Activation-Induced Surface Modulation of Biowaste-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors

Nanoarchitectonics on residual carbon from gasification fine slag upon two step low temperature activation for application in supercapacitors

In this paper, the carbon electrode materials were prepared by the KOH-HNO3 low-temperature activation technique using cheap residual carbon from gasification fine slag (CK) as raw materials. The results showed that the prepared material (CKN-2) which obtained by dry-wet sequential activation at 500°C for 1.5 h at carbon to KOH ratio of 1:2 and further at 80°C for 1 h in 2 mol/L HNO3 solution. The specific capacitance of CKN-2 reached 142 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. CKN-2 was used to assemble a symmetrical (CKN-2//CKN-2) supercapacitor, which exhibited an energy density of 6.80 Wh/kg at a power density of 244.8 W/kg. The CKN-2//CKN-2 capacitor was tested for stability after 10,000 cycles, with a capacitance retention rate of 97%. These results demonstrate that residual carbon from gasification fine slag can be effectively used to produce high-performance carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors using the KOH-HNO3 low-temperature sequential co-activation technique.

In Situ Construction of Nitrogen-Doped and Zinc-Confined Microporous Carbon Enabling Efficient Na+-Storage Abilities

Benefiting from the additional active sites for sodium-ion (Na⁺) adsorption and porous architecture for electrolyte accessibility, nitrogen-doped porous carbon has been considered the alternative anode material for Na⁺-storage applications. In this study, nitrogen-doped and zinc-confined microporous carbon (N,Z-MPC) powders are successfully prepared by thermally pyrolyzing the polyhedral ZIF-8 nanoparticles under an argon atmosphere. Following the electrochemical measurements, the N,Z-MPC not only delivers good reversible capacity (423 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g) and comparable rate capability (104 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g) but also achieves a remarkable cyclability (capacity retention: 96.6% after 3000 cycles at 1.0 A/g). Those can be attributed to its intrinsic characteristics: (a) 67% of the disordered structure, (b) 0.38 nm of interplanar distance, (c) a great proportion of sp²-type carbon, (d) abundant microporosity, (e) 16.1% of nitrogen doping, and (f) existence of sodiophilic Zn species, synergistically enhancing the electrochemical performances. Accordingly, the findings observed here support the N,Z-MPC to be a potential anode material enabling exceptional Na⁺-storage abilities.

Nanoporous Hollow Carbon Spheres Derived from Fullerene Assembly as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors

The energy storage performances of supercapacitors are expected to be enhanced by the use of nanostructured hierarchically micro/mesoporous hollow carbon materials based on their ultra-high specific surface areas and rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions through the interconnected channels of their mesoporous structures. In this work, we report the electrochemical supercapacitance properties of hollow carbon spheres prepared by high-temperature carbonization of self-assembled fullerene-ethylenediamine hollow spheres (FE-HS). FE-HS, having an average external diameter of 290 nm, an internal diameter of 65 nm, and a wall thickness of 225 nm, were prepared by using the dynamic liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (DLLIP) method at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. High temperature carbonization (at 700, 900, and 1100 °C) of the FE-HS yielded nanoporous (micro/mesoporous) hollow carbon spheres with large surface areas (612 to 1616 m² g^-1) and large pore volumes (0.925 to 1.346 cm³ g^-1) dependent on the temperature applied. The sample obtained by carbonization of FE-HS at 900 °C (FE-HS_900) displayed optimum surface area and exhibited remarkable electrochemical electrical double-layer capacitance properties in aq. 1 M sulfuric acid due to its well-developed porosity, interconnected pore structure, and large surface area. For a three-electrode cell setup, a specific capacitance of 293 F g^-1 at a 1 A g^-1 current density, which is approximately 4 times greater than the specific capacitance of the starting material, FE-HS. The symmetric supercapacitor cell was assembled using FE-HS_900 and attained 164 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 with sustained 50% capacitance at 10 A g^-1 accompanied by 96% cycle life and 98% coulombic efficiency after 10,000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles. The results demonstrate the excellent potential of these fullerene assemblies in the fabrication of nanoporous carbon materials with the extensive surface areas required for high-performance energy storage supercapacitor applications.

Sweet-Potato-Vine-Based High-Performance Porous Carbon for Methylene Blue Adsorption

In this study, sweet-potato-vine-based porous carbon (SPVPC) was prepared using zinc chloride as an activating and pore-forming agent. The optimised SPVPC exhibited abundant porous structures with a high specific surface area of 1397.8 m² g^-1. Moreover, SPVPC exhibited excellent adsorption characteristics for removing methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity for MB reached 653.6 mg g^-1, and the reusability was satisfactory. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models, respectively. The adsorption mechanism was summarised as the synergistic effects of the hierarchically porous structures in SPVPC and various interactions between SPVPC and MB. Considering its low cost and excellent adsorption performance, the prepared porous carbon is a promising adsorbent candidate for dye wastewater treatment.

Mango-Stone-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors

The preparation of N-doped porous carbon (NC-800) is presented via facile mango stone carbonization at 800 °C. The NC-800 material exhibits good cycle stability (the capacity retention is 97.8% after 5000 cycles) and high specific capacitance of 280 F/g at 1 A/g. Furthermore, the assembled symmetric device of NC-800//NCs-800 exhibits about 31.1 Wh/kg of energy density at 800 W/kg in a voltage range of 0-1.6 V. The results of the study suggest that NC-800 may be a promising energy storage material for practical application.

On Capacitance and Energy Storage of Supercapacitor with Dielectric Constant Discontinuity

The classical density functional theory (CDFT) is applied to investigate influences of electrode dielectric constant on specific differential capacitance Cd and specific energy storage E of a cylindrical electrode pore electrical double layer. Throughout all calculations the electrode dielectric constant varies from 5, corresponding to a dielectric electrode, to εwr= 10⁸ corresponding to a metal electrode. Main findings are summarized as below. (i): By using a far smaller value of the solution relative dielectric constant εr=10, which matches with the reality of extremely narrow tube, one discloses that a rather high saturation voltage is needed to attain the saturation energy storage in the ultra-small pore. (ii): Use of a realistic low εr=10 value brings two obvious effects. First, influence of bulk electrolyte concentration on the Cd is rather small except when the electrode potential is around the zero charge potential; influence on the E curve is almost unobservable. Second, there remain the Cd and E enhancing effects caused by counter-ion valency rise, but strength of the effects reduces greatly with dropping of the εr value; in contrast, the Cd and E reducing effects coming from the counter-ion size enhancing remain significant enough for the low εr value. (iii) A large value of electrode relative dielectric constant εrw always reduces both the capacitance and energy storage; moreover, the effect of the εrw value gets eventually unobservable for small enough pore when the εrw value is beyond the scope corresponding to dielectric electrode. It is analyzed that the above effects take their rise in the repulsion and attraction on the counter-ions and co-ions caused by the electrode bound charges and a strengthened inter-counter-ion electrostatic repulsion originated in the low εr value.