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Saman S, Srivastava N, Yasir M, Chauhan I. A Comprehensive Review on Current Treatments and Challenges Involved in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:142-166. [PMID: 37642226 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230811093139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common gynaecological malignancy. It typically affects females over the age of 50, and since 75% of cases are only discovered at stage III or IV, this is a sign of a poor diagnosis. Despite intraperitoneal chemotherapy's chemosensitivity, most patients relapse and face death. Early detection is difficult, but treatment is also difficult due to the route of administration, resistance to therapy with recurrence, and the need for precise cancer targeting to minimize cytotoxicity and adverse effects. On the other hand, undergoing debulking surgery becomes challenging, and therapy with many chemotherapeutic medications has manifested resistance, a condition known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Although there are other therapeutic options for ovarian cancer, this article solely focuses on co-delivery techniques, which work via diverse pathways to overcome cancer cell resistance. Different pathways contribute to MDR development in ovarian cancer; however, usually, pump and non-pump mechanisms are involved. Striking cancerous cells from several angles is important to defeat MDR. Nanocarriers are known to bypass the drug efflux pump found on cellular membranes to hit the pump mechanism. Nanocarriers aid in the treatment of ovarian cancer by enhancing the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumour sites through passive or active targeting, thereby reducing unfavorable side effects on the healthy tissues. Additionally, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) mechanism boosts the bioavailability of the tumour site. To address the shortcomings of conventional delivery, the current review attempts to explain the current conventional treatment with special reference to passively and actively targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) towards specific receptors developed to treat ovarian cancer. In conclusion, tailored nanocarriers would optimize medication delivery into the intracellular compartment before optimizing intra-tumour distribution. Other novel treatment possibilities for ovarian cancer include tumour vaccines, gene therapy, targeting epigenetic alteration, and biologically targeted compounds. These characteristics might enhance the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saika Saman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Nimisha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Mohd Yasir
- Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics), College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Iti Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, I.T.S College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
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Royle KL, Meads D, Visser-Rogers JK, White IR, Cairns DA. How is overall survival assessed in randomised clinical trials in cancer and are subsequent treatment lines considered? A systematic review. Trials 2023; 24:708. [PMID: 37926806 PMCID: PMC10626781 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall survival is the "gold standard" endpoint in cancer clinical trials. It plays a key role in determining the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of a new intervention and whether it is recommended for use in standard of care. The assessment of overall survival usually requires trial participants to be followed up for a long period of time. In this time, they may stop receiving the trial intervention and receive subsequent anti-cancer treatments, which also aim to extend survival, during trial follow-up. This can potentially change the interpretation of overall survival in the context of the clinical trial. This review aimed to determine how overall survival has been assessed in cancer clinical trials and whether subsequent anti-cancer treatments are considered. METHODS Two searches were conducted using MEDLINE within OVID© on the 9th of November 2021. The first sought to identify papers publishing overall survival results from randomised controlled trials in eight reputable journals and the second to identify papers mentioning or considering subsequent treatments. Papers published since 2010 were included if presenting or discussing overall survival in the context of treating cancer. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-four papers were included. The majority of these were presenting clinical trial results (98, 73%). Of these, 45 (46%) reported overall survival as a (co-) primary endpoint. A lower proportion of papers including overall survival as a (co-) primary endpoint compared to a secondary endpoint were published in recent years. The primary analysis of overall survival varied across the papers. Fifty-nine (60%) mentioned subsequent treatments. Seven papers performed additional analysis, primarily when patients in the control arm received the experimental treatment during trial follow-up (treatment switching). DISCUSSION Overall survival has steadily moved from being the primary to a secondary endpoint. However, it is still of interest with papers presenting overall survival results with the caveat of subsequent treatments, but little or no investigation into their effect. This review shows that there is a methodological gap for what researchers should do when trial participants receive anti-cancer treatment during trial follow-up. Future research will identify the stakeholder opinions, on how this methodological gap should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara-Louise Royle
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - David Meads
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - David A Cairns
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ramesh S, Almeida SD, Hammigi S, Radhakrishna GK, Sireesha G, Panneerselvam T, Vellingiri S, Kunjiappan S, Ammunje DN, Pavadai P. A Review of PARP-1 Inhibitors: Assessing Emerging Prospects and Tailoring Therapeutic Strategies. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023; 73:491-505. [PMID: 37890514 DOI: 10.1055/a-2181-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms contain an enzyme family called poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which is responsible for the poly (ADP-ribosylation) of DNA-binding proteins. PARPs are members of the cell signaling enzyme class. PARP-1, the most common isoform of the PARP family, is responsible for more than 90% of the tasks carried out by the PARP family as a whole. A superfamily consisting of 18 PARPs has been found. In order to synthesize polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) and nicotinamide, the DNA damage nick monitor PARP-1 requires NAD+ as a substrate. The capability of PARP-1 activation to boost the transcription of proinflammatory genes, its ability to deplete cellular energy pools, which leads to cell malfunction and necrosis, and its involvement as a component in the process of DNA repair are the three consequences of PARP-1 activation that are of particular significance in the process of developing new drugs. As a result, the pharmacological reduction of PARP-1 may result in an increase in the cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarya Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shannon D Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sameerana Hammigi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Govardan Katta Radhakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Golla Sireesha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Theivendren Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shangavi Vellingiri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
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Zhang C, Sheng Y, Sun X, Wang Y. New insights for gynecological cancer therapies: from molecular mechanisms and clinical evidence to future directions. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:891-925. [PMID: 37368179 PMCID: PMC10584725 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced and recurrent gynecological cancers lack effective treatment and have poor prognosis. Besides, there is urgent need for conservative treatment for fertility protection of young patients. Therefore, continued efforts are needed to further define underlying therapeutic targets and explore novel targeted strategies. Considerable advancements have been made with new insights into molecular mechanisms on cancer progression and breakthroughs in novel treatment strategies. Herein, we review the research that holds unique novelty and potential translational power to alter the current landscape of gynecological cancers and improve effective treatments. We outline the advent of promising therapies with their targeted biomolecules, including hormone receptor-targeted agents, inhibitors targeting epigenetic regulators, antiangiogenic agents, inhibitors of abnormal signaling pathways, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, agents targeting immune-suppressive regulators, and repurposed existing drugs. We particularly highlight clinical evidence and trace the ongoing clinical trials to investigate the translational value. Taken together, we conduct a thorough review on emerging agents for gynecological cancer treatment and further discuss their potential challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Sheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
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Agapow P, Mulla R, Markuzon N, Ottesen LH, Meulendijks D. Systematic review of time to subsequent therapy as a candidate surrogate endpoint in advanced solid tumors. Future Oncol 2023; 19:1627-1639. [PMID: 37589145 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Time to subsequent therapy (TST) is an end point that may complement progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in determining the treatment effect of anticancer drugs and may be a potential surrogate for PFS and OS. We systematically reviewed the correlation between TST and both PFS and OS in published phase 2/3 studies in advanced solid tumors. Materials & methods: Trial-level correlational analyses were performed for TST versus PFS (by investigator and/or central review) and TST versus OS. Results: Of 21 included studies, nine (43%) used 'time to first subsequent therapy or death' (TFST) as the TST end point; 11 (57%) used different definitions ('other TST end points'). There was a strong correlation between TFST and PFS by investigator (medians: R2 = 0.88; hazard ratio [HR]: R2 = 0.91) and TFST versus PFS by central review (medians: R2 = 0.86; HRs: R2 = 0.84). For TFST versus OS there was medium/poor correlation for medians (R2 = 0.64) and HRs (R2 = 0.02). Conclusion: TFST strongly correlates with PFS, but not with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Agapow
- Oncology R&D ML & AI, AstraZeneca, City House, 130 Hills Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1RE, UK
| | - Rob Mulla
- Oncology R&D ML & AI, AstraZeneca, City House, 130 Hills Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1RE, UK
| | - Natasha Markuzon
- Oncology Data Science, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Lone H Ottesen
- Late Development Oncology, AstraZeneca, City House, 130 Hills Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1RE, UK
| | - Didier Meulendijks
- Late Development Oncology, AstraZeneca, City House, 130 Hills Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1RE, UK
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Oh BC, Cho AR, Nam JH, Yang SY, Kim MJ, Kwon SH, Lee EK. Survival differences between patients with de novo and relapsed/progressed advanced non-small cell lung cancer without epidermal growth factor receptor mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:482. [PMID: 37248452 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine whether patients with de novo and relapsed/progressed stage IIIB-IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations have different prognoses. METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims data in South Korea from 2013 to 2020. Patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC without EGFR or ALK mutations who received first-line palliative therapy between 2015 and 2019 were identified. Overall survival (OS), time to first subsequent therapy (TFST), and time to second subsequent therapy (TSST) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to reveal the impact of de novo versus relapsed/progressed disease on OS. Treatment patterns, including treatment sequence, top five most frequent regimens, and time to treatment discontinuation, were described in both groups. RESULTS Of 14,505 patients, 12,811 (88.3%) were de novo, and 1,694 (11.7%) were relapsed/progressed. The median OS in the de novo group was 11.0 versus 11.5 months in the relapsed/progressed group (P = 0.002). The ongoing treatment probability was higher in relapsed/progressed patients than in de novo patients from 6.4 months since the initiation of first-line treatment (P < 0.001). Median TSST was shorter in the de novo group than in the relapsed/progressed group (9.5 vs. 9.9 months, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, de novo disease was associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio 1.07; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.14). The overall treatment patterns for de novo and relapsed/progressed patients were similar. CONCLUSIONS De novo patients had poorer OS and TSST after the initiation of palliative therapy than relapsed/progressed patients. These findings suggest that the stage of the disease at the time of initial diagnosis should be considered in observational studies and clinical trials as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Chan Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi- do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ryeo Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi- do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Nam
- Division of Big Data Science, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Ji Kim
- Amgen Korea Limited, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi- do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi- do, Republic of Korea.
