers. In total, 113 alleles were detected in all populations, with a mean of 7.6 alleles per population. In all population chicken breeds, the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 and from 0.69 to 0.79. Furthermore, all populations showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Across each population, the global heterozygosity deficit (FIT) was -0.174, population differentiation index (FST) was 0.073, and the global inbreeding of individuals within breed (FIS) was -0.267. The phylogenetic relationships of chickens were examined using neighbor-joining trees constructed at the level of population. The highest Nei's standard genetic distance value of 0.559 was observed between Barred Plymouth Rock and Light Brahma, whereas the minimum value (0.099) was found between Kollonka and Trintre. The neighbor-joining tree constructed at population level revealed 2 main clusters, with Light Brahma, Barred Plymouth Rock, Ketro and Kollonka de aretes in 1 cluster, and Kollonka, Trintre and Cogote pelado breeds in the second cluster. Based on the results of the STRUCTURE analysis, the most likely number of clustering of the population evaluated was at K = 3, with Light Brahma and Barred Plymouth Rock breeds forming their own distinct clusters, while Kollonka, Ketro, Kollonka de aretes, Trintre and Cogote pelado breeds clustered together. This study represents the first report of genetic diversity in these populations in Chile. These results can be used as baseline genetic information for genetic conservation program, for instance, to control inbreeding and to implement further genetic studies in local Chilean chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Inostroza
- Department of Agricultural and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Antonio Alcalde
- Department of Fruit Cultivation and Enology, Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Silvana Bravo
- Institute of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Research on Volcanic Soils, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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