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Lee DW, Hyun J, Oh E, Seok K, Bae H, Park J, Kim HT. Potential-Dependent Ionomer Rearrangement on the Pt Surface in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:4637-4647. [PMID: 38251952 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The interface between the catalyst and the ionomer in the catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been a subject of keen interest, but its effect on durability has not been fully understood due to the complexity of the catalyst layer structure. Herein, we utilize a Pt nanoparticle (NP) array electrode fabricated using a block copolymer template as the platform for a focused investigation of the interfacial change between the Nafion thin film and the Pt NP under a constant potential. A set of analyses for the electrodes treated with various potentials reveals that the Nafion thin film becomes densely packed at the intermediate potentials (0.4 and 0.7 V), indicating an increased ionomer-catalyst interaction due to the positive charges formed at the Pt surface at these potentials. Even for a practical PEMFC single cell, we demonstrate that the potential holding at the intermediate potentials increases ionomer adsorption to the Pt surface and the oxygen transport resistance, negatively impacting its power performance. This work provides fresh insight into the mechanism behind the performance fade in PEMFCs caused by potential-dependent ionomer rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Hyun
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Euntaek Oh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Seok
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanmin Bae
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesoo Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tak Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kim YS. Hydrocarbon Ionomeric Binders for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2303914. [PMID: 37814366 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionomeric binders in catalyst layers, abbreviated as ionomers, play an essential role in the performance of polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. Due to environmental issues associated with perfluoroalkyl substances, alternative hydrocarbon ionomers have drawn substantial attention over the past few years. This review surveys literature to discuss ionomer requirements for the electrodes of fuel cells and electrolyzers, highlighting design principles of hydrocarbon ionomers to guide the development of advanced hydrocarbon ionomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seung Kim
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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3
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Poon KC, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Vidal F, Williams CK. Toughening CO 2 -Derived Copolymer Elastomers Through Ionomer Networking. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2302825. [PMID: 37201907 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to make polycarbonates through the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and epoxides valorizes and recycles CO2 and reduces pollution in polymer manufacturing. Recent developments in catalysis provide access to polycarbonates with well-defined structures and allow for copolymerization with biomass-derived monomers; however, the resulting material properties are underinvestigated. Here, new types of CO2 -derived thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are described together with a generally applicable method to augment tensile mechanical strength and Young's modulus without requiring material re-design. These TPEs combine high glass transition temperature (Tg ) amorphous blocks comprising CO2 -derived poly(carbonates) (A-block), with low Tg poly(ε-decalactone), from castor oil, (B-block) in ABA structures. The poly(carbonate) blocks are selectively functionalized with metal-carboxylates where the metals are Na(I), Mg(II), Ca(II), Zn(II) and Al(III). The colorless polymers, featuring <1 wt% metal, show tunable thermal (Tg ), and mechanical (elongation at break, elasticity, creep-resistance) properties. The best elastomers show >50-fold higher Young's modulus and 21-times greater tensile strength, without compromise to elastic recovery, compared with the starting block polymers. They have wide operating temperatures (-20 to 200 °C), high creep-resistance and yet remain recyclable. In the future, these materials may substitute high-volume petrochemical elastomers and be utilized in high-growth fields like medicine, robotics, and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam C Poon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Georgina L Gregory
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gregory S Sulley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Fernando Vidal
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Häcker J, Rommel T, Lange P, Zhao-Karger Z, Morawietz T, Biswas I, Wagner N, Nojabaee M, Friedrich KA. Magnesium Anode Protection by an Organic Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37389477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In the search for post-lithium battery systems, magnesium-sulfur batteries have attracted research attention in recent years due to their high potential energy density, raw material abundance, and low cost. Despite significant progress, the system still lacks cycling stability mainly associated with the ongoing parasitic reduction of sulfur at the anode surface, resulting in the loss of active materials and passivating surface layer formation on the anode. In addition to sulfur retention approaches on the cathode side, the protection of the reductive anode surface by an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) represents a promising approach, which contrarily does not impede the sulfur cathode kinetics. In this study, an organic coating approach based on ionomers and polymers is pursued to combine the desired properties of mechanical flexibility and high ionic conductivity while enabling a facile and energy-efficient preparation. Despite exhibiting higher polarization overpotentials in Mg-Mg cells, the charge overpotential in Mg-S cells was decreased by the coated anodes with the initial Coulombic efficiency being significantly increased. Consequently, the discharge capacity after 300 cycles applying an Aquivion/PVDF-coated Mg anode was twice that of a pristine Mg anode, indicating effective polysulfide repulsion from the Mg surface by the artificial SEI. This was backed by operando imaging during long-term OCV revealing a non-colored separator, i.e. mitigated self-discharge. While SEM, AFM, IR and XPS were applied to gain further insights into the surface morphology and composition, scalable coating techniques were investigated in addition to ensure practical relevance. Remarkably therein, the Mg anode preparation and all surface coatings were prepared under ambient conditions, which facilitates future electrode and cell assembly. Overall, this study highlights the important role of Mg anode coatings to improve the electrochemical performance of magnesium-sulfur batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Häcker