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Purwar R, Ranjan R, Pal M, Upadhyay SK, Kumar T, Pandey M. Role of PARP inhibitors beyond BRCA mutation and platinum sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of hazard ratios from randomized clinical trials. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:157. [PMID: 37217940 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have a well-established role in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (PSOC), in BRCA mutant (BRCAm), and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) population. However, their role in wild type and homologous recombination proficient population is still not clear. METHODS A meta-analysis of hazard ratios (HR) of randomized control trials (RCTs) was conducted to study the role of PARPi. The published RCTs comparing the efficacy of PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or target therapies versus placebo/chemotherapy alone/target therapy alone in primary or recurrent ovarian cancer settings were selected. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were the primary endpoints. RESULTS A total of 14 primary studies and 5 updated studies are considered, consisting of 5363 patients. Overall, HR for PFS was 0.50 [95% CI 0.40-0.62]. HR of PFS was 0.94 [95% CI 0.76-1.15] in the PROC group, 0.41 [95% CI 0.29-0.60] was in HRD with BRCA unknown (BRCAuk), 0.38 [95% CI 0.26-0.57] in HRD with BRCAm, and 0.52 [95% CI 0.38-0.71] in HRD with BRCAwt. In the HRP group, overall HR for PFS was 0.67 [95% CI 0.56-0.80], 0.61 [95% CI 0.38-0.99] in HRD unknown with BRCA wt, and 0.40 [95% CI 0.29-0.55] in BRCAm HR for PFS. Overall, HR for OS was 0.86 [95% CI 0.73-1.031]. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that PARPi have a meaningful clinical benefit in PSOC, HRD, BRACm, and also in HRP and PROC; however, the evidence is not sufficient to recommend their routine use and further studies are needed to expand their role in the HRP and PROC groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roli Purwar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- Department of Science and Technology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Manjusha Pal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Tarun Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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DiSilvestro P, Banerjee S, Colombo N, Scambia G, Kim BG, Oaknin A, Friedlander M, Lisyanskaya A, Floquet A, Leary A, Sonke GS, Gourley C, Oza A, González-Martín A, Aghajanian C, Bradley W, Mathews C, Liu J, McNamara J, Lowe ES, Ah-See ML, Moore KN. Overall Survival With Maintenance Olaparib at a 7-Year Follow-Up in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced Ovarian Cancer and a BRCA Mutation: The SOLO1/GOG 3004 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:609-617. [PMID: 36082969 PMCID: PMC9870219 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In SOLO1/GOG 3004 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01844986), maintenance therapy with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib provided a sustained progression-free survival benefit in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer and a BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 (BRCA) mutation. We report overall survival (OS) after a 7-year follow-up, a clinically relevant time point and the longest follow-up for any poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in the first-line setting. METHODS This double-blind phase III trial randomly assigned patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer and a BRCA mutation in clinical response to platinum-based chemotherapy to maintenance olaparib (n = 260) or placebo (n = 131) for up to 2 years. A prespecified descriptive analysis of OS, a secondary end point, was conducted after a 7-year follow-up. RESULTS The median duration of treatment was 24.6 months with olaparib and 13.9 months with placebo, and the median follow-up was 88.9 and 87.4 months, respectively. The hazard ratio for OS was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.76; P = .0004 [P < .0001 required to declare statistical significance]). At 7 years, 67.0% of olaparib patients versus 46.5% of placebo patients were alive, and 45.3% versus 20.6%, respectively, were alive and had not received a first subsequent treatment (Kaplan-Meier estimates). The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia remained low, and new primary malignancies remained balanced between treatment groups. CONCLUSION Results indicate a clinically meaningful, albeit not statistically significant according to prespecified criteria, improvement in OS with maintenance olaparib in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer and a BRCA mutation and support the use of maintenance olaparib to achieve long-term remission in this setting; the potential for cure may also be enhanced. No new safety signals were observed during long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul DiSilvestro
- Program in Women's Oncology, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
- Paul DiSilvestro, MD, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley St, Providence, RI 02905; e-mail:
| | - Susana Banerjee
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- University of Milan-Bicocca and Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Byoung-Gie Kim
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Gynaecologic Cancer Programme, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Friedlander
- University of New South Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Anne Floquet
- Institut Bergonié, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bordeaux, France
- Groupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Groupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens, Paris, France
- Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gabe S. Sonke
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Center, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Oza
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio González-Martín
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Program In Solid Tumours, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - William Bradley
- Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Cara Mathews
- Program in Women's Oncology, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Joyce Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - John McNamara
- Biostatistics, Oncology Biometrics, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S. Lowe
- Global Medicines Development, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Mei-Lin Ah-See
- Oncology R&D, Late-stage Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kindler HL, Hammel P, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, Bordia S, McGuinness D, Cui K, Locker GY, Golan T. Overall Survival Results From the POLO Trial: A Phase III Study of Active Maintenance Olaparib Versus Placebo for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:3929-3939. [PMID: 35834777 PMCID: PMC10476841 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The phase III POLO study demonstrated significant progression-free survival (PFS) benefit for active olaparib maintenance therapy versus placebo for patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a germline BRCA mutation. Here, we report the final analysis of overall survival (OS) and other secondary end points. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with a deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA mutation whose disease had not progressed after ≥ 16 weeks of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy were randomly assigned 3:2 to active maintenance olaparib (300 mg twice daily) or placebo. The primary end point was PFS; secondary end points included OS, time to second disease progression or death, time to first and second subsequent cancer therapies or death, time to discontinuation of study treatment or death, and safety and tolerability. RESULTS In total, 154 patients were randomly assigned (olaparib, n = 92; placebo, n = 62). No statistically significant OS benefit was observed (median 19.0 v 19.2 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.22; P = .3487). Kaplan-Meier OS curves separated at approximately 24 months, and the estimated 3-year survival after random assignment was 33.9% versus 17.8%, respectively. Median time to first subsequent cancer therapy or death (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.66; P < .0001), time to second subsequent cancer therapy or death (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.89; P = .0111), and time to discontinuation of study treatment or death (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.63; P < .0001) significantly favored olaparib. The HR for second disease progression or death favored olaparib without reaching statistical significance (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.02; P = .0613). Olaparib was well tolerated with no new safety signals. CONCLUSION Although no statistically significant OS benefit was observed, the HR numerically favored olaparib, which also conferred clinically meaningful benefits including increased time off chemotherapy and long-term survival in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Hammel
- Paul Brousse Hospital (AP-HP), University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Michele Reni
- IRCCS Ospedale, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita e Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joon Oh Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Dirk Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Hana Algül
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich TUM, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Talia Golan
- The Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center at Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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González-Martín A, Desauw C, Heitz F, Cropet C, Gargiulo P, Berger R, Ochi H, Vergote I, Colombo N, Mirza MR, Tazi Y, Canzler U, Zamagni C, Guerra-Alia EM, Levaché CB, Marmé F, Bazan F, de Gregorio N, Dohollou N, Fasching PA, Scambia G, Rubio-Pérez MJ, Milenkova T, Costan C, Pautier P, Ray-Coquard I. Maintenance olaparib plus bevacizumab in patients with newly diagnosed advanced high-grade ovarian cancer: Main analysis of second progression-free survival in the phase III PAOLA-1/ENGOT-ov25 trial. Eur J Cancer 2022; 174:221-231. [PMID: 36067615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PAOLA-1/ENGOT-ov25 (NCT02477644) demonstrated a significant progression-free survival (PFS) benefit with maintenance olaparib plus bevacizumab versus placebo plus bevacizumab in newly diagnosed, advanced ovarian cancer. We report the prespecified main second progression-free survival (PFS2) analysis for PAOLA-1. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, phase III trial was conducted in 11 countries. Eligible patients had newly diagnosed, advanced, high-grade ovarian cancer and were in response after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. Patients were randomised 2:1 to olaparib (300 mg twice daily) or placebo for up to 24 months; all patients received bevacizumab (15 mg/kg every 3 weeks) for up to 15 months. Primary PFS end-point was reported previously. Time from randomisation to second disease progression or death was a key secondary end-point included in the hierarchical-testing procedure. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 35.5 months and 36.5 months, respectively, median PFS2 was 36.5 months (olaparib plus bevacizumab) and 32.6 months (placebo plus bevacizumab), hazard ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.95; P = 0.0125. Median time to second subsequent therapy or death was 38.2 months (olaparib plus bevacizumab) and 31.5 months (placebo plus bevacizumab), hazard ratio 0.78; 95% CI 0.64-0.95; P = 0.0115. Seventy-two (27%) patients in the placebo plus bevacizumab group received a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor as first subsequent therapy. No new safety signals were observed for olaparib plus bevacizumab. CONCLUSION In newly diagnosed, advanced ovarian cancer, maintenance olaparib plus bevacizumab provided continued benefit beyond first progression, with a significant PFS2 improvement and a time to second subsequent therapy or death delay versus placebo plus bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Martín
- Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario (GEICO), Spain and MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christophe Desauw
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, and Groupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens (GINECO), France
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Ev. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen; European Competence Center of Ovarian Cancer, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité- Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO), Germany
| | | | - Piera Gargiulo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, and Multicenter Italian Trials in Ovarian Cancer and Gynecologic Malignancies (MITO), Italy
| | - Regina Berger
- Department for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, and AGO-Austria, Austria
| | - Hiroyuki Ochi
- University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, and Gynecologic Oncology Trial and Investigation Consortium (GOTIC), Japan
| | - Ignace Vergote
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, and Belgian and Luxembourg Gynaecological Oncology Group (BGOG), Belgium
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- University of Milan-Bicocca and IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, and Mario Negri Gynecologic Oncology Group (MANGO), Italy
| | - Mansoor R Mirza
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, and Nordic Society of Gynecologic Oncology (NSGO), Denmark
| | - Youssef Tazi
- Strasbourg Oncologie Libérale, Strasbourg, and GINECO, France
| | - Ulrich Canzler
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, and AGO, Germany
| | - Claudio Zamagni
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, and MITO, Italy
| | - Eva M Guerra-Alia
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, and Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario (GEICO), Spain
| | | | - Frederik Marmé
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, and AGO, Germany
| | - Fernando Bazan
- Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, and GINECO, France
| | | | - Nadine Dohollou
- Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, Bordeaux, and GINECO, France
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, and AGO, Germany
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica, Rome, and MITO, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Ray-Coquard
- Centre Léon BERARD and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, and GINECO, France
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11
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Li N, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhu J, Wang L, Wu X, Yao D, Wu Q, Liu J, Tang J, Yin R, Lou G, An R, Zhang G, Xia X, Li Q, Zhu Y, Zheng H, Yang X, Hu Y, Zhang X, Hao M, Huang Y, Lin Z, Wang D, Guo X, Yao S, Wan X, Zhou H, Yao L, Yang X, Cui H, Meng Y, Zhang S, Qu J, Zhang B, Zou J, Wu L. Fuzuloparib Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Platinum-Sensitive, Recurrent Ovarian Carcinoma (FZOCUS-2): A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2436-2446. [PMID: 35404684 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase III trial aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of fuzuloparib (formerly fluzoparib) versus placebo as a maintenance treatment after response to second- or later-line platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with high-grade, platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer previously treated with at least two platinum-based regimens were assigned (2:1) to receive fuzuloparib (150 mg, twice daily) or matching placebo for 28-day cycles. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by blinded independent review committee (BIRC) in the overall population and PFS by BIRC in the subpopulation with germline BRCA 1/2 mutation. RESULTS Between April 30, 2019, and January 10, 2020, 252 patients were randomly assigned to the fuzuloparib (n = 167) or placebo (n = 85). As of July 1, 2020, the median PFS per BIRC assessment in the overall population was significantly improved with fuzuloparib treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.36; one-sided P < .0001) compared with that with placebo. The HR derived from a prespecified subgroup analysis showed a consistent trend of benefit in patients with germline BRCA 1/2 mutations (HR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.28) or in those without mutations (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.74). The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events reported in the fuzuloparib group were anemia (25.1%), decreased platelet count (16.8%), and decreased neutrophil count (12.6%). Only one patient (0.6%) discontinued fuzuloparib because of treatment-related toxicity (concurrent decreased white blood cell count and neutrophil count). CONCLUSION Fuzuloparib as maintenance therapy achieved a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS for patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer versus placebo, regardless of germline BRCA 1/2 mutation, and showed a manageable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jing Wang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Cancer Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Desheng Yao
