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Cappelletti D, Barbieri M, Aliprandi A, Maggini M, Đorđević L. Self-assembled π-conjugated chromophores: preparation of one- and two-dimensional nanostructures and their use in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9153-9168. [PMID: 38639760 PMCID: PMC11097008 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic systems have attracted research interest as a clean approach to generate energy from abundant sunlight. In this context, developing efficient and robust photocatalytic structures is crucial. Recently, self-assembled organic chromophores have entered the stage as alternatives to both molecular systems and (in)organic semiconductors. Nanostructures made of self-assembled π-conjugated dyes offer, on the one hand, molecular customizability to tune their optoelectronic properties and activities and on the other hand, provide benefits from heterogeneous catalysis that include ease of separation, recyclability and improved photophysical properties. In this contribution, we present recent achievements in constructing supramolecular photocatalytic systems made of chromophores for applications in water splitting, H2O2 evolution, CO2 reduction, or environmental remediation. We discuss strategies that can be used to prepare ordered photocatalytic systems with an emphasis on the effect of packing between the dyes and the resulting photocatalytic activity. We further showcase supramolecular strategies that allow interfacing the organic nanostructures with co-catalysts, molecules, polymers, and (in)organic materials. The principles discussed here are the foundation for the utilization of these self-assembled materials in photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marianna Barbieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Michele Maggini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Bansal D, Heiderscheid M, Audinot JN, Guillot J, Boscher ND. A Polymer-Derived Co(Fe)O x Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Benefiting from the Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Cobalt Porphyrins. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15182-15193. [PMID: 38026816 PMCID: PMC10660665 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers bearing different substituents are prepared by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and investigated as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity originates from polymer-derived, highly transparent Co(Fe)Ox species formed under operational alkaline conditions. Structural, compositional, electrical, and electrochemical characterizations reveal that the newly formed active catalyst greatly benefited from both the polymeric conformation of the porphyrin-based thin film and the inclusion of the iron-based species originating from the oCVD reaction. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that a close relationship exists between the porphyrin substituent, the extension of the π-conjugated system cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymer, and the dynamics of the polymer conversion leading to catalytically active Co(Fe)Ox species. This work evidences the precatalytic role of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers and uncovers the benefit of extended π-conjugation of the molecular matrix and iron inclusion on the formation and performance of the true active catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jérôme Guillot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
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Nikolaou V, Agapaki E, Nikoloudakis E, Achilleos K, Ladomenou K, Charalambidis G, Triantafyllou E, Coutsolelos AG. Highly efficient light-driven hydrogen evolution utilizing porphyrin-based nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11256-11259. [PMID: 37661797 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed dye-sensitized photocatalytic systems (DSPs) by utilizing porphyrins as a photosensitizer (PS) or as a photosensitizer-catalyst (PS/CAT) upon their chemisorption onto platinum-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Pt-TiO2 NPs). The DSPs coated with Pt-Tc3CP (PS/CAT entity) exhibited a record-high stability (25 500 TONs) and H2 evolution activity (707 mmol g-1 h-1) compared to similar DSPs in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Eleni Agapaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Katerina Achilleos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Evitina Triantafyllou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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4
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Vaz B, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Unraveling Structure-Performance Relationships in Porphyrin-Sensitized TiO 2 Photocatalysts. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 36985991 PMCID: PMC10059665 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, porphyrins have arisen as exceptional photosensitizers given their ability to act as chlorophyll-mimicking dyes, thus, transferring energy from the light-collecting areas to the reaction centers, as it happens in natural photosynthesis. For this reason, porphyrin-sensitized TiO2-based nanocomposites have been widely exploited in the field of photovoltaics and photocatalysis in order to overcome the well-known limitations of these semiconductors. However, even though both areas of application share some common working principles, the development of solar cells has led the way in what is referred to the continuous improvement of these architectures, particularly regarding the molecular design of these photosynthetic pigments. Yet, those innovations have not been efficiently translated to the field of dye-sensitized photocatalysis. This review aims at filling this gap by performing an in-depth exploration of the most recent advances in the understanding of the role played by the different structural motifs of porphyrins as sensitizers in light-driven TiO2-mediated catalysis. With this goal in mind, the chemical transformations, as well as the reaction conditions under which these dyes must operate, are taken in consideration. The conclusions drawn from this comprehensive analysis offer valuable hints for the implementation of novel porphyrin-TiO2 composites, which may pave the way toward the fabrication of more efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Moisés Pérez-Lorenzo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Bansal D, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Boscher N. Conjugated porphyrin polymer films with nickel single sites for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:5188-5198. [PMID: 36911162 PMCID: PMC9990145 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Directly fused nickel(ii) porphyrins are successfully investigated as heterogeneous single-site catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Conjugated polymer thin films from Ni(ii) 5,15-(di-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)porphyrin (pNiDCOOMePP) and Ni(ii) 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (pNiDPP) showed an OER onset overpotential of 270 mV, and current densities of 1.6 mA cm-2 and 1.2 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE, respectively, representing almost a hundred times higher activity than those of