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Rommel
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pia Lange
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhirong Zhao-Karger
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Morawietz
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Energy and Building Services, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Kanalstraße 33, 73728 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
| | - Indro Biswas
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maryam Nojabaee
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Andreas Friedrich
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Building Energetics, Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage (IGTE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Chang M, Ren W, Ni W, Lee S, Hu X. Ionomers Modify the Selectivity of Cu-Catalyzed Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202201687. [PMID: 36511093 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 RR) to produce energy-rich fuels using copper-based electrocatalysts is widely studied as a possible solution to CO2 recycling. Ionomers are commonly used as binders to prepare catalyst-loaded electrodes, but their effects on the performance have not been fully investigated. In this study, electrochemical and operando Raman spectroscopic measurements are used to study the effects of three archetypical ionomers [Nafion, Sustainion-type XA-9, and poly(terphenyl piperidinium) (PTP)] on Cu-catalyzed CO2 reduction at high current densities (up to 200 mA cm-2 ). Nafion is found to have little influence, whereas XA-9 promotes the formation of CO over multicarbon products and PTP favors hydrogen and formate production. Charge and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity are found to be important parameters of the ionomers. The observed effects are attributed to the charge transfer between Cu and XA-9 weakening the CO adsorption energy, whereas the hydrophilicity of PTP reduces M-H energy. This study reveals the structure-sensitive nature of the ionomer-catalyst interaction in CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeon Chang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Weiyan Ni
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
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6
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Hou L, Livi S, Gérard JF, Duchet-Rumeau J. L Ionomers-New Generation of Ionomer: Understanding of Their Interaction and Structuration as a Function of the Tunability of Cation and Anion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:370. [PMID: 36679248 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, by combining maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PPgMA) and three different ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., tributyl (ethyl) phosphonium diethyl phosphate (denoted P+DEP), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate (denoted EMIM DEP), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (denoted EMIM Ac), new ionic PP/IL polymer materials are generated and denoted as LIonomers. The structuration of ILs in LIonomers occurs from a nano/microphase separation process proved by TEM. NMR analyses reveal the existence of ionic-ionic and ionic-dipolar interactions between PPgMA and ILs within LIonomers. The rheological behavior of such IL/polymer combinations interpret the existence of interactions between maleic anhydride group and cation or anion composing the ionic liquid. These interactions can be tuned by the nature of cation (P+DEP vs. EMIM DEP) and anion (EMIM DEP vs. EMIM Ac) but also depend on the IL content. Thermal analyses demonstrate that IL could affect the crystallization process according to different pathways. Thanks to the maleic anhydride/IL interactions, an excellent compromise between stiffness and stretchability is obtained paving the way for processing new polyolefin-based materials.
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Jones S, Bamford J, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Decoupling Ion Transport and Matrix Dynamics to Make High Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:430-448. [PMID: 36561285 PMCID: PMC9761859 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transport of ions through solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) involves a complicated interplay of ion solvation, ion-ion interactions, ion-polymer interactions, and free volume. Nonetheless, prevailing viewpoints on the subject promote a significantly simplified picture, likening ion transport in a polymer to that in an unstructured fluid at low solute concentrations. Although this idealized liquid transport model has been successful in guiding the design of homogeneous electrolytes, structured electrolytes provide a promising alternate route to achieve high ionic conductivity and selectivity. In this perspective, we begin by describing the physical origins of the idealized liquid transport mechanism and then proceed to examine known cases of decoupling between the matrix dynamics and ionic transport in SPEs. Specifically we discuss conditions for "decoupled" mobility that include a highly polar electrolyte environment, a percolated path of free volume elements (either through structured or unstructured channels), high ion concentrations, and labile ion-electrolyte interactions. Finally, we proceed to reflect on the potential of these mechanisms to promote multivalent ion conductivity and the need for research into the interfacial properties of solid polymer electrolytes as well as their performance at elevated potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus
D. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James Bamford
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,