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junying Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rutie Yin
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China/Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ge Lou
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ruifang An
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Qingshui Li
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yuanjing Hu
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Hao
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wan
- Woman's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangqing Yao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Heng Cui
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Songling Zhang
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zou
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Murphy AD, Morgan RD, Clamp AR, Jayson GC. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:851-864. [PMID: 34716396 PMCID: PMC8927157 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers (EOC) are a leading cause of gynaecological cancer-associated mortality and angiogenesis plays a key role in their growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGFi) disrupt angiogenesis and improve the response rate, progression-free survival and in some cases, overall survival, when administered with and following cytotoxic chemotherapy, irrespective of the platinum sensitivity of EOC. Recent data have identified new indications for VEGFi in EOC: repeated exposure to VEGFi in the first- and then second-line treatment has sustained clinical efficacy; combinations of VEGFi with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have proven effective as first-line or second-line maintenance regimens. However, recent trial data have not shown improved outcomes with combinations of VEGFi and immune checkpoint inhibitors. There remains a critical need to optimise patient selection for these effective yet somewhat toxic and expensive treatments. The search continues for validated biomarkers to optimise the use of VEGFi, of which the most promising at present is plasma Tie2. Based upon these studies, we propose a model of care incorporating VEGFi into the treatment of EOC, highlighting the need to change from the prescription of single courses of VEGFi, to allow use and re-use as clinically indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D Morgan
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew R Clamp
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Miller RS, Mokiou S, Taylor A, Sun P, Baria K. Real-world clinical outcomes of patients with BRCA-mutated, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer: a CancerLinQ® study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:83-94. [PMID: 35194731 PMCID: PMC8993712 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate real-world clinical outcomes in patients with BRCA-mutated (BRCAm), HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (mBC) according to BRCA and hormone receptor (HR) status. Methods Patients diagnosed with HER2-negative mBC between 01 January 2010 and 31 December 2018 were retrospectively identified from the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s CancerLinQ Discovery® database. Time to first subsequent therapy or death (TFST) from date of mBC diagnosis and start of first-line treatment for mBC and overall survival (OS) from date of mBC diagnosis were investigated according to BRCA status (BRCAm, BRCA wild type [BRCAwt] or unknown BRCA [BRCAu]) and HR status (positive/triple negative breast cancer [TNBC]). Follow-up continued until 31 August 2019 (i.e. minimum of 8 months). Results 3744 patients with HER2-negative mBC were identified (BRCAwt, n = 460; BRCAm, n = 83; BRCAu, n = 3201) (HR-positive, n = 2738). Median (Q1, Q3) age was 63.0 (54.0, 73.0) years. Median (95% confidence interval [CI]) TFST (months) from mBC diagnosis was as follows: HR-positive, 7.7 (5.0, 11.2), 8.3 (6.6, 10.2) and 9.4 (8.7, 10.1); TNBC, 5.4 (3.9, 12.4), 5.6 (4.7, 6.6) and 5.4 (5.0, 6.2) for BRCAm, BRCAwt and BRCAu, respectively. Median (95% CI) OS (months) was as follows: HR-positive, 41.1 (31.5, not calculable), 55.1 (43.5, 65.5) and 33.0 (31.3, 34.8); TNBC, 13.7 (11.1, not calculable), 14.4 (10.7, 17.0) and 11.7 (10.3, 12.8) for BRCAm, BRCAwt and BRCAu, respectively. Conclusion When stratified by HR status, TFST and OS were broadly similar for patients with HER2-negative mBC, irrespective of BRCA status. Further global real-world studies are needed to study outcomes of this patient population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-022-06541-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Miller
- CancerLinQ®, American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2318 Mill Road #800, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
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14
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Park J, Kim SI, Jeong SY, Kim Y, Bookman MA, Kim JW, Kim BG, Lee JY. Second-line olaparib maintenance therapy is associated with poor response to subsequent chemotherapy in BRCA1/2-mutated epithelial ovarian cancer: A multicentre retrospective study. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 165:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Woodford RG, Zhou DDX, Kok PS, Lord SJ, Friedlander M, Marschner IC, Simes RJ, Lee CK. The validity of progression-free survival 2 as a surrogate trial end point for overall survival. Cancer 2022; 128:1449-1457. [PMID: 34985773 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall survival (OS) is the gold-standard end point for oncology trials. However, the availability of multiple therapeutic options after progression and crossover to receive investigational agents confound and delay OS data maturation. Progression-free survival 2 (PFS-2), defined as the time from randomization to progression on first subsequent therapy, has been proposed as a surrogate for OS. Using a meta-analytic approach, the authors aimed to assess the association between OS and PFS-2 and compare this with progression-free survival 1 (PFS-1) and the objective response rate (ORR). METHODS An electronic literature search was performed to identify randomized trials of systemic therapies in advanced solid tumors that reported PFS-2 as a prespecified end point. Correlations between OS and PFS-2, OS and PFS-1, and OS and ORR as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) were assessed via linear regression weighted by trial size. RESULTS Thirty-eight trials were included, and they comprised 19,031 patients across 8 tumor types. PFS-2 displayed a moderate correlation with OS (r = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.69). Conversely, correlations of ORR (r = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.00-0.13) and PFS-1 (r = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.00-0.33) were poor. The findings for PFS-2 were consistent for subgroup analyses by treatment type (immunotherapy vs nonimmunotherapy: r = 0.67 vs 0.67), survival post progression (<12 vs ≥12 months: r = 0.86 vs 0.79), and percentage not receiving subsequent treatment (<50% vs ≥50%: r = 0.70 vs 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Across diverse tumors and therapies, the treatment effect on PFS-2 correlated moderately with the treatment effect on OS. PFS-2 performed consistently better than PFS-1 and ORR, regardless of postprogression treatment and postprogression survival. PFS-2 should be included as a key trial end point in future randomized trials of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Woodford
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St George Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah D-X Zhou
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peey-Sei Kok
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally J Lord
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Friedlander
- Nelune Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian C Marschner
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R John Simes
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chee Khoon Lee
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St George Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Amaro CP, Batra A, Lupichuk S. First-Line Treatment with a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor Plus an Aromatase Inhibitor for Metastatic Breast Cancer in Alberta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2270-2280. [PMID: 34207443 PMCID: PMC8293123 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this analysis, we describe population-based outcomes for first-line treatment with a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) combined with an aromatase inhibitor (AI). All patients who were prescribed CDK4/6i + AI from January 2016 through June 2019 were included. Patient demographics, tumour and treatment characteristics were collected and described. Survival distributions were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analysis (MVA) was constructed to examine associations between potentially prognostic clinical variables and progression-free survival (PFS). In total, 316 patients were included. The median age was 61 years. After a median follow-up of 28.1 months, the median PFS was 37.9 months (95% CI, 26.7–NR). In the MVA, PR-negative tumour (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.45–3.88; p = 0.001) and CDK4/6i dose reduction (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06–2.16; p = 0.022) predicted worse PFS. Median overall survival (OS) was not reached. The 30-month and 36-month OS rates were 74% and 68%, respectively. Of patients who progressed, 89% received second-line treatment. Median time to progression on second-line chemotherapy was 9.0 (5.8–17.6) months, and median time to progression on second-line hormonal therapy +/− targeted agent was 4.0 (3.4–8.6) months (p = 0.012). CDK4/6i + AI as first-line treatment for HR-positive, HER2-negative MBC in Alberta is justified based on favourable PFS and early OS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atul Batra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sasha Lupichuk
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-521-3688
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17
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Peng M, Li S, Xiang H, Huang W, Mao W, Xu D. Efficacy of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors and central nervous system metastases in advanced cancer: a meta-analysis. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:794-803. [PMID: 34077347 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210601111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the efficacy of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in patients with central nervous system (CNS) metastases. OBJECTIVE Assess the difference in efficacy of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with and without CNS metastases. METHODS From inception to March 2020, PubMed and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors. Only trails with available hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) of patients with and without CNS metastases simultaneously would be included. Overall survival hazard ratios and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and the efficacy difference between these two groups was assessed in the meantime. RESULTS 4988 patients (559 patients with CNS metastases and 4429 patients without CNS metastases) from 8 RCTs were included. In patients with CNS metastases, the pooled HR was 0.76 (95%CI, 0.62 to 0.93), while in patients without CNS metastases, the pooled HR was 0.74 (95%CI, 0.68 to 0.79). There was no significant difference in efficacy between these two groups (Χ2=0.06 P=0.80). CONCLUSION With no significant heterogeneity observed between patients with or without CNS metastases, patients with CNS metastases should not be excluded from PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade therapy. Future research should permit more patients with CNS metastases to engage in PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade therapy and explore the safety of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with CNS metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiling Mao
- Department of radiation oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Ledermann JA, Embleton-Thirsk AC, Perren TJ, Jayson GC, Rustin GJS, Kaye SB, Hirte H, Oza A, Vaughan M, Friedlander M, González-Martín A, Deane E, Popoola B, Farrelly L, Swart AM, Kaplan RS, Parmar MKB. Cediranib in addition to chemotherapy for women with relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (ICON6): overall survival results of a phase III randomised trial. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100043. [PMID: 33610123 PMCID: PMC7903311 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cediranib, an oral anti-angiogenic VEGFR 1-3 inhibitor, was studied at a daily dose of 20 mg in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy and as maintenance in a randomised trial in patients with first relapse of 'platinum-sensitive' ovarian cancer and has been shown to improve progression-free survival (PFS). PATIENTS AND METHODS ICON6 (NCT00532194) was an international three-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Between December 2007 and December 2011, 456 women were randomised, using stratification, to receive either chemotherapy with placebo throughout (arm A, reference); chemotherapy with concurrent cediranib, followed by maintenance placebo (arm B, concurrent); or chemotherapy with concurrent cediranib, followed by maintenance cediranib (arm C, maintenance). Due to an enforced redesign of the trial in September 2011, the primary endpoint became PFS between arms A and C which we have previously published, and the overall survival (OS) was defined as a secondary endpoint, which is reported here. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 25.6 months, strong evidence of an effect of concurrent plus maintenance cediranib on PFS was observed [hazard ratio (HR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.72, P < 0.0001]. In this final update of the survival analysis, 90% of patients have died. There was a 7.4-month difference in median survival and an HR of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.67-1.11, P = 0.24) in favour of arm C. There was strong evidence of a departure from the assumption of non-proportionality using the Grambsch-Therneau test (P = 0.0031), making the HR difficult to interpret. Consequently, the restricted mean survival time (RMST) was used and the estimated difference over 6 years by the RMST was 4.8 months (95% CI: -0.09 to 9.74 months). CONCLUSIONS Although a statistically significant difference in time to progression was seen, the enforced curtailment in recruitment meant that the secondary analysis of OS was underpowered. The relative reduction in the risk of death of 14% risk of death was not conventionally statistically significant, but this improvement and the increase in the mean survival time in this analysis suggest that cediranib may have worthwhile activity in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer and that further research should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ledermann
- UCL Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK & UCL Trials Centre, London, UK.
