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Wang D, Zhao T, Yu Y. In/Ga-Doped Si as Anodes for Si-Air Batteries with Restrained Self-Corrosion and Surface Passivation: A First-Principles Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093784. [PMID: 37175193 PMCID: PMC10180196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon-air batteries (SABs) are attracting considerable attention owing to their high theoretical energy density and superior security. In this study, In and Ga were doped into Si electrodes to optimize the capability of Si-air batteries. Varieties of Si-In/SiO2 and Si-Ga/SiO2 atomic interfaces were built, and their properties were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energies of the SiO2 passivation layer on In- and Ga-doped silicon electrodes were higher than those on pure Si electrodes. Mulliken population analysis revealed a change in the average number of charge transfers of oxygen atoms at the interface. Furthermore, the local device density of states (LDDOS) of the modified electrodes showed high strength in the interfacial region. Additionally, In and Ga as dopants introduced new energy levels in the Si/SiO2 interface according to the projected local density of states (PLDOS), thus reducing the band gap of the SiO2. Moreover, the I-V curves revealed that doping In and Ga into Si electrodes enhanced the current flow of interface devices. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for improving the practical efficiency of silicon-air batteries through anode doping and provide insight into the design of Si-based anodes in air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Tingyu Zhao
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yingjian Yu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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Investigation of the discharging behaviors of different doped silicon nanowires in alkaline Si-air batteries. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang J, Cui L, Li S, Pu T, Fang X, Kang S, Zhang X. A high-capacity iron silicide–air primary battery in an acidic saline electrolyte. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An FeSi2–air primary battery in saline electrolyte was assembled, which shows a high specific capacity of 1.90 A h g−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
| | - Lifeng Cui
- School of Environment and Architecture
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
| | - Shasha Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
| | - Tingting Pu
- School of Environment and Architecture
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
| | - Xueyou Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yancheng Institution of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Shifei Kang
- School of Environment and Architecture
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- China
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Analysis on discharge behavior and performance of As- and B-doped silicon anodes in non-aqueous Si–air batteries under pulsed discharge operation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Very high theoretical specific energies and abundant resource availability have emerged interest in primary Si–air batteries during the last decade. When operated with highly doped Si anodes and EMIm(HF)2.3F ionic liquid electrolyte, specific energies up to 1660 Wh kgSi−1 can be realized. Owing to their high-discharge voltage, the most investigated anode materials are $$\langle 100\rangle$$⟨100⟩ oriented highly As-doped Si wafers. As there is substantial OCV corrosion for these anodes, the most favorable mode of operation is continuous discharge. The objective of the present work is, therefore, to investigate the discharge behavior of cells with $$\langle 100\rangle$$⟨100⟩ As-doped Si anodes and to compare their performance to cells with $$\langle 100\rangle$$⟨100⟩ B-doped Si anodes under pulsed discharge conditions with current densities of 0.1 and 0.3 mA cm−2. Nine cells for both anode materials were operated for 200 h each, whereby current pulse time related to total operating time ranging from zero (OCV) to one (continuous discharge), are considered. The corrosion and discharge behavior of the cells were analyzed and anode surface morphologies after discharge were characterized. The performance is evaluated in terms of specific energy, specific capacity, and anode mass conversion efficiency. While for high-current pulse time fractions, the specific energies are higher for cells with As-doped Si anodes, along with low-current pulse fractions the cells with B-doped Si anodes are more favorable. It is demonstrated, that calculations for the specific energy under pulsed discharge conditions based on only two measurements—the OCV and the continuous discharge—match very well with the experimental data.
