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Lőrincz D, Kálmán M. No rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction to stab wounds in Agama and Gecko lizards and the caiman Paleosuchus - it is confined to birds and mammals. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1455-1471. [PMID: 33107974 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study proves that rapid and demarcating astroglial reactions are confined to birds and mammals. To understand the function of post-lesion astroglial reaction, the phylogenetical aspects are also to be investigated. Considering the regenerative capabilities, reptiles represent an intermediate position between the brain regeneration-permissive fishes and amphibians and the almost non-permissive birds and mammals. Damage is followed by a rapid astroglial reaction in the mammalian and avian brain, which is held as an impediment of regeneration. In other vertebrates the reactions were usually observed following long survival periods together with signs of regeneration, therefore they can be regarded as concomitant phenomena of regeneration. The present study applies short post-lesion periods comparable to those seen in mammals and birds for astroglial reactions. Two species of lizards were used: gecko (leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius, Blyth, 1854) and agama (bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps, Ahl, 1926). The gecko brain is rich in GFAP whereas the agama brain is quite poor in this. Crocodilia, the closest extant relatives of birds were represented in this study by Cuvier's dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus, Cuvier, 1807). The post-lesion astroglial reactions of crocodilians have never been investigated. The injuries were stab wounds in the telencephalon. The survival periods lasted 3, 7, 10 or 14 days. Immunoperoxidase reactions were performed applying anti-GFAP, anti-vimentin and anti-nestin reagents. No rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction resembling that of mammalian or avian brains was found. Alterations of the perivascular immunoreactivities of laminin and β-dystroglycan as indicators of glio-vascular decoupling proved that the lesions were effective on astroglia. The capability of rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction seems to be confined to mammals and birds and to appear by separate, parallel evolution in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Lőrincz
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary.,The University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, Hungary.
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Eymann J, Di-Poï N. Glia-Mediated Regenerative Response Following Acute Excitotoxic Damage in the Postnatal Squamate Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:406. [PMID: 32548121 PMCID: PMC7270358 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is a complex tissue responsible for both detection and primary processing of visual stimuli. Although all vertebrate retinas share a similar, multi-layered organization, the ability to regenerate individual retinal cells varies tremendously, being extremely limited in mammals and birds when compared to anamniotes such as fish and amphibians. However, little is yet known about damage response and regeneration of retinal tissues in "non-classical" squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes), which occupy a key phylogenetic position within amniotes and exhibit unique regenerative features in many tissues. Here, we address this gap by establishing and characterizing a model of excitotoxic retinal damage in bearded dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps). We particularly focus on identifying, at the cellular and molecular level, a putative endogenous cellular source for retinal regeneration, as diverse self-repair strategies have been characterized in vertebrates using a variety of retinal injury and transgenic models. Our findings reveal for the first time that squamates hold the potential for postnatal retinal regeneration following acute injury. Although no changes occur in the activity of physiologically active progenitors recently identified at the peripheral retinal margin of bearded dragon, two distinct successive populations of proliferating cells at central retina respond to neurotoxin treatment. Following an initial microglia response, a second source of proliferating cells exhibit common hallmarks of vertebrate Müller glia (MG) activation, including cell cycle re-entry, dedifferentiation into a progenitor-like phenotype, and re-expression of proneural markers. The observed lizard glial responses, although not as substantial as in anamniotes, appear more robust than the absent or neonatal-limited regeneration reported without exogenous stimulation in other amniotes. Altogether, these results help to complete our evolutionary understanding of regenerative potential of the vertebrate retina, and further highlight the major importance of glial cells in retinal regeneration. Furthermore, our work offers a new powerful vertebrate model to elucidate the developmental and evolutionary bases of retinal regeneration within amniotes. Such new understanding of self-repair mechanisms in non-classical species endowed with regenerative properties may help designing therapeutic strategies for vertebrate retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eymann