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8
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Tita SPS, Magalhães FD, Paiva D, Bertochi MAZ, Teixeira GF, Pires AL, Pereira AM, Tarpani JR. Flexible Composite Films Made of EMAA -Na + Ionomer: Evaluation of the Influence of Piezoelectric Particles on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2755. [PMID: 35808800 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies that aim to produce flexible films of composite materials based on ionomers-PZT, and volume fractions lower than 10% PZT, in order to monitor damage in aeronautical structures are seldom investigated. The growing emphasis on the use of polymers capable of self-healing after damage or activation by heating has motivated the application of self-healing ionomers as polymeric matrices in composites with piezoelectric particles aiming to monitor damage. Flexible composite films were developed based on the self-healing polymer matrix Surlyn® 8940 ionomer (DuPontTM—Wilmington, DE, USA) and PZT particles (connectivity 2–3) in volume fractions of 1, 3, 5 and 7%, with thickness around 50–100 µm. The choice of PZT volume fractions followed the preliminary requirement that establishes a final density, which is lower or at least close to the density of the materials used in aeronautical structures. Since the application of composites based on epoxy resin/carbon fibers has been increasing in the aeronautical segment, this material (with density lower than 1500 kg/m3) was chosen as a reference for the present work. Thus, due to self-healing (a characteristic of the matrix Surlyn® 8940) combined with recyclability, high flexibility and low thickness, the flexible composite films showed advantages to be applied on aeronautical structures, which present complex geometries and low-density materials. The manufactured films were characterized by SEM, XRD, DMA and mechanical tensile tests. The results were discussed mainly in terms of the volume fraction of PZT. X-ray diffraction patterns showed coexistent rhombohedral and tetragonal phases in the PZT particles-dispersed composite, which can potentialize the alignment of ferroelectric domains during polarization under strong electrical field, enhancing dielectric and piezoelectric properties toward sensing applications. DMA and tensile testing results demonstrated that the addition of PZT particles did not impair either dynamic or quasi-static mechanical performance of the flexible composite films. It was concluded that the PZT volume fraction should be lower than 3% because, for higher values, the molecular mobility of the polymer would suffer significant reductions. These findings, combined with the high flexibility and low density of the ceramic particle-filled thermoplastic polymer, render the developed flexible composite film a very promising candidate for strain and damage sensing in aeronautical structures.
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Huang TS, Wen HY, Chen YY, Hung PH, Hsieh TL, Huang WY, Chang MY. Ionomer Membranes Produced from Hexaarylbenzene-Based Partially Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether) Blends for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12060582. [PMID: 35736289 PMCID: PMC9231265 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of high molecular weight ionomers of hexaarylbenzene- and fluorene-based poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized conveniently through condensation and post-sulfonation modification. The use a of blending method might increase the stacking density of chains and affect the formation both of interchain and intrachain proton transfer clusters. Multiscale phase separation caused by the dissolution and compatibility differences of blend ionomer in high-boiling-point solvents was examined through analysis and simulations. The blend membranes produced in this study exhibited a high proton conductivity of 206.4 mS cm−1 at 80 °C (increased from 182.6 mS cm−1 for precursor membranes), excellent thermal resistance (decomposition temperature > 200 °C), and suitable mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 73.8−77.4 MPa. As a proton exchange membrane for fuel cell applications, it exhibits an excellent power efficiency of approximately 1.3 W cm−2. Thus, the ionomer membranes have strong potential for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and other electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Green Energy and Environmental Resources, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Po-Hao Hung
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- General Education Center, Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Kaohsiung 80793, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
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Wan L, Liu J, Xu Z, Xu Q, Pang M, Wang P, Wang B. Construction of Integrated Electrodes with Transport Highways for Pure-Water-Fed Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. Small 2022; 18:e2200380. [PMID: 35491509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The design of high-performance and durable electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for pure-water-fed anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). In this study, an integrated electrode with vertically aligned ionomer-incorporated nickel-iron layered double hydroxide nanosheet arrays, used on one side of the liquid/gas diffusion layer, is fabricated for the OER. Transport highways in the fabricated integrated electrode, significantly improve the transport of liquid/gas, hydroxide ions, and electron in the anode, resulting in a high current density of 1900 mA cm-2 at 1.90 V in pure-water-fed AEMWE. Specifically, three-electrode and single-cell measurement results indicate that an anion-exchange ionomer can increase the local OH- concentration on the integrated electrodes surface and facilitate the OER for pure-water-fed AEMWE. This study highlights a new approach to fabricating and understanding electrode architecture with enhanced performance and durability for pure-water-fed AEMWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ziang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Maobin Pang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Peican Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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11