Graphic abstract
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Weinrich H, Durmus YE, Tempel H, Kungl H, Eichel RA. Silicon and Iron as Resource-Efficient Anode Materials for Ambient-Temperature Metal-Air Batteries: A Review. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132134. [PMID: 31269782 PMCID: PMC6651549 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-air batteries provide a most promising battery technology given their outstanding potential energy densities, which are desirable for both stationary and mobile applications in a “beyond lithium-ion” battery market. Silicon- and iron-air batteries underwent less research and development compared to lithium- and zinc-air batteries. Nevertheless, in the recent past, the two also-ran battery systems made considerable progress and attracted rising research interest due to the excellent resource-efficiency of silicon and iron. Silicon and iron are among the top five of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, which ensures almost infinite material supply of the anode materials, even for large scale applications. Furthermore, primary silicon-air batteries are set to provide one of the highest energy densities among all types of batteries, while iron-air batteries are frequently considered as a highly rechargeable system with decent performance characteristics. Considering fundamental aspects for the anode materials, i.e., the metal electrodes, in this review we will first outline the challenges, which explicitly apply to silicon- and iron-air batteries and prevented them from a broad implementation so far. Afterwards, we provide an extensive literature survey regarding state-of-the-art experimental approaches, which are set to resolve the aforementioned challenges and might enable the introduction of silicon- and iron-air batteries into the battery market in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Weinrich
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yasin Emre Durmus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hermann Tempel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans Kungl
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Aslanbas Ö, Durmus YE, Tempel H, Hausen F, Ein-Eli Y, Eichel RA, Kungl H. Electrochemical analysis and mixed potentials theory of ionic liquid based Metal–Air batteries with Al/Si alloy anodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Durmus YE, Montiel Guerrero SS, Aslanbas Ö, Tempel H, Hausen F, de Haart L, Ein-Eli Y, Eichel RA, Kungl H. Investigation of the corrosion behavior of highly As-doped crystalline Si in alkaline Si–air batteries. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Durmus YE, Aslanbas Ö, Kayser S, Tempel H, Hausen F, de Haart L, Granwehr J, Ein-Eli Y, Eichel RA, Kungl H. Long run discharge, performance and efficiency of primary Silicon–air cells with alkaline electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Challenges and Prospect of Non-aqueous Non-alkali (NANA) Metal-Air Batteries. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:82. [PMID: 27878565 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous non-alkali (NANA) metal-air battery technologies promise to provide electrochemical energy storage with the highest specific energy density. Metal-air battery technology is particularly advantageous being implemented in long-range electric vehicles. Up to now, almost all the efforts in the field are focused on Li-air cells, but other NANA metal-air battery technologies emerge. The major concern, which the research community should be dealing with, is the limited and rather poor rechargeability of these systems. The challenges we are covering in this review are related to the initial limited discharge capacities and cell performances. By comprehensively reviewing the studies conducted so far, we show that the implementation of advanced materials is a promising approach to increase metal-air performance and, particularly, metal surface activation as a prime achievement leading to respectful discharge currents. In this review, we address the most critical areas that need careful research attention in order to achieve progress in the understanding of the physical and electrochemical processes in non-aqueous electrolytes applied in beyond lithium and zinc air generation of metal-air battery systems.