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Eymann J, Salomies L, Macrì S, Di-Poï N. Variations in the proliferative activity of the peripheral retina correlate with postnatal ocular growth in squamate reptiles. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2356-2370. [PMID: 30860599 PMCID: PMC6766921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a complex, multilayered tissue responsible for the perception of visual stimuli from the environment. Contrary to mammals, the capacity for postnatal eye growth in fish and amphibians, and to a lower extent in birds, is coordinated with a progenitor population residing in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) at the retinal peripheral margin. However, little is known about embryonic retinogenesis and postnatal retinal growth in squamates (lizards, snakes), despite their exceptional array of ecologies and ocular morphologies. Here, we address this gap by performing the first large‐scale study assessing both ontogenetic and adult changes in the stem/progenitor activity of the squamate peripheral retina. Our study reveals for the first time that squamates exhibit a source of proliferating progenitors persisting post embryogenesis in a newly identified retinociliary junction anteriorly adjacent to the retina. This region is strikingly similar to the vertebrate CMZ by its peripheral location and pseudostratified nature, and shares a common pattern of slow‐cycling cells, spatial differentiation gradient, and response to postnatal ocular growth. Additionally, its proliferative activity varies considerably among squamate species, in correlation with embryonic and postnatal differences in eye size and growth. Together our data indicate that squamates possess a proliferative peripheral retina that acts as a source of progenitors to compensate, at least in part, for postnatal ocular growth. Our findings also highlight the remarkable variation in activity and location of vertebrate retinal progenitors, indicating that the currently accepted scenario of reduced CMZ activity over the course of evolution is too simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eymann
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Salomies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simone Macrì
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29507774 PMCID: PMC5824955 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration of complex tissues and organs after injury to effect complete structural and functional repair, is an attractive therapeutic option that would revolutionize clinical medicine. Compared to many metazoan phyla that show extraordinary regenerative capacity, which in some instances persists throughout life, regeneration in mammalians, particularly humans, is limited or absent. Here we consider recent insights in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of regeneration that have come from studies of tissue homeostasis and injury repair in mammalian tissues that span the spectrum from little or no self-renewal, to those showing active cell turnover throughout life. These studies highlight the diversity of factors that constrain regeneration, including immune responses, extracellular matrix composition, age, injury type, physiological adaptation, and angiogenic and neurogenic capacity. Despite these constraints, much progress has been made in elucidating key molecular mechanisms that may provide therapeutic targets for the development of future regenerative therapies, as well as previously unidentified developmental paradigms and windows-of-opportunity for improved regenerative repair.
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Bollaerts I, Veys L, Geeraerts E, Andries L, De Groef L, Buyens T, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L, Van Hove I. Complementary research models and methods to study axonal regeneration in the vertebrate retinofugal system. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:545-567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Jacyniak K, McDonald RP, Vickaryous MK. Tail regeneration and other phenomena of wound healing and tissue restoration in lizards. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2858-2869. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Wound healing is a fundamental evolutionary adaptation with two possible outcomes: scar formation or reparative regeneration. Scars participate in re-forming the barrier with the external environment and restoring homeostasis to injured tissues, but are well understood to represent dysfunctional replacements. In contrast, reparative regeneration is a tissue-specific program that near-perfectly replicates that which was lost or damaged. Although regeneration is best known from salamanders (including newts and axolotls) and zebrafish, it is unexpectedly widespread among vertebrates. For example, mice and humans can replace their digit tips, while many lizards can spontaneously regenerate almost their entire tail. Whereas the phenomenon of lizard tail regeneration has long been recognized, many details of this process remain poorly understood. All of this is beginning to change. This Review provides a comparative perspective on mechanisms of wound healing and regeneration, with a focus on lizards as an emerging model. Not only are lizards able to regrow cartilage and the spinal cord following tail loss, some species can also regenerate tissues after full-thickness skin wounds to the body, transections of the optic nerve and even lesions to parts of the brain. Current investigations are advancing our understanding of the biological requirements for successful tissue and organ repair, with obvious implications for biomedical sciences and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Jacyniak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Rebecca P. McDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Matthew K. Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Myocardial Regeneration for Humans ― Modifying Biology and Manipulating Evolution ―. Circ J 2017; 81:142-148. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Broughton
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute
| | - Mark A. Sussman
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute
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Lang DM, Romero-Alemán MDM, Dobson B, Santos E, Monzón-Mayor M. Nogo-A does not inhibit retinal axon regeneration in the lizardGallotia galloti. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:936-954. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Maria del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Bryony Dobson
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Elena Santos
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Maximina Monzón-Mayor
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