| | | | - T J Perren
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK
| | - G C Jayson
- Christie Hospital and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - S B Kaye
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - H Hirte
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - A Oza
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Vaughan
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Friedlander
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - E Deane
- UCL Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - B Popoola
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | - L Farrelly
- UCL Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK & UCL Trials Centre, London, UK
| | - A M Swart
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - R S Kaplan
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | - M K B Parmar
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
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Shi T, Zhu J, Feng Y, Tu D, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Jia H, Huang X, Cai Y, Yin S, Jiang R, Tian W, Gao W, Liu J, Yang H, Cheng X, Zang R. Secondary cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer (SOC-1): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:439-449. [PMID: 33705695 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of secondary cytoreduction for platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer are still widely debated. We aimed to assess the efficacy of secondary cytoreduction plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in this patient population. METHODS This multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial (SOC-1), was done in four primarily academic centres in China (two in Shanghai, one in Hangzhou, and one in Guangzhou). Eligible patients were women aged 18 years and older with platinum-sensitive relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer with a platinum-free interval of at least 6 months after the end of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and were predicted to have potentially resectable disease according to the international model (iMODEL) score and PET-CT imaging. iMODEL score was calculated using six variables: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, residual disease after primary surgery, platinum-free interval, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, serum level of cancer antigen 125 at recurrence, and presence of ascites at recurrence. An iMODEL score of 4·7 or lower predicted a potentially complete resection. As per a protocol amendment, patients with an iMODEL score of more than 4·7 could only be included if the serum level of cancer antigen 125 was more than 105 U/mL, but the principal investigators assessed the disease to be resectable by PET-CT. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) via a permuted block design (block size of six) and stratified by study centre, iMODEL score, residual disease at primary surgery, and enrolment in the Shanghai Gynecologic Oncology Group SUNNY trial, to undergo secondary cytoreductive surgery followed by intravenous chemotherapy (six 3-weekly cycles of intravenous paclitaxel [175 mg/m2] or docetaxel [75 mg/m2] combined with intravenous carboplatin [area under the curve of 5 mg/mL per min]; surgery group) or intravenous chemotherapy alone (no surgery group). Primary endpoints were progression-free survival and overall survival, analysed in all participants randomly assigned to treatment, regardless of treatment received (intention-to-treat [ITT] population). Here, we report the final analysis of progression-free survival and the prespecified interim analysis of overall survival. Safety was assessed in all participants who received their assigned treatment and had available adverse event data. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01611766, and is ongoing but closed to accrual. FINDINGS Between July 19, 2012, and June 3, 2019, 357 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the surgery group (182) or the no surgery group (175; ITT population). Median follow-up was 36·0 months (IQR 18·1-58·3). In the no surgery group, 11 (6%) of 175 participants had secondary cytoreduction during second-line therapy while 48 (37%) of 130 participants who had disease progression crossed-over and had surgery at a subsequent recurrence. Median progression-free survival was 17·4 months (95% CI 15·0-19·8) in the surgery group and 11·9 months (10·0-13·8) in the no surgery group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·58; 95% CI 0·45-0·74; p<0·0001). At the interim overall survival analysis, median overall survival was 58·1 months (95% CI not estimable to not estimable) in the surgery group and 53·9 months (42·2-65·5) in the no surgery group (HR 0·82, 95% CI 0·57-1·19). In the safety population, nine (5%) of 172 patients in the surgery group had grade 3-4 surgical morbidity at 30 days, and no patients in either group had died at 60 days after receiving assigned treatment. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events during chemotherapy were neutropenia (29 [17%] of 166 patients in the surgery group vs 19 [12%] of 156 patients in the no surgery group), leucopenia (14 [8%] vs eight [5%]), and anaemia (ten [6%] vs nine [6%]). Four serious adverse events occurred, all in the surgery group. No treatment-related deaths occurred in either group. INTERPRETATION Secondary cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy was associated with significantly longer progression-free survival than was chemotherapy alone in patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer, and patients should be counselled about the option of secondary cytoreduction in specialised centres. Long-term survival outcomes will be assessed using mature data on overall survival. FUNDING Zhongshan Development Program. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyan Shi
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Tu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Huixun Jia
- Clinical Statistics Centre, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlang Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Tian
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongyu Zang
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Efficacy and safety of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 157:103145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Perrone MG, Luisi O, De Grassi A, Ferorelli S, Cormio G, Scilimati A. Translational Theragnosis of Ovarian Cancer: where do we stand? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5675-5715. [PMID: 31419925 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190816232330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy, accounting for approximately 220,000 deaths annually worldwide. Despite radical surgery and initial high response rates to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, most patients experience a relapse, with a median progression-free survival of only 18 months. Overall survival is approximately 30% at 5 years from the diagnosis. In comparison, patients out from breast cancer are more than 80 % after ten years from the disease discovery. In spite of a large number of published fundamental and applied research, and clinical trials, novel therapies are urgently needed to improve outcomes of the ovarian cancer. The success of new drugs development in ovarian cancer will strongly depend on both fully genomic disease characterization and, then, availability of biomarkers able to identify women likely to benefit from a given new therapy. METHODS In this review, the focus is given to describe how complex is the diseases under the simple name of ovarian cancer, in terms of cell tumor types, histotypes, subtypes, and specific gene mutation or differently expressed in the tumor with respect the healthy ovary. The first- and second-line pharmacological treatment clinically used over the last fifty years are also described. Noteworthy achievements in vitro and in vivo tested new drugs are also summarized. Recent literature related to up to date ovarian cancer knowledge, its detection by biomarkers and chemotherapy was searched from several articles on Pubmed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE and various Governmental Agencies till April 2019. RESULTS The papers referenced by this review allow a deep analysis of status of the art in the classification of the several types of ovarian cancer, the present knowledge of diagnosis based on biomarkers and imaging techniques, and the therapies developed over the past five decades. CONCLUSION This review aims at stimulating more multi-disciplinary efforts to identify a panel of novel and more specific biomarkers to be used to screen patients for a very early diagnosis, to have prognosis and therapy efficacy indications. The desired final goal would be to have available tools allowing to reduce the recurrence rate, increase both the disease progression free interval and of course the overall survival at five years from the diagnosis that today is still very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Oreste Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Savina Ferorelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Sureda A, André M, Borchmann P, da Silva MG, Gisselbrecht C, Vassilakopoulos TP, Zinzani PL, Walewski J. Improving outcomes after autologous transplantation in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: a European expert perspective. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1088. [PMID: 33172440 PMCID: PMC7657361 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a well-established approach to treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) recommended by both the European Society for Medical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network based on the results from randomized controlled studies. However, a considerable number of patients who receive ASCT will progress/relapse and display suboptimal post-transplant outcomes. Over recent years, a number of different strategies have been assessed to improve post-ASCT outcomes and augment HL cure rates. These include use of pre- and post-ASCT salvage therapies and post-ASCT consolidative therapy, with the greatest benefits demonstrated by targeted therapies, such as brentuximab vedotin. However, adoption of these new approaches has been inconsistent across different centers and regions. In this article, we provide a European perspective on the available treatment options and likely future developments in the salvage and consolidation settings, with the aim to improve management of patients with HL who have a high risk of post-ASCT failure. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that early intervention with post-ASCT consolidation improves outcomes in patients with R/R HL who require ASCT. Future approvals of targeted agents are expected to further improve outcomes and provide additional treatment options in the coming age of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sureda
- grid.414660.1Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Programme, Institut Català d’Oncologia-Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199 – 203, 08908 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc André
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XDepartment of Hematology, Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Peter Borchmann
- grid.411097.a0000 0000 8852 305XDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria G. da Silva
- grid.418711.a0000 0004 0631 0608Department of Hematology, Instituto Português de Oncologia - Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christian Gisselbrecht
- grid.413328.f0000 0001 2300 6614Institut d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Theodoros P. Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- grid.412311.4Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy ,grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jan Walewski
