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Srivastava V, Deblais L, Kathayat D, Rotondo F, Helmy YA, Miller SA, Rajashekara G. Novel Small Molecule Growth Inhibitors of Xanthomonas spp. Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:940-953. [PMID: 34311554 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0341-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot (BS) of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas gardneri, X. perforans, X. vesicatoria, and X. euvesicatoria, is difficult to control because of the high prevalence of copper- and streptomycin-resistant strains and the lack of resistance cultivars and effective bactericides. The objective of this study was to identify novel growth inhibitors of BS-causing Xanthomonas (BS-X) species by using small molecules (SM; n = 4,182). Several SMs (X1, X2, X5, X9, X12, and X16) completely inhibited the growth of BS-X isolates (n = 68 X. gardneri, 55 X. perforans, 4 X. vesicatoria, and 32 X. euvesicatoria) at ≥12.5 µM by disrupting Xanthomonas cell integrity through weakening of the cell membrane and formation of pores. These SMs were also effective against biofilm-embedded, copper- and streptomycin-resistant Xanthomonas strains while having minimal impact on other plant pathogenic (n = 20) and beneficial bacteria (n = 12). Furthermore, these SMs displayed equivalent antimicrobial activity against BS-X in seeds and X. gardneri in seedlings compared with conventional control methods (copper sulfate and streptomycin) at similar concentrations while having no detectable toxicity to tomato tissues. SMs X2, X5, and X12 reduced X. gardneri, X. perforans, X. vesicatoria, and X. euvesicatoria populations in artificially infested seeds ≤3.4-log CFU/seed 1 day postinfection (dpi) compared with the infested untreated control (P ≤ 0.05). SMs X1, X2, X5, and X12 reduced disease severity ≤72% and engineered bioluminescent X. gardneri populations ≤3.0-log CFU/plant in infected seedlings at 7 dpi compared with the infected untreated control (P ≤ 0.05). Additional studies are needed to increase the applicability of these SMs for BS management in tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Francesca Rotondo
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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Peňázová E, Kopta T, Jurica M, Pečenka J, Eichmeier A, Pokluda R. Testing of Inoculation Methods and Susceptibility Testing of Perspective Cabbage Breeding Lines (Brassica Oleracea convar. Capitata) to the Black Rot Disease Caused by Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Campestris. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201866010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Regiart M, Rinaldi-Tosi M, Aranda PR, Bertolino FA, Villarroel-Rocha J, Sapag K, Messina GA, Raba J, Fernández-Baldo MA. Development of a nanostructured immunosensor for early and in situ detection of Xanthomonas arboricola in agricultural food production. Talanta 2017; 175:535-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rubel MH, Robin AHK, Natarajan S, Vicente JG, Kim HT, Park JI, Nou IS. Whole-Genome Re-Alignment Facilitates Development of Specific Molecular Markers for Races 1 and 4 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the Cause of Black Rot Disease in Brassica oleracea. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2523. [PMID: 29186799 PMCID: PMC5751126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is a seed borne disease of Brassicaceae. Eleven pathogenic races have been identified based on the phenotype interaction pattern of differential brassica cultivars inoculated with different strains. Race 1 and 4 are the two most frequent races found in Brassica oleracea crops. In this study, a PCR molecular diagnostic tool was developed for the identification of Xcc races 1 and 4 of this pathogen. Whole genomic sequences of races 1, 3, 4 and 9 and sequences of three other Xanthomonas pathovars/species (X. campestris pv. incanae (Xci), X. campestris pv. raphani (Xcr) and X.euvesicatoria (Xev) were aligned to identify variable regions among races. To develop specific markers for races 1 and 4, primers were developed from a region where sequences were dissimilar in other races. Sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR) and insertion or deletion of bases (InDel) were used to develop each specific set of primers. The specificity of the selected primers was confirmed by PCR tests using genomic DNA of seven different Xcc races, two strains of X. campestris pathovars and other species of bacteria. Bacterial samples of the races 1 and 4 isolates were collected from artificially inoculated cabbage leaves to conduct bio-PCR. Bio-PCR successfully detected the two Xcc isolates. By using our race-specific markers, a potential race 1 strain from the existing Korean Xcc collection was identified. The Xcc race 1 and 4-specific markers developed in this study are novel and can potentially be used for rapid detection of Xcc races through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehede Hassan Rubel
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Joana G. Vicente
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK;
| | - Hoy-Taek Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (M.H.R.); (A.H.K.R.); (S.N.); (H.-T.K.)
