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Zhang N, Li H, Wang D, Wang Z, Zhu JS, Chen K, Jiang H, Shao JB, Cai C. Decitabine as epigenetic priming with CLAG induce improved outcome of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia in children. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:63. [PMID: 38725010 PMCID: PMC11080195 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decitabine (DAC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has shown efficacy combined with chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults, but less is known about its efficacy in children. Accordingly, we conducted a study which involved a priming regimen consisting of DAC with cladribine, cytarabine, and granulocyte-stimulating factor (DAC-CLAG) and compared the efficacy and safety of this regimen with CLAG alone. METHODS A total of 39 R/R AML children who received the CLAG or DAC-CLAG regimen in Shanghai Children's Hospital were retrospectively enrolled in this non-randomized study. These regimens were studied sequentially over time. Twenty-two patients received CLAG from 2015, while 17 patients were administered epigenetic priming with DAC before CLAG from 2020. Patients were subsequently bridged to stem cell transplantation (SCT) or consolidation chemotherapy. Complete remission (CR) and adverse effects were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS DAC-CLAG conferred a numerically higher CR compared to CLAG (70.59% vs 63.64%; P = 0.740). High CR rates occurred in patients with good cytogenetics (P = 0.029) and prior induction without cladribine (P = 0.099). The 1-year event-free survival (EFS) was 64.71% ± 11.59% and 63.31% ± 10.35% in the DAC-CLAG and CLAG group (P = 0.595), and 1-year overall survival (OS) was 81.45% ± 9.72% and 77.01% ± 9.04%, respectively (P = 0.265). The 1-year OS and EFS after SCT were higher in the DAC-CLAG than in the CLAG cohort (100% vs 92.31% ± 7.39%, P = 0.072; 92.31% ± 7.39% vs 85.71% ± 9.35%, P = 0.158). Univariate analysis revealed that a good prognosis included good cytogenetics (P = 0.002), non-complex karyotype (P = 0.056), CR on reinduction (P < 0.0001), and bridging to SCT (P = 0.0007). Use of a hypomethylating agent (P = 0.049) and bridging to SCT (P = 0.011) were independent prognostic factors. Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity and infection were the main adverse events. CONCLUSIONS DAC prior to the CLAG regimen improved remission in pediatric R/R AML, and was feasible and well tolerated. CLAG ± DAC as a salvage therapy prior to SCT induced improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jia-Shi Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Shao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1400, West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Cheng Cai
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 355, Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Nabizadeh F, Mohamadi M, Rahmani S, Rajabi R, Afrashteh F, Najdaghi S, Mirmosayyeb O. Safety and efficacy of cladribine in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3045-3057. [PMID: 37062787 PMCID: PMC10106322 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, several studies investigated the effect of cladribine among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a treatment option. Due to the contradictory results of previous studies regarding the efficacy and safety of cladribine in the MS population, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis by including clinical trials and observational studies in terms of having more confirmative results to make a general decision. METHODS The three databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched in May 2022. We included the studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of cladribine in patients with MS. Eligible studies have to provide sufficient details on MS diagnosis and appropriate follow-up duration. We investigated the efficacy of cladribine with several outcomes including Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) change, progression-free survival (PFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and MRI-free activity survival (MFAS). RESULTS After two-step reviewing, 23 studies were included in our qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The pooled SMD for EDSS before and after treatment was - 0.54 (95%CI: - 1.46, 0.39). Our analysis showed that the PFS after cladribine use is 79% (95%CI 71%, 86%). Also, 58% of patients with MS who received cladribine remained relapse-free (95%CI 31%, 83%). Furthermore, the MFAS after treatment was 60% (95%CI 36%, 81%). Our analysis showed that infection is the most common adverse event after cladribine treatment with a pooled prevalence of 10% (95%CI 4%, 18%). Moreover, the pooled prevalence of infusion-related adverse events was 9% (95%CI 4%, 15%). Also, the malignancies after cladribine were present in 0.4% of patients (95%CI 0.25%, 0.75%). CONCLUSION Our results showed acceptable safety and efficacy for cladribine for the treatment of MS except in terms of reducing EDSS. Combination of our findings with the results of previous studies which compared cladribine to other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), cladribine seems to be a safe and effective drug in achieving better treatment for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Nabizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mobin Mohamadi
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Rahmani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rayan Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Afrashteh