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Sarwar S, Kim M, Baek G, Oh I, Lee H. Transformation of Silicon Nanowire into Nanopyramid in Alkaline Solution and its Implication in Silicon-Air Battery. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Sarwar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of IT Convergence Engineering; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of IT Convergence Engineering; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi Republic of Korea
| | - Giljae Baek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of IT Convergence Engineering; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi Republic of Korea
| | - Ilwhan Oh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of IT Convergence Engineering; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi Republic of Korea
| | - Hochun Lee
- Energy Systems Engineering; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST); Daegu 711-873 Republic of Korea
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Ocon JD, Abrenica GHA, Lee J. High-Power-Density Semiconductor-Air Batteries Based on P-Type Germanium with Different Crystal Orientations. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joey D. Ocon
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE); Department of Chemical Engineering; University of the Philippines Diliman; Quezon City 1101 Philippines
| | - Graniel Harne A. Abrenica
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
- Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis; Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
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Park DW, Kim S, Ocon JD, Abrenica GHA, Lee JK, Lee J. Controlled electrochemical etching of nanoporous Si anodes and its discharge behavior in alkaline Si-air batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3126-3132. [PMID: 25594400 DOI: 10.1021/am507360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of nanoporous silicon (nPSi) electrodes via electrochemical etching to form a porous Si layer with controllable thickness and pore size. Varying the etching time and ethanolic HF concentration results in different surface morphologies, with various degrees of electrolyte access depending on the pore characteristics. Optimizing the etching condition leads to well-developed nPSi electrodes, which have thick porous layers and smaller pore diameter and exhibit improved discharge behavior as anodes in alkaline Si-air cells in contrast to flat Si anode. Although electrochemical etching is effective in improving the interfacial characteristics of Si in terms of high surface area, we observed that mild anodization occurs and produces an oxide overlayer. We then show that this oxide layer in nPSi anodes can be effectively removed to produce an nPSi anode with good discharge behavior in an actual alkaline Si-air cell. In the future, the combination of high surface area nPSi anodes with nonaqueous electrolytes (e.g., room-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte) to minimize the strong passivation behavior and self-discharge in Si could lead to Si-air cells with a stable voltage profile and high anode utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Park
- Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
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Radin MD, Siegel DJ. Non-aqueous Metal–Oxygen Batteries: Past, Present, and Future. RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15458-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Garamoun A, Schubert MB, Werner JH. Thin-film silicon for flexible metal-air batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3272-3274. [PMID: 25251223 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high energy density, theoretical studies propose silicon as a promising candidate material for metal-air batteries. Herein, for the first time, experimental results detail the use of n-type doped amorphous silicon and silicon carbide as fuel in Si-air batteries. Thin-film silicon is particularly interesting for flexible and rolled batteries with high specific energies. Our Si-air batteries exhibit a specific capacity of 269 Ah kg(-1) and an average cell voltage of 0.85 V at a discharge current density of 7.9 μA cm(-2) , corresponding to a specific energy of 229 Wh kg(-1) . Favorably in terms of safety, low concentrated alkaline solution serves as electrolyte. Discharging of the Si-air cells continues as long as there is silicon available for oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Garamoun
- Institut für Photovoltaik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany), Fax: (+49) 711-685 67138
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Wang L, Liu F, Wang W, Yang G, Zheng D, Wu Z, Leung MKH. A high-capacity dual-electrolyte aluminum/air electrochemical cell. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05222f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual-electrolyte aluminum/air electrochemical cell with a high anodic capacity of 6000 mA h cm−3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Fude Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Guandong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Dawei Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuangchun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Michael K. H. Leung
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre
- School of Energy and Environment
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong, China
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Ocon JD, Kim JW, Abrenica GHA, Lee JK, Lee J. Quasi-perpetual discharge behaviour in p-type Ge–air batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22487-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A semiconductor–air battery, powered by a flat p-type Ge anode, exhibits an unprecedented full discharge energy capacity and anode utilization efficiency relative to commercial metal–air batteries, and new metal–air batteries using 3D, nanostructured, and porous metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey D. Ocon
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Graniel Harne A. Abrenica
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lee
- ERTL Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- ERTL Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis
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Oh I. Silicon Nanostructures Fabricated by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.5229/jkes.2013.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ocon JD, Kim JW, Uhm S, Mun BS, Lee J. An etched nanoporous Ge anode in a novel metal–air energy conversion cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6333-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Honorary Membership of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker: G. S. Fischer and E. Winterfeldt / Liebig Lectureship: G. Mloston / Innovation Prize in Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Chemistry: C. Ottmann / Raimund Stadler Prize: A. Walther / DuPont Young Professor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Neue Ehrenmitglieder der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker: G. S. Fischer und E. Winterfeldt / Liebig-Vorlesung: G. Mloston / Innovationspreis in Medizinischer/Pharmazeutischer Chemie: C. Ottmann / Raimund-Stadler-Preis: A. Walther / DuPont-Stipendien für J. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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