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D'Hondt L, Höfte M, Van Bockstaele E, Leus L. Applications of flow cytometry in plant pathology for genome size determination, detection and physiological status. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:815-28. [PMID: 21726378 PMCID: PMC6640489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometers are probably the most multipurpose laboratory devices available. They can analyse a vast and very diverse range of cell parameters. This technique has left its mark on cancer, human immunodeficiency virus and immunology research, and is indispensable in routine clinical diagnostics. Flow cytometry (FCM) is also a well-known tool for the detection and physiological status assessment of microorganisms in drinking water, marine environments, food and fermentation processes. However, flow cytometers are seldom used in plant pathology, despite FCM's major advantages as both a detection method and a research tool. Potential uses of FCM include the characterization of genome sizes of fungal and oomycete populations, multiplexed pathogen detection and the monitoring of the viability, culturability and gene expression of plant pathogens, and many others. This review provides an overview of the history, advantages and disadvantages of FCM, and focuses on the current applications and future possibilities of FCM in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet D'Hondt
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Manti A, Falcioni T, Campana R, Sisti D, Rocchi M, Medina V, Dominici S, Papa S, Baffone W. Detection of environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus using a polyclonal antibody by flow cytometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:158-165. [PMID: 23766012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect and quantify Vibrio parahaemolyticus using flow cytometry (FCM) in combination with a polyclonal antibody developed in our laboratory. Experiments were carried out using V. parahaemolyticus cells in pure and mixed bacteria culture suspensions in either artificial or natural seawater. Using FCM, V. parahaemolyticus cells labelled with the polyclonal antibody and a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody were detected and rapidly quantified at low cell densities (10(3) cells ml(-1) ) in both the pure and mixed cultures. To determine the specificity of our antibody, its cross-reactivity with other ATCC bacterial strains and some environmental Vibrio spp. and Gram-positive isolates was also assessed. Significant immunoreactivity levels above background were obtained for V. harvey 64, V. parahaemolyticus 704 and V. alginolyticus 1407, although the intensities were significantly less than for V. parahaemolyticus Conero. The experiments carried out in natural seawater confirmed the antibody specificity towards V. parahaemolyticus Conero even if a lower proportion of labelled cells was observed. The application of FCM in combination with a primary polyclonal antibody appears to be a promising technique for the detection and quantification of V. parahaemolyticus cells in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Manti
- Department of Human, Environment and Nature Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Science, Division of Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences and Department of Biomolecular Science, Division of Biochemical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Urbino, Italy. Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Lee YA, Sung AN, Liu TF, Lee YS. Combination of chromogenic differential medium and estA-specific PCR for isolation and detection of phytopathogenic Xanthomonas spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6831-8. [PMID: 19749062 PMCID: PMC2772435 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01653-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xanthomonad differential medium (designated Xan-D medium) was developed, on which streaks and colonies of xanthomonads, including 13 species of the genus Xanthomonas, turned wet-shining yellow-green and were surrounded with a smaller milky zone and a bigger clear zone in 3 to 4 days. The characteristics could easily be differentiated from those of yellow nonxanthomonads and other bacteria. The mechanism of color change and formation of a milky zone on the medium are mainly due to the Tween 80 hydrolytic capacity of xanthomonads. The gene, estA, responsible for Tween 80 hydrolysis was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, which acquired a capacity to hydrolyze Tween 80 and could turn green and form a milky zone on the Xan-D medium. The nucleotide sequence of estA is highly conserved in the xanthomonads, and the sequence was used to design a specific PCR primer set. The PCR amplification using the primer set amplified a 777-bp specific DNA fragment for all xanthomonad strains tested. The Xan-D medium was used to isolate and differentiate Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris from naturally infected cabbages with black rot symptoms for a rapid diagnosis. All isolated X. campestris pv. campestris strains developed characteristic colonies and were positive in the PCR with the estA primer set. The Xan-D medium was further amended with antibiotics and successfully used for the detection of viable X. campestris pv. campestris cells from plant seeds. Although some yellow nonxanthomonads and other saprophytic bacteria from plant seeds could still grow on the medium, they did not interfere with the color development of X. campestris pv. campestris. However, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which is closely related to xanthomonads, existing in a seed lot could also develop yellow-green color but had different colony morphology and was negative in the PCR with the estA primer set. Accordingly, the combination of the Xan-D medium with the estA-specific PCR is a useful and reliable method for the isolation and detection of viable xanthomonad cells from plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-An Lee
