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Tran V, Carpo N, Shaka S, Zamudio J, Choi S, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Delayed Maturation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors by Microgravity: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis and Space Flight. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:797. [PMID: 35743828 PMCID: PMC9224676 DOI: 10.3390/life12060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we examined the effects of space microgravity on human neural stem cells. To date, there are no studies on a different type of cell that is critical for myelination and electrical signals transmission, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs). The purpose of the present study was to examine the behavior of space-flown OLPs (SPC-OLPs) as they were adapting to Earth's gravity. We found that SPC-OLPs survived, and most of them proliferated normally. Nonetheless, some of them displayed incomplete cytokinesis. Both morphological and ontogenetic analyses showed that they remained healthy and expressed the immature OLP markers Sox2, PDGFR-α, and transferrin (Tf) after space flight, which confirmed that SPC-OLPs displayed a more immature phenotype than their ground control (GC) counterparts. In contrast, GC OLPs expressed markers that usually appear later (GPDH, O4, and ferritin), indicating a delay in SPC-OLPs' development. These cells remained immature even after treatment with culture media designed to support oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation. The most remarkable and surprising finding was that the iron carrier glycoprotein Tf, previously described as an early marker for OLPs, was expressed ectopically in the nucleus of all SPC-OLPs. In contrast, their GC counterparts expressed it exclusively in the cytoplasm, as previously described. In addition, analysis of the secretome demonstrated that SPC-OLPs contained 3.5 times more Tf than that of GC cells, indicating that Tf is gravitationally regulated, opening two main fields of study to understand the upregulation of the Tf gene and secretion of the protein that keep OLPs at a progenitor stage rather than moving forward to more mature phenotypes. Alternatively, because Tf is an autocrine and paracrine factor in the central nervous system (CNS), in the absence of neurons, it accumulated in the secretome collected after space flight. We conclude that microgravity is becoming a novel platform to study why in some myelin disorders OLPs are present but do not mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Nicholas Carpo
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Sophia Shaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Joile Zamudio
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Sungshin Choi
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
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Hirose-Ikeda M, Chu B, Zhao P, Akil O, Escalante E, Vergnes L, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Trophic factors are essential for the survival of grafted oligodendrocyte progenitors and for neuroprotection after perinatal excitotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:557-568. [PMID: 31571668 PMCID: PMC6921341 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of neonatal white matter injury are devastating and represent a major societal problem as currently there is no cure. Prematurity, low weight birth and maternal pre-natal infection are the most frequent causes of acquired myelin deficiency in the human neonate leading to cerebral palsy and cognitive impairment. In the developing brain, oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation occurs perinatally, and immature OLs are particularly vulnerable. Cell replacement therapy is often considered a viable option to replace progenitors that die due to glutamate excitotoxicity. We previously reported directed specification and mobilization of endogenous committed and uncommitted neural progenitors by the combination of transferrin and insulin growth factor 1 (TSC1). Here, considering cell replacement and integration as therapeutic goals, we examined if OL progenitors (OLPs) grafted into the brain parenchyma of mice that were subjected to an excitotoxic insult could rescue white matter injury. For that purpose, we used a well-established model of glutamate excitotoxic injury. Four-day-old mice received a single intraparenchymal injection of the glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate alone or in conjunction with TSC1 in the presence or absence of OLPs grafted into the brain parenchyma. Energetics and expression of stress proteins and OL developmental specific markers were examined. A comparison of the proteomic profile per treatment was also ascertained. We found that OLPs did not survive in the excitotoxic environment when grafted alone. In contrast, when combined with TSC1, survival and integration of grafted OLPs was observed. Further, energy metabolism in OLPs was significantly increased by N-methyl-D-aspartate and modulated by TSC1. The proteomic profile after the various treatments showed elevated ubiquitination and stress/heat shock protein 90 in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate. These changes were reversed in the presence of TSC1 and ubiquitination was decreased. The results obtained in this pre-clinical study indicate that the use of a combinatorial intervention including both trophic support and healthy OLPs constitutes a promising approach for long-term survival and successful graft integration. We established optimal conditioning of the host brain environment to promote long-term survival and integration of grafted OLPs into an inflamed neonate host brain. Experimental procedures were performed under the United States Public Health Service Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee at (UCLA) (ARC #1992-034-61) on July 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hirose-Ikeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Chu
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Zhao
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omar Akil
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elida Escalante