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Najdaghi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wang F, Xie M, Chen P, Wang D, Yang M. Homoharringtonine combined with cladribine and aclarubicin (HCA) in acute myeloid leukemia: A new regimen of conventional drugs and its mechanism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8212286. [PMID: 35873796 PMCID: PMC9300287 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8212286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The prognosis of children with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor. Complete remission (CR) is not always achieved with current salvage chemotherapy regimens before transplantation, and some patients have no chance of transplantation. Here, we aimed to describe a new regimen of conventional chemotherapy drugs (homoharringtonine, cladribine , and aclarubicin (HCA)) for refractory AML and its mechanism in vitro. Methods We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 5 children with primary refractory AML using HCA as reinduction chemotherapy, and CR rates, adverse reactions, and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. The effects of homoharringtonine, cladribine, and aclarubicin alone or in combination on the proliferation of HL60 and THP1 cells were analyzed by CCK-8 assay. Furthermore, CCK-8 was used to determine the effects of HCA, alone or in combination with apoptosis inhibitors, necroptosis inhibitors, ferroptosis inhibitors, or autophagy inhibitors, on the proliferation of HL60 and THP1 cells and to screen for possible HCA-mediated death pathways in AML cells. The pathway of HCA-mediated AML cell death was further verified by Hoechst/PI staining, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. Results After 2 cycles of conventional chemotherapy, none of the 5 children with AML achieved CR and were then treated with the HCA regimen for two cycles, 4 of 5 achieved CR, and another child achieved CR with incomplete hematological recovery (CRi). After CR, 3 children underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and only 2 of them received consolidation therapy. As of the last follow-up, all 5 patients had been in DFS for a range of 23 to 28 months. The inhibition rate of homoharringtonine, cladribine, and aclarubicin in combination on HL60 and THP1 cells was significantly greater than that of a single drug or a combination of two drugs. We found that inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis were able to inhibit HCA-mediated cell death but not ferroptosis or autophagy inhibitors. Compared with the control group, the number of apoptotic cells in the HCA group was significantly increased and could be reduced by an apoptosis inhibitor. Western blot results showed that PARP, caspase-3, and caspase-8 proteins were activated and cleaved in the HCA group, the expression of Bax was upregulated and that of Bcl-2 was downregulated. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins could be reversed by apoptosis inhibition. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of the necroptosis-related proteins RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL were downregulated in the HCA group but were not phosphorylated. The necroptosis inhibitor increased the expression of RIP1 but caused no significant changes in RIP3 and MLKL, and none were phosphorylated. Conclusions HCA, as a new regimen of conventional drugs, was a safe and efficacious reinduction salvage strategy in children with refractory AML before HSCT. HCA exhibits the synergistic growth inhibition of AML cells and induces cell death mainly through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia in children and adolescents: current treatment options and future strategies. Leukemia 2022; 36:1951-1960. [PMID: 35668109 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops from clonal expansion of hematopoietic precursor cells and is characterized by morphologic and cytomolecular heterogeneity. Although the past 40 years have seen significant improvements in overall survival, the prevailing treatment challenges in pediatric AML are the prevention of relapse and the management of relapsed disease. Approximately 25% of children and adolescents with AML suffer disease relapse and face a poor prognosis. Our greater understanding of the genomic, epigenomic, metabolomic, and immunologic pathophysiology of relapsed AML allows for better therapeutic strategies that are being developed for pediatric clinical trials. The development of biologically rational agents is critical as conventional chemotherapeutic salvage regimens are not effective for all patients and pose risk of organ toxicity in heavily pretreated patients. Another major barrier to improvement in outcomes for relapsed pediatric AML is the historic lack of availability and participation in clinical trials. There are ongoing efforts to launch multinational clinical trials of emerging therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize currently available and newly developed therapies for relapsed pediatric AML.
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Huang J, Yang XY, Rong LC, Xue Y, Zhu J, Fang YJ. CLAG-M chemotherapy followed by umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for primary refractory acute myeloid leukaemia in a child: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:5603-5610. [PMID: 33344550 PMCID: PMC7716300 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i22.5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of paediatric primary refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia (R/R AML) remains poor. Intensive therapy is typically used as salvage treatment for those with R/R AML. No data are currently available about the use of the CLAG-M protocol as salvage therapy in paediatric patients with R/R AML.