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsin Chuang 24205, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Munkvold GP. Seed Pathology Progress in Academia and Industry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 47:285-311. [PMID: 19400648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Seed pathology involves the study and management of diseases affecting seed production and utilization, as well as disease management practices applied to seeds. In this paper, three aspects of seed pathology are discussed: research innovations in detection of seedborne pathogens and elucidation of their epidemiology; advances in development and use of seed treatments; and progress toward standardization of phytosanitary regulations and seed health testing methods. The application of nucleic-acid based detection methods in seed health testing has been facilitated by integrating conventional or real-time PCR with other technologies (e.g., BIO-PCR, IMS-PCR, MCH-PCR). PCR-based methods and pathogen marker technologies are being applied to epidemiological research on seedborne pathogens, e.g., seed transmission mechanisms, the influence of external biotic and abiotic factors on seed transmission, and tracking progress of seed-transmitted pathogens. Seed treatment use is discussed in terms of the revolutionary expansion in seed-applied insecticide use, impacts of new fungicide active ingredients, and the effects of some seed treatments on crop physiology. International seed trade has been affected significantly by changing phytosanitary regulations, not always based on science. Efforts are underway to revise phytosanitary regulations to reflect pest risk analysis outcomes and to develop standards for seed health testing methods that facilitate safe and efficient international trade in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Hatier JHB, Gould KS. Black coloration in leaves of Ophiopogon planiscapus 'Nigrescens'. Leaf optics, chromaticity, and internal light gradients. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:130-138. [PMID: 32689339 DOI: 10.1071/fp06220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Black-pigmented leaves occur only rarely in nature, possibly because their efficiency of light capture for photosynthesis is low. Using near-isogenic morphs of black- and green-leafed Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai 'Nigrescens', we tested the possibility that black pigmentation restricts the transmission of PAR within the leaf. We measured chromaticity coordinates of black and green leaf phenotypes, quantified their pigments and optical properties, and followed the transmission profiles of red, blue and green light through lamina tissues. Chroma and lightness values for the black leaves were comparable to those of a black paint standard, and were lower than those for the green phenotype, or for green and anthocyanic leaves of three other species. The adaxial surface of black leaves absorbed 95% incident quanta, and reflected 4% across the entire 400-700 nm waveband. There were no obvious structural differences between black and green leaves. Black coloration correlated with luxuriant concentrations of both chlorophylls and anthocyanins in superficial mesophyll. Profiles of transmission of red and blue light were similar in green and black leaves. In contrast, green light was restricted to uppermost palisade mesophyll layers in black leaves, but was transmitted to more central mesophyll in green leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hugues B Hatier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin S Gould
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Park DS, Shim JK, Kim JS, Lim CK, Shrestha R, Hahn JH, Kim HG. Sensitive and specific detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria by PCR using pathovar-specific primers based on rhs family gene sequences. Microbiol Res 2007; 164:36-42. [PMID: 17317128 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes PCR assay to detect bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper and tomato. One set of PCR primer was developed to amplify gene required for an rhs family gene homologous to rhsA, cell envelope biogenesis, outer membrane. Only a PCR product of a 517bp was produced in PCR reaction with the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (XCVF/XCVR) primer set. A specific, and highly sensitive and rapid PCR assay for the detection of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria was achieved. The protocol can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for specific detection of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper or tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, 441-707 Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Park DS, Hyun JW, Park YJ, Kim JS, Kang HW, Hahn JH, Go SJ. Sensitive and specific detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri by PCR using pathovar specific primers based on hrpW gene sequences. Microbiol Res 2005; 161:145-9. [PMID: 16427518 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific assay was developed to detect citrus bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, in leaves and fruits of citrus. Primers XACF and XACR from hrpW homologous to pectate lyase, modifying the structure of pectin in plants, were used to amplify a 561 bp DNA fragment. PCR technique was applied to detect the pathogen in naturally or artificially infected leaves of citrus. The PCR product was only produced from X. axonopodis pv. citri among 26 isolates of Xanthomonas strains, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, and other reference microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, 441-707 Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Park YJ, Lee BM, Ho-Hahn J, Lee GB, Park DS. Sensitive and specific detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris by PCR using species-specific primers based on hrpF gene sequences. Microbiol Res 2005; 159:419-23. [PMID: 15646387 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific assay was developed to detect bacterial black rot of crucifers caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (X. c. pv. campestris), in cabbage seed and plant. Primers XCF and XCR from hrpF homologous to nolX, host recognition protein, were used to amplify a 525 bp DNA fragment. PCR technique was applied to detect the pathogen in naturally infected seed and plant of cabbage. The PCR product was only produced from X. c. pv. campestris among 40 isolates of Xanthomonas strains, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, and other reference bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, 441-707 Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Alvarez AM. Integrated approaches for detection of plant pathogenic bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 42:339-66. [PMID: 15283670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease diagnosis is based on a number of factors, including laboratory tests for pathogen identification. Rapid development of genomic techniques for characterization of bacteria over the past decade has greatly simplified and improved pathogen detection and identification, but DNA-based methods have not yet entirely replaced traditional culture and phenotypic tests in the plant industry. The first section of this review focuses on rapid immunodiagnostic and DNA-based detection methods for known bacterial pathogens in plants or plant products, which often manifest no symptoms of disease. The second section covers the broader topic of disease diagnosis and new methods for identifying and characterizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Alvarez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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