1
|
Melnikov S. Ion Transport and Process of Water Dissociation in Electromembrane System with Bipolar Membrane: Modelling of Symmetrical Case. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 36676854 PMCID: PMC9860903 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A model is proposed that describes the transfer of ions and the process of water dissociation in a system with a bipolar membrane and adjacent diffusion layers. The model considers the transfer of four types of ions: the cation and anion of salt and the products of water dissociation-hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. To describe the process of water dissociation, a model for accelerating the dissociation reaction with the participation of ionogenic groups of the membrane is adopted. The boundary value problem is solved numerically using COMSOL® Multiphysics 5.5 software. An analysis of the results of a numerical experiment shows that, at least in a symmetric electromembrane system, there is a kinetic limitation of the water dissociation process, apparently associated with the occurrence of water recombination reaction at the of the bipolar region. An interpretation of the entropy factor (β) is given as a characteristic length, which shows the possibility of an ion that appeared because of the water dissociation reaction to be removed from the reaction zone without participating in recombination reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Melnikov
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pärnamäe R, Mareev S, Nikonenko V, Melnikov S, Sheldeshov N, Zabolotskii V, Hamelers H, Tedesco M. Bipolar membranes: A review on principles, latest developments, and applications. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
3
|
Pärnamäe R, Gurreri L, Post J, van Egmond WJ, Culcasi A, Saakes M, Cen J, Goosen E, Tamburini A, Vermaas DA, Tedesco M. The Acid-Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E409. [PMID: 33321795 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Z, Hitt JL, Zeng Z, Hickner MA, Mallouk TE. Improving the efficiency of CO 2 electrolysis by using a bipolar membrane with a weak-acid cation exchange layer. Nat Chem 2021; 13:33-40. [PMID: 33288894 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficient conversion of electricity to chemicals is needed to mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Driving these electrochemical conversions at useful rates requires not only fast electrode kinetics, but also rapid mass and ion transport. However, little is known about the effect of local environments on ionic flows in solid polymer electrolytes. Here, we show that it is possible to measure and manipulate the local pH in membrane electrolysers with a resolution of tens of nanometres. In bipolar-membrane-based gas-fed CO2 electrolysers, the acidic environment of the cation exchange layer results in low CO2 reduction efficiency. By using ratiometric indicators and layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte assembly, the local pH was measured and controlled within an ~50-nm-thick weak-acid layer. The weak-acid layer suppressed the competing hydrogen evolution reaction without affecting CO2 reduction. This method of probing and controlling the local membrane environment may be useful in devices such as electrolysers, fuel cells and flow batteries, as well as in operando studies of ion distributions within polymer electrolytes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bui JC, Digdaya I, Xiang C, Bell AT, Weber AZ. Understanding Multi-Ion Transport Mechanisms in Bipolar Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52509-52526. [PMID: 33169965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs) have the potential to become critical components in electrochemical devices for a variety of electrolysis and electrosynthesis applications. Because they can operate under large pH gradients, BPMs enable favorable environments for electrocatalysis at the individual electrodes. Critical to the implementation of BPMs in these devices is understanding the kinetics of water dissociation that occurs within the BPM as well as the co- and counter-ion crossover through the BPM, which both present significant obstacles to developing efficient and stable BPM-electrolyzers. In this study, a continuum model of multi-ion transport in a BPM is developed and fit to experimental data. Specifically, concentration profiles are determined for all ionic species, and the importance of a water-dissociation catalyst is demonstrated. The model describes internal concentration polarization and co- and counter-ion crossover in BPMs, determining the mode of transport for ions within the BPM and revealing the significance of salt-ion crossover when operated with pH gradients relevant to electrolysis and electrosynthesis. Finally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that the performance and lifetime of BPMs can be improved substantially by using of thinner dissociation catalysts, managing water transport, modulating the thickness of the individual layers in the BPM to control salt-ion crossover, and increasing the ion-exchange capacity of the ion-exchange layers in order to amplify the water-dissociation kinetics at the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ibadillah Digdaya
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Wrubel JA, Klein WE, Kabir S, Smith WA, Neyerlin KC, Deutsch TG. High-Performance Bipolar Membrane Development for Improved Water Dissociation. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2020; 2:4559-4569. [PMID: 38434177 PMCID: PMC10906946 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs) are the enabling component of many promising electrochemical devices used for separation and energy conversion. Here, we describe the development of high-performance BPMs, including two-dimensional BPMs (2D BPMs) prepared by hot-pressing two preformed membranes and three-dimensional BPMs (3D BPMs) prepared by electrospinning ionomer solutions and polyethylene oxide. Graphene oxide (GOx) was introduced into the BPM junction as a water-dissociation catalyst. We assessed electrochemical performance of the prepared BPMs by voltage-current (V-I) curves and galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We found the optimal GOx loading in 2D BPMs to be 100 μg cm-2, which led to complete coverage of GOx at the interface. The integration of GOx beyond this loading moderately improved electrochemical performance but significantly compromised mechanical strength. GOx-catalyzed 2D BPMs showed comparable performance with a commercially available Fumasep BPM at current densities up to 500 mA cm-2. The 3D BPMs exhibited even better performance: lower resistance and higher efficiency for water dissociation and substantially higher stability under repeated cycling up to high current densities. The improved electrochemical performance and mechanical stability of the 3D BPMs make them suitable for incorporation into CO2 electrolysis devices where high current densities are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jacob A. Wrubel
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - W. Ellis Klein
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sadia Kabir
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Wilson A. Smith
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - K. C. Neyerlin
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Todd G. Deutsch
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan H, Li W, Zhou Y, Irfan M, Wang Y, Jiang C, Xu T. In-Situ Combination of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis with Monovalent Selective Anion-Exchange Membrane for the Valorization of Mixed Salts into Relatively High-Purity Monoprotic and Diprotic Acids. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E135. [PMID: 32604856 PMCID: PMC7345200 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystalized mixed salts from the zero liquid discharge process are a hazardous threat to the environment. In this study, we developed a novel electrodialysis (SBMED) method by assembling the monovalent selective anion-exchange membrane (MSAEM) into the bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) stack. By taking the advantages of water splitting in the bipolar membrane and high perm-selectivity of MSAEM for the Cl- ions against the SO42- ions, this combination allows the concurrent separation of Cl-/SO42- and conversion of mixed salts into relatively high-purity monoprotic and diprotic acids. The current density has a significant impact on the acid purity. Both the monoprotic and diprotic acid purities were higher than 80% at a low current density of 10 mA/cm2. The purities of the monoprotic acids decreased with an increase in the current density, indicating that the perm-selectivity of MSAEM decreases with increasing current density. An increase in the ratio of monovalent to divalent anions in the feed was beneficial to increase the purity of monoprotic acids. High-purity monoprotic acids in the range of 93.9-96.1% were obtained using this novel SBMED stack for treating simulated seawater. Therefore, it is feasible for SBMED to valorize the mixed salts into relatively high-purity monoprotic and diprotic acids in one step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
- Hefei ChemJoy Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Wei Li
- Hefei ChemJoy Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Yongming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Chenxiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Martínez RJ, Gervasio D, Baygents JC, Farrell J. Water splitting promoted by electronically conducting interlayer material in bipolar membranes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
|