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Park KK, Luo X, Mooney SJ, Yungher BJ, Belin S, Wang C, Holmes MM, He Z. Retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in naked mole-rats. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:380-388. [PMID: 27350178 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), axonal damage often triggers neuronal cell death and glial activation, with very limited spontaneous axon regeneration. In this study, we performed optic nerve injury in adult naked mole-rats, the longest living rodent, with a maximum life span exceeding 30 years, and found that injury responses in this species are quite distinct from those in other mammalian species. In contrast to what is seen in other mammals, the majority of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survive with relatively high spontaneous axon regeneration. Furthermore, injured RGCs display activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), whereas astrocytes in the optic nerve robustly occupy and fill the lesion area days after injury. These neuron-intrinsic and -extrinsic injury responses are reminiscent of those in "cold-blooded" animals, such as fish and amphibians, suggesting that the naked mole-rat is a powerful model for exploring the mechanisms of neuronal injury responses and axon regeneration in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:380-388, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Park
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Xueting Luo
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Skyler J Mooney
- Departments of Psychology and Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Yungher
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Stephane Belin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Melissa M Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Integrated analyses of zebrafish miRNA and mRNA expression profiles identify miR-29b and miR-223 as potential regulators of optic nerve regeneration. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:591. [PMID: 26265132 PMCID: PMC4534052 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike mammals, zebrafish have the ability to regenerate damaged parts of their central nervous system (CNS) and regain functionality of the affected area. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish regeneration may therefore provide insight into how CNS repair might be induced in mammals. Although many studies have described differences in gene expression in zebrafish during CNS regeneration, the regulatory mechanisms underpinning the differential expression of these genes have not been examined. Results We used microarrays to analyse and integrate the mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of zebrafish retina after optic nerve crush to identify potential regulatory mechanisms that underpin central nerve regeneration. Bioinformatic analysis identified 3 miRNAs and 657 mRNAs that were differentially expressed after injury. We then combined inverse correlations between our miRNA expression and mRNA expression, and integrated these findings with target predictions from TargetScan Fish to identify putative miRNA-gene target pairs. We focused on two over-expressed miRNAs (miR-29b and miR-223), and functionally validated seven of their predicted gene targets using RT-qPCR and luciferase assays to confirm miRNA-mRNA binding. Gene ontology analysis placed the miRNA-regulated genes (eva1a, layna, nefmb, ina, si:ch211-51a6.2, smoc1, sb:cb252) in key biological processes that included cell survival/apoptosis, ECM-cytoskeleton signaling, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding, Conclusion Our results suggest a key role for miR-29b and miR-223 in zebrafish regeneration. The identification of miRNA regulation in a zebrafish injury model provides a framework for future studies in which to investigate not only the cellular processes required for CNS regeneration, but also how these mechanisms might be regulated to promote successful repair and return of function in the injured mammalian brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1772-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Variable functional recovery and minor cell loss in the ganglion cell layer of the lizard Gallotia galloti after optic nerve axotomy. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:89-99. [PMID: 24184031 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lizard Gallotia galloti shows spontaneous and slow axon regrowth through a permissive glial scar after optic nerve axotomy. Although much of the expression pattern of glial, neuronal and extracellular matrix markers have been analyzed by our group, an estimation of the cell loss in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the degree of visual function recovery remained unresolved. Thus, we performed a series of tests indicative of effective visual function (pupillary light reflex, accommodation, visually elicited behavior) in 18 lizards at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-axotomy which were then processed for immunohistochemistry for the neuronal markers SMI-31 (neurofilaments), Tuj1 (beta-III tubulin) and SV2 (synaptic vesicles) at the last timepoint. Separately, cell loss in the GCL was estimated by comparative quantitation of DAPI(+) nuclei in control and 12 months experimental lizards. Additionally, 15 lizards were processed for electron microscopy to monitor relevant ultrastructural changes in the GCL, optic nerve and optic tract throughout regeneration. Hypertrophy of RGCs was persistent, morphology of the regenerated nerves varied from narrow to neuroma-like features and larger regenerated axons underwent remyelination by 9 months. The estimated cell loss in the GCL was 27% and two-third of the animals recovered the pupillary light reflex which involves the pretectum. Strikingly, visually elicited behavior involving the tectum was only restored in two specimens, presumably due to the higher complexity of this pathway. These preliminary results indicate that limited functional regeneration occurs spontaneously in the severely injured visual system of the lacertid G. galloti.