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Liang X, Ge X, He Y, Xu M, Shehzad MA, Sheng F, Bance‐Soualhi R, Zhang J, Yu W, Ge Z, Wei C, Song W, Peng J, Varcoe JR, Wu L, Xu T. 3D-Zipped Interface: In Situ Covalent-Locking for High Performance of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2102637. [PMID: 34636177 PMCID: PMC8596103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells can generate high power using a potentially green fuel (H2 ) and zero emissions of greenhouse gas (CO2 ). However, significant mass transport resistances in the interface region of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), between the membrane and the catalyst layers remains a barrier to achieving MEAs with high power densities and long-term stabilities. Here, a 3D-interfacial zipping concept is presented to overcome this challenge. Vinylbenzyl-terminated bi-cationic quaternary-ammonium-based polyelectrolyte is employed as both the anionomer in the anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and catalyst layers. A quaternary-ammonium-containing covalently locked interface is formed by thermally induced inter-crosslinking of the terminal vinyl groups. Ex situ evaluation of interfacial bonding strength and in situ durability tests demonstrate that this 3D-zipped interface strategy prevents interfacial delamination without any sacrifice of fuel cell performance. A H2 /O2 AEMFC test demonstration shows promisingly high power densities (1.5 W cm-2 at 70 °C with 100% RH and 0.2 MPa backpressure gas feeds), which can retain performances for at least 120 h at a usefully high current density of 0.6 A cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Mai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material EngineeringHuainan Normal UniversityHuainanAnhui232001P. R. China
| | - Muhammad A. Shehzad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Fangmeng Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | | | - Jianjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Zijuan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Wanjie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Peng
- The Center for Micro‐ and Nanoscale Research and FabricationUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyGU2 7XHUK
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China96 Jinzhai RoadHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
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12
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Huang TS, Hsieh TL, Lai CC, Wen HY, Huang WY, Chang MY. Highly Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Poly(arylene ether)s with Densely Sulfonated and Partially Fluorinated Multiphenyl for Fuel Cell Applications. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:626. [PMID: 34436389 PMCID: PMC8398039 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Series of partially fluorinated sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation from three types of diols and superhydrophobic tetra-trifluoromethyl-substituted difluoro monomers with postsulfonation to obtain densely sulfonated ionomers. The membranes had similar ion exchange capacities of 2.92 ± 0.20 mmol g-1 and favorable mechanical properties (Young's moduli of 1.60-1.83 GPa). The membranes exhibited considerable dimensional stability (43.1-122.3% change in area and 42.1-61.5% change in thickness at 80 °C) and oxidative stability (~55.5%). The proton conductivity of the membranes, higher (174.3-301.8 mS cm-1) than that of Nafion 211 (123.8 mS cm-1), was the percent conducting volume corresponding to the water uptake. The membranes were observed to comprise isolated to tailed ionic clusters of size 15-45 nm and 3-8 nm, respectively, in transmission electron microscopy images. A fuel cell containing one such material exhibited high single-cell performance-a maximum power density of 1.32 W cm2 and current density of >1600 mA cm-2 at 0.6 V. The results indicate that the material is a candidate for proton exchange membranes in fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- General Education Center, Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Kaohsiung 80793, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Ching Lai
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Green Energy and Environmental Resources, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (C.-C.L.)
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13
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Rapone I, Taresco V, Lisio VD, Piozzi A, Francolini I. Silver- and Zinc-Decorated Polyurethane Ionomers with Tunable Hard/Soft Phase Segregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6134. [PMID: 34200185 PMCID: PMC8200980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmented polyurethane ionomers find prominent applications in the biomedical field since they can combine the good mechanical and biostability properties of polyurethanes (PUs) with the strong hydrophilicity features of ionomers. In this work, PU ionomers were prepared from a carboxylated diol, poly(tetrahydrofuran) (soft phase) and a small library of diisocyanates (hard phase), either aliphatic or aromatic. The synthesized PUs were characterized to investigate the effect of ionic groups and the nature of diisocyanate upon the structure-property relationship. Results showed how the polymer hard/soft phase segregation was affected by both the concentration of ionic groups and the type of diisocyanate. Specifically, PUs obtained with aliphatic diisocyanates possessed a hard/soft phase segregation stronger than PUs with aromatic diisocyanates, as well as greater bulk and surface hydrophilicity. In contrast, a higher content of ionic groups per polymer repeat unit promoted phase mixing. The neutralization of polymer ionic groups with silver or zinc further increased the hard/soft phase segregation and provided polymers with antimicrobial properties. In particular, the Zinc/PU hybrid systems possessed activity only against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis while Silver/PU systems were active also against the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The herein-obtained polyurethanes could find promising applications as antimicrobial coatings for different kinds of surfaces including medical devices, fabric for wound dressings and other textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rapone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (V.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK;
| | - Valerio Di Lisio
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (V.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (V.D.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (V.D.L.); (A.P.)
