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Modern Developments in Bifunctional Chelator Design for Gallium Radiopharmaceuticals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010203. [PMID: 36615397 PMCID: PMC9822085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide gallium-68 has become increasingly utilised in both preclinical and clinical settings with positron emission tomography (PET). The synthesis of radiochemically pure gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals relies on careful consideration of the coordination chemistry. The short half-life of 68 min necessitates rapid quantitative radiolabelling (≤10 min). Desirable radiolabelling conditions include near-neutral pH, ambient temperatures, and low chelator concentrations to achieve the desired apparent molar activity. This review presents a broad overview of the requirements of an efficient bifunctional chelator in relation to the aqueous coordination chemistry of gallium. Developments in bifunctional chelator design and application are then presented and grouped according to eight categories of bifunctional chelator: the macrocyclic chelators DOTA and TACN; the acyclic HBED, pyridinecarboxylates, siderophores, tris(hydroxypyridinones), and DTPA; and the mesocyclic diazepines.
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Davey PRWJ, Forsyth CM, Paterson BM. Crystallographic and Computational Characterisation of the Potential PET Tracer 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane‐1,4,7‐tri(methylenephosphonato)gallium(III). ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M. Forsyth
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Brett M. Paterson
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- Current address: Centre for Advanced Imaging University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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Wang X, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Cao Y, Ingham A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Pan J, Wang Y, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO, Lin KS, Orvig C. H2CHXhox: Rigid Cyclohexane-Reinforced Nonmacrocyclic Chelating Ligand for [nat/67/68Ga]Ga3+. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4895-4908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Yang Cao
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Aidan Ingham
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3,Canada
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Center for Comparative Medicine, 4145 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O. Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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David T, Hlinová V, Kubíček V, Bergmann R, Striese F, Berndt N, Szöllősi D, Kovács T, Máthé D, Bachmann M, Pietzsch HJ, Hermann P. Improved Conjugation, 64-Cu Radiolabeling, in Vivo Stability, and Imaging Using Nonprotected Bifunctional Macrocyclic Ligands: Bis(Phosphinate) Cyclam (BPC) Chelators. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8774-8796. [PMID: 30180567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional derivatives of bis(phosphinate)-bearing cyclam (BPC) chelators bearing a carboxylate, amine, isothiocyanate, azide, or cyclooctyne in the BP side chain were synthesized. Conjugations required no protection of phosphinate or ring secondary amine groups. The ring amines were not reactive (proton protected) at pH < ∼8. For isothiocyanate coupling, oligopeptide N-terminal α-amines were more suitable than alkyl amines, e.g., Lys ω-amine (p Ka ∼7.5-8.5 and ∼10-11, respectively) due to lower basicity. The Cu-64 labeling was efficient at room temperature (specific activity ∼100 GBq/μmol; 25 °C, pH 6.2, ∼100 ligand equiv, 10 min). A representative Cu-64-BPC was tested in vivo showing fast clearance and no nonspecific radioactivity deposition. The monoclonal anti-PSCA antibody 7F5 conjugates with thiocyanate BPC derivative or NODAGA were radiolabeled and studied in PC3-PSCA tumor bearing mice by PET. The radiolabeled BPC conjugate was accumulated in the prostate tumor with a low off-target uptake, unlike Cu-64-labeled NODAGA-antibody conjugate. The BPC chelators have a great potential for theranostic applications of the Cu-64/Cu-67 matched pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš David
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic.,Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Veronika Hlinová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kubíček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Franziska Striese
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Partner Site Dresden , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , Tűzoltó utca 37-47 , H-1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology , University of Pannonia , Egyetem St. 10 , H-8200 Veszprém , Hungary.,Social Organization for Radioecological Cleanliness , P.O. Box 158, H-8200 Veszprém , Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , Tűzoltó utca 37-47 , H-1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany.,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC) , "Carl Gustav Carus" Technische Universität Dresden , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , "Carl Gustav Carus" Technische Universität Dresden , Fetscherstrasse 74 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400 , 01328 Dresden , Germany
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 40 Prague , Czech Republic
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Price TW, Greenman J, Stasiuk GJ. Current advances in ligand design for inorganic positron emission tomography tracers 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15702-15724. [PMID: 26865360 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key part of the development of metal based Positron Emission Tomography probes is the chelation of the radiometal. In this review the recent developments in the chelation of four positron emitting radiometals, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc, are explored. The factors that effect the chelation of each radio metal and the ideal ligand system will be discussed with regards to high in vivo stability, complexation conditions, conjugation to targeting motifs and complexation kinetics. A series of cyclic, cross-bridged and acyclic ligands will be discussed, such as CP256 which forms stable complexes with 68Ga under mild conditions and PCB-TE2A which has been shown to form a highly stable complex with 64Cu. 89Zr and 44Sc have seen significant development in recent years with a number of chelates being applied to each metal - eight coordinate di-macrocyclic terephthalamide ligands were found to rapidly produce more stable complexes with 89Zr than the widely used DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Notni J, Reich D, Maltsev OV, Kapp TG, Steiger K, Hoffmann F, Esposito I, Weichert W, Kessler H, Wester HJ. In Vivo PET Imaging of the Cancer Integrin αvβ6 Using 68Ga-Labeled Cyclic RGD Nonapeptides. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:671-677. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Charron CL, Farnsworth AL, Roselt PD, Hicks RJ, Hutton CA. Recent developments in radiolabelled peptides for PET imaging of cancer. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Spang P, Herrmann C, Roesch F. Bifunctional Gallium-68 Chelators: Past, Present, and Future. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 46:373-94. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Notni J, Steiger K, Hoffmann F, Reich D, Schwaiger M, Kessler H, Wester HJ. Variation of Specific Activities of 68Ga-Aquibeprin and 68Ga-Avebetrin Enables Selective PET Imaging of Different Expression Levels of Integrins α5β1 and αvβ3. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1618-1624. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.173948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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