monomeric thin films. The fused porphyrin thin films are more kinetically and thermodynamically active than their non-polymerized counterparts mainly due to the formation of conjugated structures enabling a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling (ROC) mechanism at low overpotential. More importantly, we have deciphered the role of the porphyrin substituent in the conformation and performance of porphyrin conjugated polymers as (1) to control the extension of the conjugated system during the oCVD reaction, allowing the retention of the valence band deep enough to provide a high thermodynamic water oxidation potential, (2) to provide a flexible molecular geometry to facilitate O2 formation from the interaction between the Ni-O sites and to weaken the π-bond of the *Ni-O sites for enhanced radical character, and (3) to optimize the water interaction with the central metal cation of the porphyrin for superior electrocatalytic properties. These findings open the scope for molecular engineering and further integration of directly fused porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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6
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O'Neill JS, Kearney L, Brandon MP, Pryce MT. Design components of porphyrin-based photocatalytic hydrogen evolution systems: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Huang S, Chen K, Li TT. Porphyrin and phthalocyanine based covalent organic frameworks for electrocatalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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La DD, Ngo HH, Nguyen DD, Tran NT, Vo HT, Nguyen XH, Chang SW, Chung WJ, Nguyen MDB. Advances and prospects of porphyrin-based nanomaterials via self-assembly for photocatalytic applications in environmental treatment. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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10
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Orfanos E, Ladomenou K, Angaridis P, Coutsolelos AG. Shape dependent photocatalytic H 2 evolution of a zinc porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8009-8014. [PMID: 35546062 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is regarded as a promising molecular fuel in order to produce clean energy, thus it is of great importance to produce and store H2 in order to replace fossil fuels and to resolve the global energy and environmental problems. One strategy to produce hydrogen is the photocatalytic splitting of water. In this study different supramolecular architectures of a Zn(II) porphyrin, showing "flower", octahedral and "manta ray" shaped structures, were obtained using the "good-bad" solvent self-assembly protocol. More specifically, the bad solvent (methanol) was retained and the good solvent was alerted obtaining diverse assemblies. The different structures were studied by scanning electron microscopy, PXRD, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies. The prepared structures were capable of proton reduction and production of molecular H2 in the presence of 5% w/w Pt-nanoparticles as catalysts and ascorbic acid as a sacrificial electron donor. Moreover, depending on the structure of the chromophore that is formed the amount of H2 produced varies. The maximum H2 production was obtained with the octahedral structures (185.5 μmol g-1 h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Orfanos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Angaridis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, GR 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Yuan H, Zhang L, Ma T, Huang J, Nie C, Cao S, Xiang X, Ma L, Cheng C, Qiu L. Spiky Cascade Biocatalysts as Peroxisome-Mimics for Ultrasound-Augmented Tumor Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15970-15981. [PMID: 35348330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-augmented tumor ablation with sono-catalysts has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to high tissue penetration, nonionizing performance, and low cost of US-based therapies. Developing peroxisome-mimetic cascade biocatalysts for US-augmented synergistic treatment would further effectively reduce the dependence of the microenvironment H2O2 and enhance the tumor-localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Here, we proposed and synthesized a novel spiky cascade biocatalyst as peroxisome-mimics that consist of multiple enzyme-mimics, i.e., glucose oxidase-mimics (Au nanoparticles for producing H2O2) and heme-mimetic atomic catalytic centers (Fe-porphyrin for ROS generation), for US-augmented cascade-catalytic tumor therapy. The synthesized spiky cascade biocatalysts exhibit an obvious spiky structure, uniform nanoscale size, independent of endogenous H2O2, and efficient US-responsive biocatalytic activities. The enzyme-mimetic biocatalytic experiments show that the spiky cascade biocatalysts can generate abundant ·OH via a cascade chemodynamic path and also 1O2 via US excitation. Then, we demonstrate that the spiky cascade biocatalysts show highly efficient ROS production to promote melanoma cell apoptosis under US irradiation without extra H2O2. Our in vivo animal data further reveal that the proposed US-assisted chemodynamic cascade therapies can significantly augment the therapy efficacy of malignant melanoma. We suggest that these efficient peroxisome-mimetic cascade-catalytic strategies will be promising for clinical tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sujiao Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Vey E, Heiderscheid M, Frache G, Boscher ND. Electronic and energy level engineering of directly fused porphyrin-conjugated polymers - impact of the central metal cation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2194-2204. [PMID: 35308894 PMCID: PMC8830115 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integration of porphyrins and their derivatives in functional devices for solar-assisted fuel production is both highly attractive and challenging due to the difficulties in processing them. This limitation is overcome in the gas-phase approach, particularly by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), leading to the simultaneous synthesis and deposition of conjugated porphyrin coatings. We have investigated the impact of the metal cation of 5,15-diphenyl metalloporphyrins (MDPP; M = Co, Cu, Mg, Zn, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ru, Ag, and FeCl) on the dehydrogenative coupling reaction leading to fused-metalloporphyrin thin films via oCVD and on the optoelectronic properties of the resulting thin films. We found that the nature of the chelated cation strongly affects the intermolecular coupling efficiency, as well as the occurrence of side reactions such as chlorination, intramolecular cyclization, demetallation/re-metalation, and oxidation of the porphyrin core. Moreover, we discussed the influence of the above-mentioned reactions on the optoelectronic properties of the fused metalloporphyrin coatings, in view of their potential application in photo-electrocatalytic systems. This study paves the way toward the engineering and future implementation of porphyrin-based systems for clean and efficient solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Eloa Vey
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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