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14
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Sgreccia E, Narducci R, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. Silica Containing Composite Anion Exchange Membranes by Sol-Gel Synthesis: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111874. [PMID: 34200025 PMCID: PMC8200225 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review summarizes the literature on composite anion exchange membranes (AEM) containing an organo-silica network formed by sol–gel chemistry. The article covers AEM for diffusion dialysis (DD), for electrochemical energy technologies including fuel cells and redox flow batteries, and for electrodialysis. By applying a vast variety of organically modified silica compounds (ORMOSIL), many composite AEM reported in the last 15 years are based on poly (vinylalcohol) (PVA) or poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) used as polymer matrix. The most stringent requirements are high permselectivity and water flux for DD membranes, while high ionic conductivity is essential for electrochemical applications. Furthermore, the alkaline stability of AEM for fuel cell applications remains a challenging problem that is not yet solved. Possible future topics of investigation on composite AEM containing an organo-silica network are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Sgreccia
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Riccardo Narducci
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Aix Marseille University, F-13013 Marseille, France;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
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15
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Sgreccia E, Di Vona ML, Antonaroli S, Ercolani G, Sette M, Pasquini L, Knauth P. Nanocomposite Anion Exchange Membranes with a Conductive Semi-Interpenetrating Silica Network. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:260. [PMID: 33916512 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite anion exchange membranes were synthesized based on poly(sulfone trimethylammonium) chloride. A hybrid semi-interpenetrating silica network containing a large amount of quaternary ammonium groups was prepared by two sol–gel routes, in situ with a single precursor, N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMSP), or ex situ mixing two precursors, TMSP and 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyldimethoxy-methylsilane (AEAPS). The properties of these hybrid composites and their degradation after immersion in 1 M KOH at 60 °C were studied. The degradation is reduced in the composite materials with a lower decrease in the ion exchange capacity. FTIR spectra showed that a main degradation mechanism with a single precursor TMSP is the dissolution of the hybrid silica network in KOH, whereas it is stable with the mixture of TMSP/AEASP. This conclusion is in agreement with the thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties show a better ductility with a single precursor and higher stiffness and strength, but less ductility, by the ex situ route. The activation energy was between 0.25 and 0.14 eV for Cl and OH ion conduction, respectively, consistent with the migration mechanism.
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16
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Meurer J, Hniopek J, Dahlke J, Schmitt M, Popp J, Zechel S, Hager MD. Novel Biobased Self-Healing Ionomers Derived from Itaconic Acid Derivates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000636. [PMID: 33368758 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents novel biobased ionomers featuring self-healing abilities. These smart materials are synthesized from itaconic acid derivates. Large quantities of itaconic acid can be produced from diverse biomass like corn, rice, and others. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of their thermal and mechanical properties via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and FT-Raman and FT-IR measurements as well as dynamic mechanic analysis. Within all these measurements, different kinds of structure-property relationships could be derived from these measurements. For example, the proportion of ionic groups enormously influences the self-healing efficiency. The investigation of the self-healing abilities reveals healing efficiencies up to 99% in 2 h at 90 °C for the itaconic acid based ionomer with the lowest ionic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Meurer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholzweg 4, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, e. V. Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jan Dahlke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholzweg 4, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholzweg 4, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, e. V. Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
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17
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Bui JC, Digdaya I, Xiang C, Bell AT, Weber AZ. Understanding Multi-Ion Transport Mechanisms in Bipolar Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52509-52526. [PMID: 33169965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs) have the potential to become critical components in electrochemical devices for a variety of electrolysis and electrosynthesis applications. Because they can operate under large pH gradients, BPMs enable favorable environments for electrocatalysis at the individual electrodes. Critical to the implementation of BPMs in these devices is understanding the kinetics of water dissociation that occurs within the BPM as well as the co- and counter-ion crossover through the BPM, which both present significant obstacles to developing efficient and stable BPM-electrolyzers. In this study, a continuum model of multi-ion transport in a BPM is developed and fit to experimental data. Specifically, concentration profiles are determined for all ionic species, and the importance of a water-dissociation catalyst is demonstrated. The model describes internal concentration polarization and co- and counter-ion crossover in BPMs, determining the mode of transport for ions within the BPM and revealing the significance of salt-ion crossover when operated with pH gradients relevant to electrolysis and electrosynthesis. Finally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that the performance and lifetime of BPMs can be improved substantially by using of thinner dissociation catalysts, managing water transport, modulating the thickness of the individual layers in the BPM to control salt-ion crossover, and increasing the ion-exchange capacity of the ion-exchange layers in order to amplify the water-dissociation kinetics at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ibadillah Digdaya