CASE SUMMARY An 8-year-old patient was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia by bone marrow morphology and immunophenotype. The patient showed poor response to two cycles of induction therapy with 60% blast cells in the bone marrow after the second induction cycle. The patient achieved complete remission after being treated with the CLAG-M protocol as salvage therapy before undergoing umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation. Morphological complete remission with haematological recovery has hitherto been maintained over 4 mo. Abnormal gene mutations detected at diagnosis were undetectable after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
CONCLUSION Here we present a paediatric patient with primary refractory acute myeloid leukaemia who was successfully treated with the CLAG-M protocol. Given the positive results of the presented patient, large-scale clinical studies are required to assess the role of the CLAG-M protocol in the salvage treatment of refractory or relapsed AML in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Yang
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liu-Cheng Rong
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao Xue
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong-Jun Fang
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
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Effect of Cladribine on Neuronal Apoptosis: New Insight of In Vitro Study in Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080548. [PMID: 32823496 PMCID: PMC7464206 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cladribine (2-CdA) can cross the blood–brain barrier, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair and disruption of cellular proliferation in actively dividing lymphocytes. No data on effect on neurons are available. Aim: To study “in vitro” 2-CdA apoptotic effects on neurons in healthy donor and multiple sclerosis patient lymphocytes. Methods: Neuroblastoma cells were co-cultured with lymphocytes, with and without 2-CdA. Results: Apoptosis increased in lymphocytes with 2-CdA; increase was also observed when lymphocytes were cultured with neuronal cells. However, neurons were not affected by 2-CdA for apoptosis. Conclusions: 2-CdA causes peripheral and central lymphocyte death preserving neurons, with a reasonable impact on inflammation and neuroprotection.
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Kim H. Treatments for children and adolescents with AML. Blood Res 2020; 55:S5-S13. [PMID: 32719170 PMCID: PMC7386885 DOI: 10.5045/br.2020.s002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, survival rates for childhood acute myeloid leukemia have remarkably improved, owing to chemotherapy intensification, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and improved supportive care. Furthermore, treatment protocols have evolved and are currently better matched to prognostic factors and treatment responses. Recently, new molecular prognostic factors were discovered via leukemia genomic studies. Moreover, new tumor subtypes with independent gene expression profiles have been characterized. To broaden the therapeutic options for patients with poor prognoses, therapies that target specific candidate mutations are being identified. Additionally, new drugs are undergoing clinical trials, and immunotherapy is attracting significant interest as a treatment option for recurrent or refractory childhood acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyery Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Re-induction with modified CLAG regimen in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia in children bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:152-158. [PMID: 31748985 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR-AML) in children is poor, and the preferred salvage chemotherapy is unclear. One regimen is cladribine, cytarabine, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (CLAG), but little is known about its efficacy and safety in children with RR-AML. METHODS We enrolled RR-AML patients aged 0-18 years who received modified CLAG regimen for re-induction between July 1, 2015 and April 1, 2018, or conventional induction between August 1, 2011 and April 1, 2018. Patients were followed up to March 31, 2019. Patients underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) or chemotherapy after the induction of complete remission (CR). The CR rate, survival, and side effects were analyzed. RESULTS The CR rate for induction was 66.7% after one cycle and 75.0% after two cycles of the CLAG regimen in 12 children. The nine children who received conventional chemotherapy had a CR rate of 22.2% after one cycle and 33.3% after two cycles (P = 0.087 vs. CLAG). The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) of the CLAG group and the conventional treatment group were 44.4 ± 15.7% and 22.2 ± 13.8% (P = 0.112). The 3-year overall survival of the two groups were 59.5 ± 16.2% and 22.2% ± 13.8% (P = 0.057). The 3-year EFS for allo-SCT and chemotherapy after CLAG regimen was 66.7 ± 19.2% and 25.0 ± 21.7% (P = 0.015). A single case of chemotherapy-related death was recorded. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a promising CR rate using CLAG salvage treatment in childhood RR-AML. Allo-SCT after CR may improve the long-term outcome in these patients.