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Romero-Alemán MDM, Monzón-Mayor M, Santos E, Yanes CM. Regrowth of transected retinal ganglion cell axons despite persistent astrogliosis in the lizard (Gallotia galloti). J Anat 2013; 223:22-37. [PMID: 23656528 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the astroglia response that is concurrent with spontaneous axonal regrowth after optic nerve (ON) transection in the lizard Gallotia galloti. At different post-lesional time points (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) we used conventional electron microscopy and specific markers for astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (Vim), sex-determining region Y-box-9 (Sox9), paired box-2 (Pax2)¸ cluster differentiation-44 (CD44)] and for proliferating cells (PCNA). The experimental retina showed a limited glial response since the increase of gliofilaments was not significant when compared with controls, and proliferating cells were undetectable. Conversely, PCNA(+) cells populated the regenerating ON, optic tract (OTr) and ventricular wall of both the hypothalamus and optic tectum (OT). Subpopulations of these PCNA(+) cells were identified as GFAP(+) and Vim(+) reactive astrocytes and radial glia. Reactive astrocytes up-regulated Vim at 1 month post-lesion, and both Vim and GFAP at 12 months post-lesion in the ON-OTr, indicating long-term astrogliosis. They also expressed Pax2, Sox9 and CD44 in the ON, and Sox9 in the OTr. Concomitantly, persistent tissue cavities and disorganised regrowing fibre bundles reaching the OT were observed. Our ultrastructural data confirm abundant gliofilaments in reactive astrocytes joined by desmosomes. Remarkably, they also accumulated myelin debris and lipid droplets until late stages, indicating their participation in myelin removal. These data suggest that persistent mammalian-like astrogliosis in the adult lizard ON contributes to a permissive structural scaffold for long-term axonal regeneration and provides a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial neuron-glia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Departamento de Morfología (Biología Celular), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Ferretti P. Is there a relationship between adult neurogenesis and neuron generation following injury across evolution? Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:951-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Santos E, Romero-Alemán M, Monzón-Mayor M, Lang D, Rodger J, Yanes C. Expression of BDNF and NT-3 during the ontogeny and regeneration of the lacertidian (Gallotia galloti) visual system. Dev Neurobiol 2011; 71:836-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Development of astroglia heterogeneously expressing Pax2, vimentin and GFAP during the ontogeny of the optic pathway of the lizard (Gallotia galloti): an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:295-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Romero-Alemán M, Monzón-Mayor M, Santos E, Yanes C. Expression of neuronal markers, synaptic proteins, and glutamine synthetase in the control and regenerating lizard visual system. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:4067-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Regeneration in Reptiles and Its Position Among Vertebrates. MORPHOLOGICAL AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF TAIL AND LIMB REGENERATION IN LIZARDS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03733-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
For many years the mammalian CNS has been seen as an organ that is unable to regenerate. However, it was also long known that lower vertebrate species are capable of impressive regeneration of CNS structures. How did this situation arise through evolution? Increasing cellular and molecular understanding of regeneration in different animal species coupled with studies of adult neurogenesis in mammals is providing a basis for addressing this question. Here we compare CNS regeneration among vertebrates and speculate on how this ability may have emerged or been restricted.
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Lang DM, Monzon-Mayor M, del Mar Romero-Aleman M, Yanes C, Santos E, Pesheva P. Tenascin-R and axon growth-promoting molecules are up-regulated in the regenerating visual pathway of the lizard (Gallotia galloti). Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:899-916. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Willson ML, Bower AJ, Sherrard RM. Developmental neural plasticity and its cognitive benefits: olivocerebellar reinnervation compensates for spatial function in the cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1475-83. [PMID: 17425573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system displays limited reinnervation and recovery from trauma. However, during development, post-lesion plasticity may generate alternative paths, thus providing models to investigate reinnervation and repair. After unilateral transection of the neonatal rat olivocerebellar path (pedunculotomy), axons from the remaining inferior olive reinnervate the denervated hemicerebellum. Unfortunately, reinnervation to the cerebellar hemisphere is incomplete; therefore, its capacity to mediate hemispheric function (navigation) is unknown. We studied sensorimotor control and spatial cognition of rats with and without transcommissural reinnervation using simple (bridge and ladder) and complex (wire) locomotion tests and the Morris water maze (hidden, probe and cued paradigms). Although pedunculotomized animals completed locomotory tasks more slowly than controls, all groups performed equally in the cued maze, indicating that lesioned animals could orientate to and reach the platform. In animals pedunculotomized on day 3 (Px3), which develop olivocerebellar reinnervation, final spatial knowledge was as good as controls, although they learned more erratically, failing to retain all information from one day to the next. By contrast, animals pedunculotomized on day 11 (Px11), which do not develop reinnervation, did not learn the task, taking less direct routes and more time to reach the platform than controls. In the probe test, control and Px3, but not Px11, animals swam directly to the remembered location. Furthermore, the amount of transcommissural reinnervation to the denervated hemisphere correlated directly with spatial performance. These results show that transcommissural olivocerebellar reinnervation is associated with spatial learning, i.e. even partial circuit repair confers significant functional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina L Willson