- grid.418165.f0000 0004 0540 2543Department of Lymphoid Malignancies, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Warszawa, Poland
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Sofeu CL, Emura T, Rondeau V. A joint frailty-copula model for meta-analytic validation of failure time surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Biom J 2020; 63:423-446. [PMID: 33006170 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.201900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a meta-analysis framework, the classical approach for the validation of time-to-event surrogate endpoint is based on a two-step analysis. This approach often raises estimation issues. Recently, we proposed a one-step validation approach based on a joint frailty model. This approach was quite time consuming, despite parallel computing, due to individual-level frailties used to take into account heterogeneity in the data at the individual level. We now propose an alternative one-step approach for evaluating surrogacy, using a joint frailty-copula model. The model includes two correlated random effects treatment-by-trial interaction and a shared random effect associated with the baseline risks. At the individual level, the joint survivor functions of time-to-event endpoints are linked using copula functions. We used splines for the baseline hazard functions. We estimated parameters and hazard function using a semiparametric penalized marginal likelihood method, considering various numerical integration methods. Both individual-level and trial-level surrogacy were evaluated using Kendall's tau and coefficient of determination. The performance of the estimators was evaluated using simulation studies. The model was applied to individual patient data meta-analyses in advanced ovarian cancer to assess progression-free survival as a surrogate for overall survival, as part of the evaluation of new therapy. The model showed good performance and was quite robust regarding the integration methods and data variation, regardless of the surrogacy evaluation criteria. Kendall's Tau was better estimated using the Clayton copula model compared to the joint frailty model. The proposed model reduces the convergence and model estimation issues encountered in the two-step approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir L Sofeu
- INSERM U1219 (Biostatistics team), ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Takeshi Emura
- Department of Information Management, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Virginie Rondeau
- INSERM U1219 (Biostatistics team), ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Paz-Ares L, Vicente D, Tafreshi A, Robinson A, Soto Parra H, Mazières J, Hermes B, Cicin I, Medgyasszay B, Rodríguez-Cid J, Okamoto I, Lee S, Ramlau R, Vladimirov V, Cheng Y, Deng X, Zhang Y, Bas T, Piperdi B, Halmos B. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Squamous NSCLC: Protocol-Specified Final Analysis of KEYNOTE-407. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:1657-1669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ray-Coquard I, Mirza MR, Pignata S, Walther A, Romero I, du Bois A. Therapeutic options following second-line platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer: Comparison of active surveillance and maintenance treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102107. [PMID: 33099187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most women with advanced ovarian cancer respond to initial treatment, consisting of surgical resection and ≈6 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy. However, disease recurrence occurs in most patients, and subsequent therapies become necessary. Historically, close monitoring following treatment (active surveillance) was the only available option, as continued maintenance chemotherapy treatment led to increased toxicity without providing any meaningful clinical benefit. Recently, targeted therapy with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib have demonstrated significant clinical benefits as maintenance treatment for recurrent disease. Despite consensus guidelines recommending their use, maintenance treatments are currently underutilized. Here, we review evidence from pivotal clinical trials of approved second-line maintenance treatments demonstrating efficacy in terms of progression-free survival and postprogression efficacy outcomes for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Adverse events frequently associated with bevacizumab include hypertension, proteinuria, and non-central nervous system bleeding, whereas PARP inhibitors are associated with nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and anemia. Patient-centered outcomes analyses show that PARP inhibitors provide significant benefits to patient health status, even when accounting for the toxicities associated with treatment. Many factors influence the selection of second-line maintenance treatment for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, including the maintenance treatment received in the first-line setting. Overall, targeted maintenance treatment represents a new standard of care for patients with ovarian cancer, and we recommend that maintenance treatment should be offered to all eligible patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ray-Coquard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard and Université Claude Bernard and Groupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens (GINECO), Lyon, France.
| | - Mansoor Raza Mirza
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, and Nordic Society of Gynecological Oncology (NGSO), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Axel Walther
- Bristol Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte (KEM), Essen, Germany.
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Timing of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma in the Era of Current Therapies. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:e734-e751. [PMID: 32660906 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) during the initial treatment of multiple myeloma has been shown to improve progression-free survival (PFS) but not overall survival (OS). While awaiting further prospective data, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of patients at our program. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included consecutive patients with newly diagnosed myeloma who had undergone stem cell harvest (SCH) from 2005 to 2014 and separated them into early (SCT within 12 months of diagnosis) and delayed (all others, including SCT not yet) groups. The outcomes were OS, PFS to first relapse, and PFS to second relapse. RESULTS Of the 514 patients who had undergone SCH, 227 were in the early and 287 in the delayed groups. Patients in the delayed group who had undergone SCT had received more therapy before SCT (55% had received ≥ 2 lines vs. 6% in the early group; P < .001), had had more progressive disease at SCT (34% vs. 4%; P < .001), had received melphalan doses < 200 mg/m2 (22% vs. 10%; P = .001), and had had lower rates of very good partial response or better after SCT (58% vs. 79%; P = .001). On multivariable analysis, no differences were found in median OS (90 vs. 84 months; P = .093), PFS to first relapse (40 vs. 37 months; P = .552), or PFS to second relapse (54 vs. 52 months; P = .488) between the early and delayed groups. CONCLUSION Delaying SCT did not affect OS or even PFS to second relapse in our cohort of patients with newly diagnosed myeloma who had received current era induction therapy.
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Ledermann JA, Oza AM, Lorusso D, Aghajanian C, Oaknin A, Dean A, Colombo N, Weberpals JI, Clamp AR, Scambia G, Leary A, Holloway RW, Gancedo MA, Fong PC, Goh JC, O'Malley DM, Armstrong DK, Banerjee S, García-Donas J, Swisher EM, Cameron T, Maloney L, Goble S, Coleman RL. Rucaparib for patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian carcinoma (ARIEL3): post-progression outcomes and updated safety results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21:710-722. [PMID: 32359490 PMCID: PMC8210534 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ARIEL3, rucaparib maintenance treatment significantly improved progression-free survival versus placebo. Here, we report prespecified, investigator-assessed, exploratory post-progression endpoints and updated safety data. METHODS In this ongoing (enrolment complete) randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, patients aged 18 years or older who had platinum-sensitive, high-grade serous or endometrioid ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube carcinoma and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 who had received at least two previous platinum-based chemotherapy regimens and responded to their last platinum-based regimen were randomly assigned (2:1) to oral rucaparib (600 mg twice daily) or placebo in 28-day cycles using a computer-generated sequence (block size of six with stratification based on homologous recombination repair gene mutation status, progression-free interval following penultimate platinum-based regimen, and best response to most recent platinum-based regimen). Patients, investigators, site staff, assessors, and the funder were masked to assignments. The primary endpoint of investigator-assessed progression-free survival has been previously reported. Prespecified, exploratory outcomes of chemotherapy-free interval (CFI), time to start of first subsequent therapy (TFST), time to disease progression on subsequent therapy or death (PFS2), and time to start of second subsequent therapy (TSST) and updated safety were analysed (visit cutoff Dec 31, 2017). Efficacy analyses were done in all patients randomised to three nested cohorts: patients with BRCA mutations, patients with homologous recombination deficiencies, and the intention-to-treat population. Safety analyses included all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01968213. FINDINGS Between April 7, 2014, and July 19, 2016, 564 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to rucaparib (n=375) or placebo (n=189). Median follow-up was 28·1 months (IQR 22·0-33·6). In the intention-to-treat population, median CFI was 14·3 months (95% CI 13·0-17·4) in the rucaparib group versus 8·8 months (8·0-10·3) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·43 [95% CI 0·35-0·53]; p<0·0001), median TFST was 12·4 months (11·1-15·2) versus 7·2 months (6·4-8·6; HR 0·43 [0·35-0·52]; p<0·0001), median PFS2 was 21·0 months (18·9-23·6) versus 16·5 months (15·2-18·4; HR 0·66 [0·53-0·82]; p=0·0002), and median TSST was 22·4 months (19·1-24·5) versus 17·3 months (14·9-19·4; HR 0·68 [0·54-0·85]; p=0·0007). CFI, TFST, PFS2, and TSST were also significantly longer with rucaparib than placebo in the BRCA-mutant and homologous recombination-deficient cohorts. The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse event of grade 3 or higher was anaemia or decreased haemoglobin (80 [22%] patients in the rucaparib group vs one [1%] patient in the placebo group). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 83 (22%) patients in the rucaparib group and 20 (11%) patients in the placebo group. Two treatment-related deaths have been previously reported in this trial; there were no new treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION In these exploratory analyses over a median follow-up of more than 2 years, rucaparib maintenance treatment led to a clinically meaningful delay in starting subsequent therapy and provided lasting clinical benefits versus placebo in all three analysis cohorts. Updated safety data were consistent with previous reports. FUNDING Clovis Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Ledermann
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London and UCL Hospitals, London, UK.