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Lin X, Zalitis CM, Sharman J, Kucernak A. Electrocatalyst Performance at the Gas/Electrolyte Interface under High-Mass-Transport Conditions: Optimization of the "Floating Electrode" Method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:47467-47481. [PMID: 32986947 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The thin-film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) is a well-developed, conventional ex situ electrochemical method that is limited by poor mass transport in the dissolved phase and hence can only measure the kinetic response for Pt-based catalysts in a narrow overpotential range. Thus, the applicability of TF-RDE results in assessing how catalysts perform in fuel cells has been questioned. To address this problem, we use the floating electrode (FE) technique, which can facilitate high-mass transport to a catalyst layer composed of an ultralow loading of catalyst (1-15 μgPt cmgeo-2) at the gas/electrolyte interface. In this paper, the aspects that have critical effects on the performance of the FE system are measured and parametrized. We find that, in order to obtain reproducible results with high performance, the following factors need to be taken into account: system cleanliness, break-in procedure, hydrophobic agent, ionomer type, and the measurements of catalyst surface area and loading. For some of these parameters, we examined a range of different approaches/materials and determined the optimum configuration. We find that the gas permeability of the hydrophobic agent is an important factor for improving the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. We provide evidence that the suppression of the HOR and ORR introduced by the Nafion ionomers is more than a local mass transport barrier but that a mechanism involving the adsorption of the sulfonate on Pt also plays a significant role. The work provides intriguing insights into how to manufacture and optimize electrocatalyst systems that must function at the gas/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Zalitis
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Sharman
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Kucernak
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Antiviral polymers are part of a major campaign led by the scientific community in recent years. Facing this most demanding of campaigns, two main approaches have been undertaken by scientists. First, the classic approach involves the development of relatively small molecules having antiviral properties to serve as drugs. The other approach involves searching for polymers with antiviral properties to be used as prescription medications or viral spread prevention measures. This second approach took two distinct directions. The first, using polymers as antiviral drug-delivery systems, taking advantage of their biodegradable properties. The second, using polymers with antiviral properties for on-contact virus elimination, which will be the focus of this review. Anti-viral polymers are obtained by either the addition of small antiviral molecules (such as metal ions) to obtain ion-containing polymers with antiviral properties or the use of polymers composed of an organic backbone and electrically charged moieties like polyanions, such as carboxylate containing polymers, or polycations such as quaternary ammonium containing polymers. Other approaches include moieties hybridized by sulphates, carboxylic acids, or amines and/or combining repeating units with a similar chemical structure to common antiviral drugs. Furthermore, elevated temperatures appear to increase the anti-viral effect of ions and other functional moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Kenig
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel; (N.J.); (H.D.)
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20
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Nguyen HD, Porihel R, Brubach JB, Planes E, Soudant P, Judeinstein P, Porcar L, Lyonnard S, Iojoiu C. Perfluorosulfonyl Imide versus Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells at Low Relative Humidity. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:590-600. [PMID: 31793224 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing highly conductive ionomers at high temperature and low relative humidity is challenging in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers were believed to achieve this goal, owing to their exceptional acidity and excellent thermal stability. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers are less conductive than the analogous perfluorosulfonic acids despite similar membrane microstructure. In this study, the distinct behavior is rationalized by in situ synchrotron infrared spectroscopy during hydration. The protonation mechanism, formation of the protonic moiety and water clustering are totally different for the two different families of membranes. The ionization mediated by trans-to-cis conformational transition of the perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomer is not accompanied by the formation of hydronium ions. In contrast, Zundel-ion entities were identified as the elementary protonic complex, which is stable over the hydration range. The H-bond network of surrounding water molecules appears to be less connected and the protons remain highly localized and unavailable for efficient structural transport. The delocalization of protons and their mitigated interaction with the surrounding medium are prominent effects that negatively impact conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Dat Nguyen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Regis Porihel
- Synchrotron Soleil, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Emilie Planes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Priscillia Soudant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Judeinstein
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB, UMR12) CEA Saclay, CEA-CNRS-Université Paris Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- INAC-SyMMES, CEA Grenoble, CEA-CNRS-Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
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21
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Narducci R, Ercolani G, Becerra-Arciniegas RA, Pasquini L, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. "Intrinsic" Anion Exchange Polymers through the Dissociation of Strong Basic Groups: PPO with Grafted Bicyclic Guanidines. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:E57. [PMID: 31035646 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized anion exchange polymers by a reaction of chloromethylated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxide (PPO) with strongly basic 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD). TBD contains secondary and tertiary amine groups in the guanidine portion. To favor the functionalization with the secondary amine, TBD was activated with butyl lithium. The yield of amine formation via the reaction of the benzyl chloride moiety with TBD was 85%. Furthermore, we prepared polymers with quaternary ammonium groups by the reaction of PPO-TBD with CH3I. The synthesis pathways and ionomer structure were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The thermal decomposition of both ionomers, studied by thermogravimetry, started above 200 °C, corresponding to the loss of the basic group. The ion exchange capacities, water uptake and volumetric swelling are also reported. The “intrinsic” anion conductivity of PPO-TBD due to the dissociation of grafted TBD was in the order of 1 mS/cm (Cl form). The quaternized ionomer (PPO-TBD-Me) showed an even larger ionic conductivity, above 10 mS/cm at 80 °C in fully humidified conditions.