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Guo NN, Liu LP, Zheng YW, Li YM. Inducing human induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation through embryoid bodies: A practical and stable approach. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:25-34. [PMID: 32110273 PMCID: PMC7031760 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable resources for producing high-quality differentiated cells in unlimited quantities for both basic research and clinical use. They are particularly useful for studying human disease mechanisms in vitro by making it possible to circumvent the ethical issues of human embryonic stem cell research. However, significant limitations exist when using conventional flat culturing methods especially concerning cell expansion, differentiation efficiency, stability maintenance and multicellular 3D structure establishment, differentiation prediction. Embryoid bodies (EBs), the multicellular aggregates spontaneously generated from iPSCs in the suspension system, might help to address these issues. Due to the unique microenvironment and cell communication in EB structure that a 2D culture system cannot achieve, EBs have been widely applied in hiPSC-derived differentiation and show significant advantages especially in scaling up culturing, differentiation efficiency enhancement, ex vivo simulation, and organoid establishment. EBs can potentially also be used in early prediction of iPSC differentiation capability. To improve the stability and feasibility of EB-mediated differentiation and generate high quality EBs, critical factors including iPSC pluripotency maintenance, generation of uniform morphology using micro-pattern 3D culture systems, proper cellular density inoculation, and EB size control are discussed on the basis of both published data and our own laboratory experiences. Collectively, the production of a large quantity of homogeneous EBs with high quality is important for the stability and feasibility of many PSCs related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Guo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 234-0006, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Bookheimer SY, Kornblum HI. In memory of Jean de Vellis (1935-2018). J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:28. [PMID: 31839010 PMCID: PMC6912991 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Bookheimer
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Cepeda C, Vergnes L, Carpo N, Schibler MJ, Bentolila LA, Karouia F, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Human Neural Stem Cells Flown into Space Proliferate and Generate Young Neurons. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019; 9. [PMID: 34484810 PMCID: PMC8412175 DOI: 10.3390/app9194042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that human neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate while in space and they express specific NSC markers after being in space. NSCs displayed both higher oxygen consumption and glycolysis than ground controls. These cells also kept their ability to become young neurons. Electrophysiological recordings of space NSC-derived neurons showed immature cell membrane properties characterized by small capacitance and very high input resistance. Current injections elicited only an incipient action potential. No spontaneous synaptic events could be detected, suggesting their immature status even though most recorded cells displayed complex morphology and numerous cell processes. Ascertaining the origin of the NSCs′ increased energy requirement is of the essence in order to design effective measures to minimize health risks associated with long-duration human spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- Departments of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas Carpo
- Departments of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew J. Schibler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent A. Bentolila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Advanced Light Microscopy/Spectroscopy, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fathi Karouia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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Jung-Klawitter S, Opladen T. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as model to study inherited defects of neurotransmission in inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1103-1116. [PMID: 29980968 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the way of modeling human disease. Especially for the modeling of rare human monogenetic diseases with limited numbers of patients available worldwide and limited access to the mostly affected tissues, iPSCs have become an invaluable tool. To study rare diseases affecting neurotransmitter biosynthesis and neurotransmission, stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become highly important as most of the cell types present in the human brain and the central nervous system (CNS), including motoneurons, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, can be differentiated from iPSCs following distinct developmental programs. Differentiation can be performed using classical 2D differentiation protocols, thereby generating specific subtypes of neurons or glial cells in a dish. On the other side, 3D differentiation into "organoids" opened new ways to study misregulated developmental processes associated with rare neurological and neurometabolic diseases. For the analysis of defects in neurotransmission associated with rare neurometabolic diseases, different types of brain organoids have been made available during the last years including forebrain, midbrain and cerebral organoids. In this review, we illustrate reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs, differentiation in 2D and 3D, as well as already available disease-specific iPSC models, and discuss current and future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jeffrey AE. Physiologically-Relevant Cellular Models for Biomarkers and Drug Discovery. ANNALS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 2:1014. [PMID: 34485994 PMCID: PMC8412170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa Jeffrey
- Correspondence: Araceli Espinosa Jeffrey, Department of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, 90095-7332, California, USA, Tel: (310) 825 1747; Fax: (310) 206 5061;
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Powell SK, Gregory J, Akbarian S, Brennand KJ. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to the study of brain development and neuropsychiatric disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:157-166. [PMID: 28549865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has transformed our ability to manipulate the genome and epigenome, from efficient genomic editing to targeted localization of effectors to specific loci. Through the manipulation of DNA- and histone-modifying enzyme activities, activation or repression of gene expression, and targeting of transcriptional regulators, the role of gene-regulatory and epigenetic pathways in basic biology and disease processes can be directly queried. Here, we discuss emerging CRISPR-based methodologies, with specific consideration of neurobiological applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Powell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - J Gregory
- Instructional Technology Group, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - S Akbarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - K J Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Boullerne AI. A short biography of Jean de Vellis. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1380-1383. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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