| | - Amit M Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Gynecologic Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Dean
- Oncology,St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- Gynecologic Cancer Program, University of Milan-Bicocca and European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanne I Weberpals
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew R Clamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Gynecological Unit, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, INSERM U981, and Groupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens, Villejuif, France
| | - Robert W Holloway
- Gynecologic Oncology, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter C Fong
- Medical Oncology Department, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey C Goh
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - David M O'Malley
- Gynecologic Oncology, The Ohio State University, James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deborah K Armstrong
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susana Banerjee
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jesus García-Donas
- Division of Medical Oncology, HM Hospitales-Centro Integral Oncológico Hospital de Madrid Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lara Maloney
- Clinical Development, Clovis Oncology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandra Goble
- Biostatistics, Clovis Oncology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Arend R, Westin SN, Coleman RL. Decision analysis for secondline maintenance treatment of platinum sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30:684-694. [PMID: 32079709 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2019-001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most women with ovarian cancer experience disease relapse, presenting numerous treatment challenges for clinicians. Maintenance therapy in the relapsed setting aims to extend the time taken for a cancer to progress, thus delaying the need for additional treatments. Four therapies are currently approved in the USA for secondline maintenance treatment of platinum sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer: one antivascular endothelial growth factor agent (bevacizumab) and three poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib). In addition to efficacy, maintenance therapies must have a good tolerability profile and no significant detrimental impact on quality of life, as patients who receive maintenance are generally free from cancer related symptoms. Data from key bevacizumab trials (OCEANS, NCT00434642; GOG-0213, NCT00565851; MITO16B, NCT01802749) and PARP inhibitor trials (Study 19, NCT00753545; SOLO2, NCT01874353; NOVA, NCT01847274; ARIEL3, NCT01968213) indicate that bevacizumab and the PARP inhibitors are effective in patients with platinum sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer but differ in their tolerability profiles. In addition, the efficacy of PARP inhibitors is dependent on the presence of homologous recombination repair deficiency, with patients with the deficiency experiencing greater responses from treatment compared with those who are homologous recombination repair proficient. Allowing for caveats of cross trial comparisons, we advise that clinicians account for the following points when choosing whether and when to administer a secondline maintenance treatment for a specific patient: presence of a homologous recombination repair deficient tumor; the patient's baseline characteristics, such as platelet count and blood pressure; mode of administration of therapy; and consideration of future treatment options for thirdline and later therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Arend
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, South Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shannon Neville Westin
- Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sofeu CL, Rondeau V. How to use frailtypack for validating failure-time surrogate endpoints using individual patient data from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228098. [PMID: 31990928 PMCID: PMC6986733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The use of valid surrogate endpoints can accelerate the development of phase III trials. Numerous validation methods have been proposed with the most popular used in a context of meta-analyses, based on a two-step analysis strategy. For two failure time endpoints, two association measures are usually considered, Kendall’s τ at individual level and adjusted R2 ( adjRtrial2) at trial level. However, adjRtrial2 is not always available mainly due to model estimation constraints. More recently, we proposed a one-step validation method based on a joint frailty model, with the aim of reducing estimation issues and estimation bias on the surrogacy evaluation criteria. The model was quite robust with satisfactory results obtained in simulation studies. This study seeks to popularize this new surrogate endpoints validation approach by making the method available in a user-friendly R package. Methods We provide numerous tools in the frailtypack R package, including more flexible functions, for the validation of candidate surrogate endpoints using data from multiple randomized clinical trials. Results We implemented the surrogate threshold effect which is used in combination with Rtrial2 to make decisions concerning the validity of the surrogate endpoints. It is also possible thanks to frailtypack to predict the treatment effect on the true endpoint in a new trial using the treatment effect observed on the surrogate endpoint. The leave-one-out cross-validation is available for assessing the accuracy of the prediction using the joint surrogate model. Other tools include data generation, simulation study and graphic representations. We illustrate the use of the new functions with both real data and simulated data. Conclusion This article proposes new attractive and well developed tools for validating failure time surrogate endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir Ledoux Sofeu
- Biostatistics team, INSERM BPH-U1219, Bordeaux, France
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Virginie Rondeau
- Biostatistics team, INSERM BPH-U1219, Bordeaux, France
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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30
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Poveda AM, Davidson R, Blakeley C, Milner A. Olaparib maintenance monotherapy in platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer without germline BRCA mutations: OPINION Phase IIIb study design. Future Oncol 2019; 15:3651-3663. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza™) is approved for maintenance treatment of platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. OPINION is a single-arm, open-label, multicenter, Phase IIIb study to assess the efficacy and safety of olaparib tablet maintenance therapy in women with high-grade serous or endometrioid platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer without a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Eligible patients should have received ≥2 prior lines of platinum-based chemotherapy and be in complete or partial response following their most recent course or have no evidence of disease. Patients will receive olaparib tablets (300 mg twice daily) until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or another discontinuation criterion. The primary end point is investigator-assessed progression-free survival; secondary end points include progression-free survival according to tumor homologous recombination deficiency status. Clinical trial registration: NCT03402841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Poveda
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Initia Oncology, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Alvin Milner
- Biometrics & Information Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, UK
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31
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Regan MM, Werner L, Rao S, Gupte-Singh K, Hodi FS, Kirkwood JM, Kluger HM, Larkin J, Postow MA, Ritchings C, Sznol M, Tarhini AA, Wolchok JD, Atkins MB, McDermott DF. Treatment-Free Survival: A Novel Outcome Measure of the Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition-A Pooled Analysis of Patients With Advanced Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:3350-3358. [PMID: 31498030 PMCID: PMC6901280 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Outcome measures that comprehensively capture attributes of immuno-oncology agents, including prolonged treatment-free time and persistent treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), are needed to complement conventional survival end points. METHODS We pooled data from the CheckMate 067 and 069 clinical trials of nivolumab and ipilimumab, as monotherapies or in combination, for patients with advanced melanoma. Treatment-free survival (TFS) was defined as the area between Kaplan-Meier curves for two conventional time-to-event end points, each defined from random assignment: time to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) protocol therapy cessation and time to subsequent systemic therapy initiation or death. TFS was partitioned as time with and without toxicity by a third end point, time to cessation of both ICI therapy and toxicity. Toxicity included persistent and late-onset grade 3 or higher TRAEs. The area under each Kaplan-Meier curve was estimated by the 36-month restricted mean time. RESULTS At 36 months, many of the 1,077 patients who initiated ICI therapy were surviving free of subsequent therapy initiation (47% nivolumab plus ipilimumab, 37% nivolumab, 15% ipilimumab). The restricted mean TFS was longer for nivolumab plus ipilimumab (11.1 months) compared with nivolumab (4.6 months; difference, 6.5 months; 95% CI, 5.0 to 8.0 months) or ipilimumab (8.7 months; difference, 2.4 months; 95% CI, 0.8 to 4.1 months); restricted mean TFS represented 31% (3% with and 28% without toxicity), 13% (1% and 11%), and 24% (less than 1% and 23%) of the 36-month period, respectively, in the three treatment groups. TFS without toxicity was longer for nivolumab plus ipilimumab than nivolumab (difference, 6.0 months) or ipilimumab (difference, 1.7 months). CONCLUSION The analysis of TFS between ICI cessation and subsequent therapy initiation revealed longer TFS without toxicity for patients with advanced melanoma who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab compared with nivolumab or ipilimumab. Regardless of treatment, a small proportion of the TFS involved grade 3 or higher TRAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Regan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - F Stephen Hodi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - James Larkin
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Postow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Mario Sznol
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- Emory University and Winship Comprehensive Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - David F McDermott
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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32
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Robson M, Ruddy KJ, Im SA, Senkus E, Xu B, Domchek SM, Masuda N, Li W, Tung N, Armstrong A, Delaloge S, Bannister W, Goessl C, Degboe A, Hettle R, Conte P. Patient-reported outcomes in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer receiving olaparib versus chemotherapy in the OlympiAD trial. Eur J Cancer 2019; 120:20-30. [PMID: 31446213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phase III OlympiAD study (NCT02000622) showed a statistically significant progression-free survival benefit with olaparib versus chemotherapy treatment of physician's choice (TPC) in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. From this study, we report the effect of olaparib on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS Patients were randomised 2:1 to olaparib monotherapy (300 mg twice daily) or single-agent TPC. The primary HRQoL end-point was mean change from baseline in the two-item global health status/QoL score determined from patient-completed European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30-item module (EORTC QLQ-C30) questionnaires and assessed using a mixed model for repeated measures. Symptoms and functioning domains, best overall response and time to deterioration of QoL were also evaluated. RESULTS Overall questionnaire compliance rates were 93.2% for olaparib and 76.3% for TPC. Between-treatment global health status/QoL comparison showed a significant improvement in the olaparib arm versus the TPC arm, with mean change of 3.9 (standard deviation 1.2) versus -3.6 (2.2), a difference of 7.5 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48, 12.44; P = 0.0035). A higher proportion of patients in the olaparib arm showed a best overall response of 'improvement' in global health status/QoL (33.7% vs 13.4%). Median time to global health status/QoL deterioration was not reached in olaparib patients and was 15.3 months for TPC patients (hazard ratio: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.25, 0.77]; P = 0.004). For EORTC QLQ-C30 symptoms and functioning subscales, only nausea/vomiting symptom score was worse in the olaparib arm than in the TPC arm (across all visits compared with baseline). CONCLUSION HRQoL was consistently improved for patients treated with olaparib, compared with chemotherapy TPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Ruddy
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Binghe Xu
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Basser Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norikazu Masuda
- National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Armstrong
- Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierfranco Conte
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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Bouberhan S, Pujade-Lauraine E, Cannistra SA. Advances in the Management of Platinum-Sensitive Relapsed Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2424-2436. [PMID: 31403861 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bouberhan
- Beth Israel Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric Pujade-Lauraine
- Association of Research on Cancers Including Gynecological-Group of National Investigators for the Study of Ovarian Cancer and Breast, Paris, France
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The Integration of a Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cell Culture Operation in a Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Isolation and Purification Process: A Preliminary Study of the Clinical Significance and Prognostic Role of the CTCs Isolated from the Blood Samples of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060783. [PMID: 31174311 PMCID: PMC6627984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional positive and negative selection-based circulating tumor cell (CTC) isolation methods might generally ignore metastasis-relevant CTCs that underwent epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition and suffer from a low CTC purity problem, respectively. To address these issues, we previously proposed a 2-step CTC isolation method integrating a negative selection CTC isolation and subsequent spheroid cell culture. In addition to its ability to isolate CTCs, more importantly, the spheroid cell culture used could serve as a cell culture model mimicking the process of new tumor tissue formation during cancer metastasis. Therefore, it is promising not only to selectively isolate metastasis-relevant CTCs but also to test the potential of cancer metastasis and thus the prognosis of disease. To explore these issues, experiments were performed. The key findings of this study demonstrated that the method was able to harvest both epithelial (E)- and mesenchymal (M)-type CTCs without selection bias. Moreover, both the M-type CTC count and the information obtained from the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and MRP5 gene expression analysis of the CTCs isolated via the 2-step CTC isolation method might be able to serve as prognostic factors for progression-free survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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35
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Active surveillance for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2019; 133:2121-2129. [PMID: 30770396 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-877761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare subtype of lymphoma that, like other Hodgkin lymphomas, has historically been treated aggressively. However, in most cases, NLPHL has an indolent course, which raises the question of to what extent these patients require aggressive upfront treatment. We describe the management and outcomes of consecutive NLPHL patients diagnosed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), with a focus on evaluating active surveillance. All patients aged 16 years or older diagnosed and followed at MSK between 1974 and 2016 were included. Treatment outcomes were compared between management with active surveillance and other strategies. We identified 163 consecutive patients who were treated with radiotherapy alone (46%), active surveillance (23%), chemotherapy (16%), combined modality (12%), or rituximab monotherapy (4%). Median follow-up was 69 months. Five-year progression-free survival (PFS), second PFS (PFS2), and overall survival (OS) estimates were 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78-90), 97% (95% CI, 92-99), and 99% (95% CI, 95-100), respectively. Only 1 of 7 deaths was lymphoma related. Patients managed with active surveillance had slightly shorter PFS than those receiving any active treatment, with 5-year PFS of 77% (95% CI, 56-89) vs 87% (95% CI, 79-92; P = .017). This difference did not translate into better PFS2 or OS. Only 10 patients managed with active surveillance (27%) eventually required treatment, after a median of 61 months, and none died. NLPHL has an excellent prognosis. Within the limitations of a retrospective analysis, active surveillance is a viable initial management strategy for selected NLPHL patients.