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22
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Skalski TJG, Adamski M, Britton B, Schibli EM, Peckham TJ, Weissbach T, Moshisuki T, Lyonnard S, Frisken BJ, Holdcroft S. Sulfophenylated Terphenylene Copolymer Membranes and Ionomers. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:4033-4043. [PMID: 30251343 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The copolymerization of a prefunctionalized, tetrasulfonated oligophenylene monomer was investigated. The corresponding physical and electrochemical properties of the polymers were tuned by varying the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic units within the polymers. Membranes prepared from these polymers possessed ion exchange capacities ranging from 1.86 to 3.50 meq g-1 and exhibited proton conductivities of up to 338 mS cm-1 (80 °C, 95 % relative humidity). Small-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle neutron scattering were used to elucidate the effect of the monomer ratios on the polymer morphology. The utility of these materials as low gas crossover, highly conductive membranes was demonstrated in fuel cell devices. Gas crossover currents through the membranes of as low as 4 % (0.16±0.03 mA cm-2 ) for a perfluorosulfonic acid reference membrane were demonstrated. As ionomers in the catalyst layer, the copolymers yielded highly active porous electrodes and overcame kinetic losses typically observed for hydrocarbon-based catalyst layers. Fully hydrocarbon, nonfluorous, solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells are demonstrated with peak power densities of 770 mW cm-2 with oxygen and 456 mW cm-2 with air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J G Skalski
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael Adamski
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Eric M Schibli
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Timothy J Peckham
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Thomas Weissbach
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Takashi Moshisuki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- INAC, SPrAM, UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-UJF, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Barbara J Frisken
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Understanding the electrostatic interactions in ion-containing polymers is crucial to better design shape memory polymers and ion-conducting membranes for multiple energy storage and conversion applications. In molten polymers, the dielectric permittivity is low, generating strong ionic correlations that lead to clustering of the charges. Here, we investigate the influence of electrostatic interactions on the nanostructure of randomly charged polymers (ionomers) using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Densely packed branched structures rich in charged species are found as the strength of the electrostatic interactions increases. Polydispersity in charge fraction and composition combined with ion correlations leads to percolated nanostructures with long-range fluctuations. We identify the percolation point at which the ionic branched nanostructures percolate and offer a rigorous investigation of the statistics of the shape of the aggregates. The extra degree of freedom introduced by the charge polydispersity leads to bicontinuous structures with a broad range of compositions, similar to neutral A-B random copolymers, as well as to desirable percolated ionic structure in randomly charged-neutral diblock copolymers. These findings provide insight into the design of conducting and robust nanostructures in ion-containing polymers.
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24
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Abdullayeva N, Sankir M. Influence of Electrical and Ionic Conductivities of Organic Electronic Ion Pump on Acetylcholine Exchange Performance. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10060586. [PMID: 28772946 PMCID: PMC5552179 DOI: 10.3390/ma10060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By using an easy and effective method of depositing conjugated polymers (PEDOT:PSS) on flexible substrates, a new design for organic bioelectronic devices has been developed. The purpose was to build up a system that mimics the motion of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft by obtaining an electrical to chemical signal transport. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman measurements have demonstrated that electrochemical overoxidation region which separates the pristine PEDOT:PSS electrodes and allows ionic conduction has been achieved successfully. The influence of both electrical and ionic conductivities on organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) performances has been studied. The ultimate goal was to achieve the highest equilibrium current density at the lowest applied voltage via enhancing the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS and ionic conductivity of electrochemically overoxidized region. The highest equilibrium current density, which corresponds to 4.81 × 1017 number of ions of acetylcholine was about 41 μA cm-2 observed for the OEIP with the electrical conductivities of 54 S cm-1. This was a threshold electrical conductivity beyond which the OEIP performances were not changed much. Once Nafion™ has been applied for enhancing the ionic conductivity, the equilibrium current density increased about ten times and reached up to 408 μA cm-2. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that the OEIP performance mainly scales with the ionic conductivity. A straightforward method of producing organic bioelectronics is proposed here may provide a clue for their effortless mass production in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrin Abdullayeva
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Tobb University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu C. No. 43 Sogutozu 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sankir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Tobb University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu C. No. 43 Sogutozu 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
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25