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Melamed E, Lee MW. Multiple Sclerosis and Cancer: The Ying-Yang Effect of Disease Modifying Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2954. [PMID: 31998289 PMCID: PMC6965059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the field of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been transformed by the rapidly expanding arsenal of new disease modifying therapies (DMTs). Current DMTs for MS aim to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses toward a less inflammatory phenotype. Since the immune system is also critical for identifying and eliminating malignant cells, immunosuppression from DMTs may predictably increase the risk of cancer development in MS patients. Compared with healthy controls, patients with autoimmune conditions, such as MS, may already have a higher risk of developing certain malignancies and this risk may further be magnified by DMT treatments. For those patients who develop both MS and cancer, these comorbid presentations create a challenge for clinicians on how to therapeutically address management of cancer in the context of MS autoimmunity. As there are currently no accepted guidelines for managing MS patients with prior history of or newly developed malignancy, we undertook this review to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of current DMTs and their potential for instigating and treating cancer in patients living with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michael William Lee
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
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Mitchell AB, Vasilyeva A, Gajjar A, Santana VM, Stewart CF. Determining success rates of the current pharmacokinetically guided dosing approach of topotecan in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27578. [PMID: 30548417 PMCID: PMC6386591 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topotecan is a chemotherapeutic agent that is active against many pediatric tumors. Although its effect is related to systemic exposure, the interpatient variability in systemic clearance makes it challenging to achieve desired topotecan targets. This study aims to evaluate the success of the pharmacokinetically (PK) guided dosing process, which was used to achieve a target topotecan area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). METHODS Patients received an empiric topotecan dosage on the first day; the topotecan lactone AUC was determined, and based upon these values the topotecan dosage was adjusted. The success rates of both the empiric and PK-guided strategies were calculated. Patient-specific covariates were collected to explain variability observed in the empiric and PK-guided results. A simulation study was performed to assess the differences in cumulative topotecan dosage and systemic exposure between a PK-guided and standard dosing approach. RESULTS Data were collected from nine clinical trials open from 1996 to 2016 (n = 232 patients). The empiric dosing success rate was 35.5%, while the PK-guided rate was 64.4%. A difference in mean serum creatinine was observed between successful empiric studies and those above the AUC target. Compared to a standard dosing approach, the PK-guided group had a higher average cumulative dosage and systemic exposure. CONCLUSION The low empiric dosing success rate indicates that additional studies are needed to refine the initial topotecan dosage. The role of renal function, measured as serum creatinine, remains to be elucidated. However, the PK-guided targeting success rate highlighted the need to account for variable topotecan systemic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Birg Mitchell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aksana Vasilyeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Victor M. Santana
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Clinton F. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Wang B, Lyu H, Pei S, Song D, Ni J, Liu B. Cladribine in combination with entinostat synergistically elicits anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on multiple myeloma cells. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:985-996. [PMID: 29969371 PMCID: PMC6197031 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (2CdA), a synthetic purine analog interfering with DNA synthesis, is a medication used to treat hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Entinostat, a selective class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, shows antitumor activity in various human cancers, including hematological malignancies. The therapeutic potential of cladribine and entinostat against multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. Here we investigate the combinatorial effects of cladribine and entinostat within the range of their clinical achievable concentrations on MM cells. While either agent alone inhibited MM cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, their combinations synergistically induced anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on all MM cell lines (RPMI8226, U266, and MM1.R) tested. Further studies showed that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat as compared to either agent alone more potently induced mitotic catastrophe in the MM cells, and resulted in a marked increase of the cells at G1 phase associated with decrease of Cyclin D1 and E2F-1 expression and upregulation of p21waf-1. Apoptotic ELISA and western blot analyses revealed that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat exerted a much more profound activity to induce apoptosis and DNA damage response, evidenced by enhanced phosphorylation of histone H2A.X and the DNA repair enzymes Chk1 and Chk2. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat exhibit potent activity to induce anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on MM cells via induction of cell cycle G1 arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage response. Regimens consisting of cladribine and/or entinostat may offer a new treatment option for patients with MM. ABBREVIATIONS MM, multiple myeloma; HCL, hairy cell leukemia; HDAC, histone deacetylase; Ab, antibody; mAb, monoclonal Ab; FBS, fetal bovine serum; CI, combination index; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,inner salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hui Lyu