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Planchard D, Boyer MJ, Lee JS, Dechaphunkul A, Cheema PK, Takahashi T, Gray JE, Tiseo M, Ramalingam SS, Todd A, McKeown A, Rukazenkov Y, Ohe Y. Postprogression Outcomes for Osimertinib versus Standard-of-Care EGFR-TKI in Patients with Previously Untreated EGFR-mutated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2058-2063. [PMID: 30659024 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the phase III FLAURA study, third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) versus standard-of-care (SoC) EGFR-TKI (gefitinib or erlotinib) in patients with previously untreated EGFR (exon 19 deletion or L858R) mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Interim overall survival (OS) data were encouraging, but not formally statistically significant at current maturity (25%). Here we report exploratory postprogression outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive osimertinib (80 mg orally, once daily) or SoC EGFR-TKI (gefitinib 250 mg or erlotinib 150 mg, orally, once daily). Treatment beyond disease progression was allowed if the investigator judged ongoing clinical benefit. Patients receiving SoC EGFR-TKI could cross over to receive osimertinib after independently confirmed objective disease progression with documented postprogression T790M-positive mutation status. RESULTS At data cutoff (June 12, 2017), 138 of 279 (49%) and 213 of 277 (77%) patients discontinued osimertinib and SoC EGFR-TKI, respectively, of whom 82 (59%) and 129 (61%), respectively, started a subsequent treatment. Median time to discontinuation of any EGFR-TKI or death was 23.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 19.5-not calculable (NC)] in the osimertinib arm and 16.0 months (95% CI, 14.8-18.6) in the SoC EGFR-TKI arm. Median second PFS was not reached (95% CI, 23.7-NC) in the osimertinib arm and 20.0 months (95% CI, 18.2-NC) in the SoC EGFR-TKI arm [hazard ratio (HR), 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44-0.78; P = 0.0004]. CONCLUSIONS All postprogression endpoints showed consistent improvement with osimertinib versus SoC EGFR-TKI, providing further confidence in the interim OS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Planchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Michael J Boyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jong-Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunee Dechaphunkul
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Parneet K Cheema
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexander Todd
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid McKeown
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri Rukazenkov
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Moufarrij S, Dandapani M, Arthofer E, Gomez S, Srivastava A, Lopez-Acevedo M, Villagra A, Chiappinelli KB. Epigenetic therapy for ovarian cancer: promise and progress. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 30646939 PMCID: PMC6334391 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 47%, a number that has remained constant over the past two decades. Early diagnosis improves survival, but unfortunately only 15% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an early or localized stage. Most ovarian cancers are epithelial in origin and treatment prioritizes surgery and cytoreduction followed by cytotoxic platinum and taxane chemotherapy. While most tumors will initially respond to this treatment, recurrence is likely to occur within a median of 16 months for patients who present with advanced stage disease. New treatment options separate from traditional chemotherapy that take advantage of advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer are needed to improve outcomes. Recent work has shown that mutations in genes encoding epigenetic regulators are mutated in ovarian cancer, driving tumorigenesis and resistance to treatment. Several of these epigenetic modifiers have emerged as promising drug targets for ovarian cancer therapy. In this article, we delineate epigenetic abnormalities in ovarian cancer, discuss key scientific advances using epigenetic therapies in preclinical ovarian cancer models, and review ongoing clinical trials utilizing epigenetic therapies in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moufarrij
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Monica Dandapani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Elisa Arthofer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Stephanie Gomez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Aneil Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Micael Lopez-Acevedo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Alejandro Villagra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052 USA
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Ledermann JA, Pujade-Lauraine E. Olaparib as maintenance treatment for patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919849753. [PMID: 31205507 PMCID: PMC6535754 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919849753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors were developed with the intention of treating patients with homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), specifically for patients with tumours that harbour a BRCA mutation (BRCAm). Evidence from clinical trials to date has demonstrated that patients with a BRCAm derive the greatest benefit from PARP inhibitors. However, clinical studies have also shown that PARP inhibitors provide benefit to women with ovarian cancer who do not have a BRCAm. The recent updated approvals of olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of all platinum-sensitive relapsed (PSR) ovarian-cancer populations, regardless of their BRCAm status, support this. Long-term tolerability and efficacy of olaparib have been demonstrated in patients both with and without a BRCAm, with 13% of patients receiving maintenance olaparib for at least 5 years in one study, which is unprecedented in the relapsed ovarian-cancer setting (versus 1% on placebo). Further studies should be performed to elucidate which non-BRCAm patients are deriving benefit and what molecular processes are enabling this, so that patients continue to receive optimal treatment for their disease. Here, we review clinical and molecular markers of HRD, the long-term clinical safety and efficacy of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, with a focus on olaparib and the current approved indications for PARP inhibitors, as well as guidance on treatment decisions for patients with PSR ovarian cancer.
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Long-term efficacy, tolerability and overall survival in patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer treated with maintenance olaparib capsules following response to chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1075-1085. [PMID: 30353045 PMCID: PMC6219499 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Study 19, maintenance monotherapy with olaparib significantly prolonged progression-free survival vs placebo in patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Methods Study 19 was a randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase II trial enrolling 265 patients who had received at least two platinum-based chemotherapy regimens and were in complete or partial response to their most recent regimen. Patients were randomised to olaparib (capsules; 400 mg bid) or placebo. We present long-term safety and final mature overall survival (OS; 79% maturity) data, from the last data cut-off (9 May 2016). Results Thirty-two patients (24%) received maintenance olaparib for over 2 years; 15 (11%) did so for over 6 years. No new tolerability signals were identified with long-term treatment and adverse events were generally low grade. The incidence of discontinuations due to adverse events was low (6%). An apparent OS advantage was observed with olaparib vs placebo (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.55‒0.95, P = 0.02138) irrespective of BRCA1/2 mutation status, although the predefined threshold for statistical significance was not met. Conclusions Study 19 showed a favourable final OS result irrespective of BRCA1/2 mutation status and unprecedented long-term benefit with maintenance olaparib for a subset of platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer patients.
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Sjoquist KM, Lord SJ, Friedlander ML, John Simes R, Marschner IC, Lee CK. Progression-free survival as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in modern ovarian cancer trials: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918788500. [PMID: 30093922 PMCID: PMC6080081 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918788500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progression-free survival (PFS) has been adopted as the primary endpoint in many randomized controlled trials, and can be determined much earlier than overall survival (OS). We investigated whether PFS is a good surrogate endpoint for OS in trials of first-line treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and whether this relationship has changed with the introduction of new treatment types. Methods In a meta-analysis, we identified summary data [hazard ratio (HR) and median time] from published randomized controlled trials. Linear regression was used to assess the association between treatment effects on PFS and OS overall, and for subgroups defined by treatment type, postprogression survival (PPS) and established prognostic factors. Results Correlation between HRs for PFS and OS, in 26 trials with 30 treatment comparisons comprising 24,870 patients, was modest (r2 = 0.52, weighted by trial sample size). The correlation diminished with recency: preplatinum/paclitaxel era, r2= 0.66; platinum/paclitaxel, r2= 0.44; triplet combinations, r2= 0.22; biologicals, r2= 0.30. The median PPS increased over time for the experimental (Ptrend = 0.03) and control arms (Ptrend = 0.003). The difference in median PPS between treatment arms strongly correlated with the difference in median OS (r2 = 0.83). In trials where the control therapy had median PPS of less than 18 months, correlation between PFS and OS was stronger (r2 = 0.64) than where the median PPS was longer (r2 = 0.48). Conclusions In EOC, correlation in the relative treatment effect between PFS and OS in first-line platinum-based chemotherapy randomized controlled trials is moderate and has weakened with increasing availability of effective salvage therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin M Sjoquist
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Trials Centre, Australia New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown NSW 1450, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lord
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Michael L Friedlander
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Australia New Zealand, Gynaecological Oncology Group, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Robert John Simes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ian C Marschner
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Chee Khoon Lee
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Australia New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Meng W, Ying W, Qichao Z, Ping L, Jie T. Clinical value of combining transvaginal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with serum human epididymisprotein-4 and the resistance index for early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:592-597. [PMID: 28578437 PMCID: PMC5541181 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.6.19790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To increase accuracy of the detection and differential diagnosis of the early epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with transvaginal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (TVCEUS) combining serum human epididymisprotein 4 (HE4), and resistance index (RI). Methods: This retrospectively case-control study of 230 patients with ovarian tumors were reviewed at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China between June 2008 and September 2015. Before the operation of 110 cases with EOC (Group A) and 120 cases of patients with benign ovarian tumor (Group B), we observe and calculate both Groups’ tumor vascular contrast-enhanced ultrasonography morphology scores (U), time-intensity curve (TIC) of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, HE4, and RI. Results were compared with the histopathological analysis results. Results: The ultrasonography morphology scores, peak intensity (PI) enhancement rate (ER) with the parameters of the TIC and HE4 are higher in Group A compared with patients in Group B and the RI was lower than Group B. The detection rates for all indexes in the benign and malignant groups and their comparisons to the histopathological results were determined. The detection rate differences for HE4 (p=0.001), RI (p=0.001), U (p=0.001), PI (p=0.001), and ER (p=0.001) were all statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high clinical value through combined TVCEUS, HE4, and RI detection can increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the early EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Meng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. E-mail.