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Pekkanen AM, Zawaski C, Stevenson AT, Dickerman R, Whittington AR, Williams CB, Long TE. Poly(ether ester) Ionomers as Water-Soluble Polymers for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Processes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:12324-12331. [PMID: 28329442 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers as sacrificial supports for additive manufacturing (AM) facilitate complex features in printed objects. Few water-soluble polymers beyond poly(vinyl alcohol) enable material extrusion AM. In this work, charged poly(ether ester)s with tailored rheological and mechanical properties serve as novel materials for extrusion-based AM at low temperatures. Melt transesterification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 8k) and dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate afforded poly(ether ester)s of sufficient molecular weight to impart mechanical integrity. Quantitative ion exchange provided a library of poly(ether ester)s with varying counterions, including both monovalent and divalent cations. Dynamic mechanical and tensile analysis revealed an insignificant difference in mechanical properties for these polymers below the melting temperature, suggesting an insignificant change in final part properties. Rheological analysis, however, revealed the advantageous effect of divalent countercations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+) in the melt state and exhibited an increase in viscosity of two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, time-temperature superposition identified an elevation in modulus, melt viscosity, and flow activation energy, suggesting intramolecular interactions between polymer chains and a higher apparent molecular weight. In particular, extrusion of poly(PEG8k-co-CaSIP) revealed vast opportunities for extrusion AM of well-defined parts. The unique melt rheological properties highlighted these poly(ether ester) ionomers as ideal candidates for low-temperature material extrusion additive manufacturing of water-soluble parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Pekkanen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Callie Zawaski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - André T Stevenson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ross Dickerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Abby R Whittington
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christopher B Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Toledano M, Osorio R, Cabello I, Osorio E, Toledano-Osorio M, Aguilera FS. Oral Function Improves Interfacial Integrity and Sealing Ability Between Conventional Glass Ionomer Cements and Dentin. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:131-144. [PMID: 28148310 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if load cycling affects interfacial integrity of glass ionomer cements bonded to sound- or caries-affected dentin. A conventional glass ionomer, Ketac Bond, and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitrebond Plus), were applied to dentin. Half of the specimens were load cycled. The interfaces were submitted to dye-assisted confocal microscopy evaluation. The unloaded specimens of sound and carious dentin were deficiently hybridized when Ketac Bond was used. Ketac Bond samples showed an absorption layer and an adhesive layer that were scarcely affected by fluorescein penetration (nanoleakage), in sound dentin. Nevertheless, a higher degree of micropermeability was found in carious dentin. In Ketac Bond specimens, load cycling improves the sealing capability and remineralization at the cement-dentin interface as porosity and nanoleakage was reduced. In contrast, samples treated with Vitrebond Plus exhibited a Rhodamine B-labeled absorption layer with scarce nanoleakage in both sound and carious unloaded dentin. The adhesive layer was affected by dye sorption throughout the porous cement-dentin interface. Samples treated with Vitrebond Plus had significant increases in nanoleakage and cement-dye sorption after load cycling. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, it is expected that conventional glass ionomers will provide major clinical efficacy when applied to carious-affected or sound dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Toledano
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
| | - Raquel Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cabello
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
| | - Estrella Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
| | - Manuel Toledano-Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
| | - Fátima S Aguilera
- Faculty of Dentistry,Dental Materials Section,University of Granada,Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n,18071 Granada,Spain
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27
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Mineart KP, Jiang X, Jinnai H, Takahara A, Spontak RJ. Morphological investigation of midblock-sulfonated block ionomers prepared from solvents differing in polarity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:432-8. [PMID: 25537368 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments regarding charged multiblock copolymers that can form physical networks and exhibit robust mechanical properties herald new and exciting opportunities for contemporary technologies requiring amphiphilic attributes. Due to the presence of strong interactions, however, control over the phase behavior of such materials remains challenging, especially since their morphologies can be solvent-templated. In this study, transmission electron microscopy and microtomography are employed to examine the morphological characteristics of midblock-sulfonated pentablock ionomers prepared from solvents differing in polarity. Resultant images confirm that discrete, spherical ion-rich microdomains form in films cast from a relatively nonpolar solvent, whereas an apparently mixed morphology with a continuous ion-rich pathway is generated when the casting solvent is more highly polar. Detailed 3D analysis of the morphological characteristics confirms the coexistence of hexagonally-packed nonpolar cylinders and lamellae, which facilitates the diffusion of ions and/or other polar species through the nanostructured medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Mineart
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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