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
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Dunlop SA, Tee LBG, Goossens MAL, Stirling RV, Hool L, Rodger J, Beazley LD. Regenerating optic axons restore topography after incomplete optic nerve injury. J Comp Neurol 2007; 505:46-57. [PMID: 17729282 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Following complete optic nerve injury in a lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons regenerate but fail to restore retinotectal topography unless animals are trained on a visual task (Beazley et al. [ 1997] J Comp Neurol 370:105-120, [2003] J Neurotrauma 20:1263-1270). Here we show that incomplete injury, which leaves some RGC axons intact, restores normal topography. Strict RGC axon topography allowed us to preserve RGC axons on one side of the nerve (projecting to medial tectum) while lesioning those on the other side (projecting to lateral tectum). Topography and response properties for both RGC axon populations were assessed electrophysiologically. The majority of intact RGC axons retained appropriate topography in medial tectum and had normal, consistently brisk, reliable responses. Regenerate RGC axons fell into two classes: those that projected topographically to lateral tectum with responses that tended to habituate and those that lacked topography, responded weakly, and habituated rapidly. Axon tracing by localized retinal application of carbocyanine dyes supported the electrophysiological data. RGC soma counts were normal in both intact and axotomized RGC populations, contrasting with the 30% RGC loss after complete injury. Unlike incomplete optic nerve injury in mammals, where RGC axon regeneration fails and secondary cell death removes many intact RGC somata, lizards experience a "win-win" situation: intact RGC axons favorably influence the functional outcome for regenerating ones and RGCs do not succumb to either primary or secondary cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.
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Santos E, Monzón-Mayor M, Romero-Alemán M, Yanes C. Distribution of neurotrophin-3 during the ontogeny and regeneration of the lizard (Gallotia galloti) visual system. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 68:31-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lee EJ, Merwine DK, Padilla M, Grzywacz NM. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of normal and dark-reared turtle. J Comp Neurol 2007; 503:768-78. [PMID: 17570494 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Visual deprivation alters retinal-ganglion-cell response properties through changes in spontaneous wave-like activity (Sernagor and Grzywacz [1996] Curr Biol 6:1503-1508). This activity depends on cholinergic synaptic transmission in the turtle retina (ibid; Sernagor and Mehta [ 2001] J Anat 199:375-383). We studied the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by immunocytochemistry and Western blot in developing retinas of control and dark-reared turtles. At postnatal day 0 (P0), right after hatching, ChAT-immunoreactivity was present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), in the inner nuclear layer (INL), and in two distinct bands of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In P14- and P28-control, and P14- and P28-dark-reared retinas, ChAT-immunoreactivity showed similar patterns to those in P0. However, in P14- and P28-dark-reared retinas the density of ChAT-immunoreactive cells was higher in both the INL and GCL than in P14- and P28-control retinas, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting showed that ChAT protein levels were significantly increased in the dark-reared retina compared to those of the control. TUNEL studies indicated that the difference between normal and dark-reared conditions was not due to extra apoptosis in the former. In turn, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunocytochemistry showed no extra proliferating cells in the latter. Finally, nearest-neighbor analysis revealed that the denser population of cholinergic cells in dark-reared turtles formed a mosaic as regular as the normal ones in the GCL. Thus, light deprivation increases the expression of ChAT, increasing the apparent density of cholinergic neurons in the developing turtle retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Center for Vision Science and Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1111, USA
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Robins A, Chen P, Beazley LD, Dunlop SA. Lateralized predatory responses in the ornate dragon lizard (Ctenophorus ornatus). Neuroreport 2005; 16:849-52. [PMID: 15891583 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200505310-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lateralized responses for visually elicited feeding behaviour have been reported in toads and birds but not in the phylogenetically intermediate class of vertebrates, the reptiles. Here we examined small social groups of ornate dragon lizards Ctenophorus ornatus (family Agamidae) and provide the first report in reptiles of right eye lateralization (left brain hemisphere) for predatory responses to prey. However, right eye lateralization was not evident initially but became stronger with time supporting a shift to right eye lateralization as the prey became increasingly familiar. The study is in agreement with recent findings in toads, adding credence to the hypothesis that lateralization originated in an early ancestor and highlighting the supposition that the strength and direction of lateralization is dependent on experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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