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Holliday CM, Morte M, Byrne JM, Holliday AT. Experience and Expectations of Ovarian Cancer Patients in Australia. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:7863520. [PMID: 29707001 PMCID: PMC5863331 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7863520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most significant advances in ovarian cancer treatment have been those that result in improvements in progression-free survival (PFS); however there is little research to understand the value that patients place on accessing therapies that result in PFS as a clinical outcome related to survivorship. This study therefore aimed to understand the experience and expectations of women with ovarian cancer in Australia in relation to quality of life (QoL) and treatment options. An online survey collected demographic information and 13 investigator-derived structured interview questions were developed to understand the experience of women with ovarian cancer, their understanding of terminology associated with their condition, and expectations of future treatment. This study demonstrated that ovarian cancer patients equate PFS with being in remission and that patients expect QoL during that time to be good to excellent. Women in this study described excellent QoL as feeling positive and happy and not worrying about cancer, feeling fit and healthy without side effects, and being able to live life as they did before their diagnosis, including the absence of fear of progression or recurrence. It is therefore suggested that there is a positive relationship between PFS and QoL. While it is difficult to quantify QoL and further research is needed, the results of this study suggest that the minimum time that women with ovarian cancer expect in relation to treatments that result in PFS is approximately six months. In the absence of this information, decision-makers are left to make assumptions about the value women place on access to therapeutics that increase PFS, which for this type of cancer is an important aspect of survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Morte
- Centre for Community-Driven Research, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Wilson MK, Friedlander ML, Lheureux S, Small W, Poveda A, Pujade-Lauraine E, Karakasis K, Bacon M, Bowering V, Chawla T, Oza AM. Resisting RECIST-Uniformity Versus Clinical Validity. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:1619-1627. [PMID: 28692635 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) International Working Group developed criteria for tumor response and progression to standardize radiological assessment in patients receiving chemotherapy in phase 2 trials. However, it is unclear whether the defined percentage change in tumor size and volume reflects true clinical benefit for the patient. The RECIST criteria were designed to improve objectivity in trials, but not to replace clinical decision making. The aim of this study was to understand clinicians' opinions about RECIST in current oncology practice. METHODS Using Web-based questionnaires, we investigated attitudes to the use of RECIST at a large comprehensive cancer center and in an international group of gynecologic cancer specialists through the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. The results reported here relate to the survey focusing on gynecologic cancer. RESULTS Sixty medical professionals from 13 countries responded to the survey. The majority of respondents worked at a tertiary or specialist cancer center (51; 86%). Overall, 66% of respondents felt RECIST increased trial objectivity and was a good measure of response. The majority of respondents (81%) reported that they infrequently challenged RECIST evaluation. Overall, 60% felt more than 10% of patients came off trial for clinical rather than radiological progression. In the context of a new small lesion, only 35% felt that should always be considered disease progression. The importance of both clinician and radiologist input was highlighted with nontarget progression. Nontarget progression and target progression were recognized as equally important for clinical decision making (72%). CONCLUSIONS RECIST is a key criterion for endpoint assessment in clinical trials with its value recognized by clinicians. However, this survey also highlights the practical limitations of RECIST. Disconnect can be seen between the radiological result and the clinical picture-learning from these patients is critical. Continued efforts to improve metrics assessing patient benefit in trials remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Wilson
- *Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; †Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada; §Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyol University, Chicago, IL; ‖Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain; ¶Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France; and #Gynecologic Group Intergroup, Kingston, Canada
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Effect of different anesthetic methods on cellular immune functioning and the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer undergoing oophorectomy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170915. [PMID: 28935762 PMCID: PMC5653919 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of different anesthetic methods on cellular immune function and prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer (OC) undergoing oophorectomy. A total of 167 patients who received general anesthesia (GA) treatment (GA group) and 154 patients who received combined general/epidural anesthesia (GEA) treatment (GEA group) were collected retrospectively. Each group selected 124 patients that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for further study. ELISA and radioimmunoassay were employed to detect levels of IL-2, TNF-α, and CA-125. The rates of tumor-red cell rosette (RTRR), red cell immune complex rosette (RRICR), and red cell C3b receptor rosette (RRCR) were also measured. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were determined by hemodynamics. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-2 decreased at 1 h intraoperation (T2), but increased 24-h post surgery (T3). The levels of TNF-α and IL-2 were recovered faster in the GEA group than in the GA group. The GA group exhibited greater levels of CA-125 expression than in the GEA group. The levels of RTRR, RRICR, and RRCR; ratios of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, CD16+, and CD56+ at 30 min after anesthesia (T1), T2, T3 and 48 h after the operation (T4) and levels of SBP, DBP, and HR at T1, T2, and T3 displayed increased levels in the GEA group than in the GA group. At 72-h post surgery (T5), the 5-year survival rate significantly increased in the GEA group compared with the GA group. GEA to be more suitable than GA for surgery on OC patients.
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Olaparib tablets as maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer and a BRCA1/2 mutation (SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:1274-1284. [PMID: 28754483 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1174] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wilson MK, Pujade-Lauraine E, Aoki D, Mirza MR, Lorusso D, Oza AM, du Bois A, Vergote I, Reuss A, Bacon M, Friedlander M, Gallardo-Rincon D, Joly F, Chang SJ, Ferrero AM, Edmondson RJ, Wimberger P, Maenpaa J, Gaffney D, Zang R, Okamoto A, Stuart G, Ochiai K. Fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference of the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup: recurrent disease. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:727-732. [PMID: 27993805 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reports the consensus statements regarding recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC), reached at the fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference (OCCC), which was held in Tokyo, Japan, in November 2015. Three important questions were identified: (i) What are the subgroups for clinical trials in ROC? The historical definition of using platinum-free interval (PFI) to categorise patients as having platinum-sensitive/resistant disease was replaced by therapy-free interval (TFI). TFI can be broken down into TFIp (PFI), TFInp (non-PFI) and TFIb (biological agent-free interval). Additional criteria to consider include histology, BRCA mutation status, number/type of previous therapies, outcome of prior surgery and patient reported symptoms. (ii) What are the control arms for clinical trials in ROC? When platinum is considered the best option, the control arm should be a platinum-based therapy with or without an anti-angiogenic agent or a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. If platinum is not considered the best option, the control arm could include a non-platinum drug, either as single agent or in combination. (iii) What are the endpoints for clinical trials in ROC? Overall survival (OS) is the preferred endpoint for patient cohorts with an expected median OS < or = 12 months. Progression-free survival (PFS) is an alternative, and it is the preferred endpoint when the expected median OS is > 12 months. However, PFS alone should not be the only endpoint and must be supported by additional endpoints including pre-defined patient reported outcomes (PROs), time to second subsequent therapy (TSST), or time until definitive deterioration of quality of life (TUDD).
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Ledermann JA, Harter P, Gourley C, Friedlander M, Vergote I, Rustin G, Scott C, Meier W, Shapira-Frommer R, Safra T, Matei D, Fielding A, Spencer S, Rowe P, Lowe E, Hodgson D, Sovak MA, Matulonis U. Overall survival in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent serous ovarian cancer receiving olaparib maintenance monotherapy: an updated analysis from a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:1579-1589. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ovarian cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016. [PMID: 27558151 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.61]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is not a single disease and can be subdivided into at least five different histological subtypes that have different identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular compositions, clinical features and treatments. Ovarian cancer is a global problem, is typically diagnosed at a late stage and has no effective screening strategy. Standard treatments for newly diagnosed cancer consist of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. In recurrent cancer, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are used, and immunological therapies are currently being tested. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most commonly diagnosed form of ovarian cancer and at diagnosis is typically very responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy. However, in addition to the other histologies, HGSCs frequently relapse and become increasingly resistant to chemotherapy. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying platinum resistance and finding ways to overcome them are active areas of study in ovarian cancer. Substantial progress has been made in identifying genes that are associated with a high risk of ovarian cancer (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), as well as a precursor lesion of HGSC called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, which holds promise for identifying individuals at high risk of developing the disease and for developing prevention strategies.
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Matulonis UA, Sood AK, Fallowfield L, Howitt BE, Sehouli J, Karlan BY. Ovarian cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016. [PMID: 27558151 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.61] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is not a single disease and can be subdivided into at least five different histological subtypes that have different identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular compositions, clinical features and treatments. Ovarian cancer is a global problem, is typically diagnosed at a late stage and has no effective screening strategy. Standard treatments for newly diagnosed cancer consist of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. In recurrent cancer, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are used, and immunological therapies are currently being tested. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most commonly diagnosed form of ovarian cancer and at diagnosis is typically very responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy. However, in addition to the other histologies, HGSCs frequently relapse and become increasingly resistant to chemotherapy. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying platinum resistance and finding ways to overcome them are active areas of study in ovarian cancer. Substantial progress has been made in identifying genes that are associated with a high risk of ovarian cancer (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), as well as a precursor lesion of HGSC called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, which holds promise for identifying individuals at high risk of developing the disease and for developing prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lesley Fallowfield
- Sussex Health Outcomes Research and Education in Cancer (SHORE-C), Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, UK
| | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is not a single disease and can be subdivided into at least five different histological subtypes that have different identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular compositions, clinical features and treatments. Ovarian cancer is a global problem, is typically diagnosed at a late stage and has no effective screening strategy. Standard treatments for newly diagnosed cancer consist of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. In recurrent cancer, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are used, and immunological therapies are currently being tested. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most commonly diagnosed form of ovarian cancer and at diagnosis is typically very responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy. However, in addition to the other histologies, HGSCs frequently relapse and become increasingly resistant to chemotherapy. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying platinum resistance and finding ways to overcome them are active areas of study in ovarian cancer. Substantial progress has been made in identifying genes that are associated with a high risk of ovarian cancer (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), as well as a precursor lesion of HGSC called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, which holds promise for identifying individuals at high risk of developing the disease and for developing prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A. Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lesley Fallowfield
- Sussex Health Outcomes Research and Education in Cancer (SHORE-C), Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, UK
| | - Brooke E. Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women’s Cancer Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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