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deye Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolin Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Xu Z, Shao J, Li L, Peng X, Chen M, Li G, Yan H, Yang B, Luo P, He Q. All-trans retinoic acid synergizes with topotecan to suppress AML cells via promoting RARα-mediated DNA damage. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 26728137 PMCID: PMC4700651 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy is the only therapy option for the majority of AML patients, however, there are several limitations for this treatment. Our aim was to find a new chemotherapy strategy that is more effective and less toxic. Methods MTT assays and a xenograft mouse model were employed to evaluate the synergistic activity of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with topotecan (TPT). Drug-induced DNA damage and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry analysis with PI and DAPI staining, the comet assay and Western blots. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and a RARα plasmid were used to determine whether RARα expression influenced DNA damage and apoptosis. Results We found that ATRA exhibited synergistic activity in combination with Topotecan in AML cells, and the enhanced apoptosis induced by Topotecan plus ATRA resulted from caspase pathway activation. Mechanistically, ATRA dramatically down regulated RARα protein levels and led to more DNA damage and ultimately resulted in the synergism of these two agents. In addition, the increased antitumor efficacy of Topotecan combined with ATRA was further validated in the HL60 xenograft mouse model. Conclusions Our data demonstrated, for the first time, that the combination of TPT and ATRA showed potential benefits in AML, providing a novel insight into clinical treatment strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-2010-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - JinJin Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueming Peng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Ju HY, Hong CR, Shin HY. Advancements in the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia and brain tumor - continuous efforts for 100% cure. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 57:434-9. [PMID: 25379043 PMCID: PMC4219945 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.10.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment outcomes of pediatric cancers have improved greatly with the development of improved treatment protocols, new drugs, and better supportive measures, resulting in overall survival rates greater than 70%. Survival rates are highest in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, reaching more than 90%, owing to risk-based treatment through multicenter clinical trials and protocols developed to prevent central nervous system relapse and testicular relapse in boys. New drugs including clofarabine and nelarabine are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, and other targeted agents are continuously being developed. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells are now attracting interest for the treatment of recurrent or refractory disease. Stem cell transplantation is still the most effective treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, in order to reduce treatment-related death after stem cell transplantation, there is need for improved treatments. New drugs and targeted agents are also needed for improved outcome of AML. Surgery and radiation therapy have been the mainstay for brain tumor treatment. However, chemotherapy is becoming more important for patients who are not eligible for radiotherapy owing to age. Stem cell transplant as a means of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue is a new treatment modality and is often repeated for improved survival. Drugs such as temozolomide are new chemotherapeutic options. In order to achieve 100% cure in children with pediatric cancer, every possible treatment modality and effort should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Che Ry Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Saletta F, Wadham C, Ziegler DS, Marshall GM, Haber M, McCowage G, Norris MD, Byrne JA. Molecular profiling of childhood cancer: Biomarkers and novel therapies. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 1:59-77. [PMID: 26675306 PMCID: PMC4633945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances including high-throughput sequencing have identified numerous tumor-specific genetic changes in pediatric and adolescent cancers that can be exploited as targets for novel therapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the application of target-specific therapies for childhood cancers, either as single agents or in combination with other therapies. The review summarizes preclinical evidence on which clinical trials are based, early phase clinical trial results, and the incorporation of predictive biomarkers into clinical practice, according to cancer type. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is growing evidence that molecularly targeted therapies can valuably add to the arsenal available for treating childhood cancers, particularly when used in combination with other therapies. Nonetheless the introduction of molecularly targeted agents into practice remains challenging, due to the use of unselected populations in some clinical trials, inadequate methods to evaluate efficacy, and the need for improved preclinical models to both evaluate dosing and safety of combination therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of molecular causes of cancer favors the continued development of molecularly targeted agents, and their transfer to pediatric and adolescent populations.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARMS, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
- AT/RT, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
- AURKA, aurora kinase A
- AURKB, aurora kinase B
- BET, bromodomain and extra terminal
- Biomarkers
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- Childhood cancer
- DFMO, difluoromethylornithine
- DIPG, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERMS, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylases
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor
- IGF/IGFR, insulin-like growth factor/receptor
- Molecular diagnostics
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ODC1, ornithine decarboxylase 1
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PDGFRA/B, platelet derived growth factor alpha/beta
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase
- PLK1, polo-like kinase 1
- Ph +, Philadelphia chromosome-positive
- RMS, rhabdomyosarcoma
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SMO, smoothened
- SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase
- TOP1/TOP2, DNA topoisomerase 1/2
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Targeted therapy
- VEGF/VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D. Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Byrne
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
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Daunorubicin, cytarabine, and cladribine regimen plus radiotherapy and donor lymphocyte infusion for extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Case Rep Hematol 2013; 2013:258028. [PMID: 24066245 PMCID: PMC3771481 DOI: 10.1155/2013/258028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid sarcoma is a rare tumor consisting of myeloid blasts that involve anatomic sites outside the bone marrow. Fatal prognosis is inevitable in patients with extramedullary relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and no standard treatments are available yet. We report the first case of extramedullary relapse after HSCT treated with a combination of daunorubicin, cytarabine, and cladribine (DAC) regimen plus radiotherapy and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). This treatment induced a new and durable remission in our patient. The favorable toxicity profile and the reduced cost make this combination worthy of further investigations.
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