1
|
Liu G, Bursill C, Cartland SP, Anwer AG, Parker LM, Zhang K, Feng S, He M, Inglis DW, Kavurma MM, Hutchinson MR, Goldys EM. A Nanoparticle-Based Affinity Sensor that Identifies and Selects Highly Cytokine-Secreting Cells. iScience 2019; 20:137-147. [PMID: 31569048 PMCID: PMC6833483 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a universal method termed OnCELISA to detect cytokine secretion from individual cells by applying a capture technology on the cell membrane. OnCELISA uses fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles as assay reporters that enable detection on a single-cell level in microscopy and flow cytometry and fluorimetry in cell ensembles. This system is flexible and can be modified to detect different cytokines from a broad range of cytokine-secreting cells. Using OnCELISA we have been able to select and sort highly cytokine-secreting cells and identify cytokine-secreting expression profiles of different cell populations in vitro and ex vivo. We show that this system can be used for ultrasensitive monitoring of cytokines in the complex biological environment of atherosclerosis that contains multiple cell types. The ability to identify and select cell populations based on their cytokine expression characteristics is valuable in a host of applications that require the monitoring of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Christina Bursill
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Siân P Cartland
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Parker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shilun Feng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Meng He
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mary M Kavurma
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), School of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leukocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Blood with and without EpCAM Enrichment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080937. [PMID: 31434250 PMCID: PMC6721753 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large tumor-derived Extracellular Vesicles (tdEVs) detected in blood of metastatic prostate, breast, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancer patients after enrichment for Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) expression and labeling with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies against Cytokeratins (CK-PE), and allophycocyanin-conjugated antibody against the cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45-APC), are negatively associated with the overall survival of patients. Here, we investigated whether, similarly to tdEVs, leukocyte-derived EVs (ldEVs) could also be detected in EpCAM-enriched blood. Presence of ldEVs and leukocytes in image data sets of EpCAM-enriched samples of 25 healthy individuals and 75 metastatic cancer patients was evaluated using the ACCEPT software. Large ldEVs could indeed be detected, but in contrast to the 20-fold higher frequency of tdEVs as compared to Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), ldEVs were present in a 5-fold lower frequency as compared to leukocytes. To evaluate whether these ldEVs pre-exist in the blood or are formed during the CellSearch procedure, the blood of healthy individuals without EpCAM enrichment was labelled with the nuclear dye Hoechst and fluorescently tagged monoclonal antibodies recognizing the leukocyte-specific CD45, platelet-specific CD61, and red blood cell-specific CD235a. Fluorescence microscopy imaging using a similar setup as the CellSearch was performed and demonstrated the presence of a similar population of ldEVs present at a 3-fold lower frequency as compared to leukocytes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Aldridge PM, Mukhopadhyay M, Ahmed SU, Zhou W, Christinck E, Makonnen R, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Prismatic Deflection of Live Tumor Cells and Cell Clusters. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12692-12700. [PMID: 30444600 PMCID: PMC6472972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of heterogeneous subpopulations of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is critical to enhance our understanding of cancer metastasis and enable noninvasive cancer diagnosis and monitoring. The phenotypic variability and plasticity of these cells-properties closely linked to their clinical behavior-demand techniques that isolate viable, discrete fractions of tumor cells for functional assays of their behavior and detailed analysis of biochemical properties. Here, we introduce the Prism Chip, a high-resolution immunomagnetic profiling and separation chip which harnesses a cobalt-based alloy to separate a flowing stream of nanoparticle-bound tumor cells with differential magnetic loading into 10 discrete streams. Using this approach, we achieve exceptional purity (5.7 log white blood cell depletion) of isolated cells. We test the differential profiling function of the integrated device using prostate cancer blood samples from a mouse xenograft model. Using integrated graphene Hall sensors, we demonstrate concurrent automated profiling of single cells and CTC clusters that belong to distinct subpopulations based on protein surface expression.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nanou A, Crespo M, Flohr P, De Bono JS, Terstappen LWMM. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Circulating Tumor Cells and Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E416. [PMID: 30384500 PMCID: PMC6266016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore morphological features of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs), we developed a protocol for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of CTCs and tdEVs. CTCs and tdEVs were isolated by immunomagnetic enrichment based on their Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) expression or by physical separation through 5 μm microsieves from 7.5 mL of blood from Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) patients. Protocols were optimized using blood samples of healthy donors spiked with PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. CTCs and tdEVs were identified among the enriched cells by fluorescence microscopy. The positions of DNA+, CK+, CD45- CTCs and DNA-, CK+, CD45- tdEVs on the CellSearch cartridges and microsieves were recorded. After gradual dehydration and chemical drying, the regions of interest were imaged by SEM. CellSearch CTCs retained their morphology revealing various shapes, some of which were clearly associated with CTCs undergoing apoptosis. The ferrofluid was clearly distinguishable, shielding major portions of all isolated objects. CTCs and leukocytes on microsieves were clearly visible, but revealed physical damage attributed to the physical forces that cells exhibit while entering one or multiple pores. tdEVs could not be identified on the microsieves as they passed through the pores. Insights on the underlying mechanism of each isolation technique could be obtained. Complete detailed morphological characteristics of CTCs are, however, masked by both techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Nanou
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Mateus Crespo
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Penny Flohr
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Johann S De Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andree KC, van Dalum G, Terstappen LWMM. Challenges in circulating tumor cell detection by the CellSearch system. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:395-407. [PMID: 26795350 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) hold the promise of a real time liquid biopsy. They are however present in a large background of hematopoietic cells making their isolation technically challenging. In 2004, the CellSearch system was introduced as the first and only FDA cleared method designed for the enumeration of circulating tumor cells in 7.5 mL of blood. Presence of CTC detected by CellSearch is associated with poor prognosis in metastatic carcinomas. CTC remaining in patients after the first cycles of therapy indicates a futile therapy. Here we review challenges faced during the development of the CellSearch system and the difficulties in assigning objects as CTC. The large heterogeneity of CTC and the different approaches introduced in recent years to isolate, enumerate and characterize CTC results in a large variation of the number of CTC reported urging the need for uniform definitions and at least a clear definition of what the criteria are for assigning an object as a CTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiki C Andree
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Hallenweg 23, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guus van Dalum
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Hallenweg 23, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Hallenweg 23, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coumans F, Terstappen L. Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells by the CellSearch Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1347:263-78. [PMID: 26374323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2990-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis occurs when cells shed from a primary or metastatic tumor, enter the circulation, and begin to grow in distant locations of the body. With current techniques it is possible to measure the presence of a few circulating tumor cells (CTC) in a blood sample. Detection of even the presence of a very small number (one or more) of these CTC in a 7.5 mL blood sample with the CellSearch system is associated with a significant decrease in survival of patients with metastatic carcinomas. The techniques and definitions used for the detection and enumeration of CTC with the CellSearch system were validated in series of preclinical and prospective multicenter studies. After enumeration of the CTC, the cells can be isolated from the cartridge for the purpose of downstream single-cell analysis. In this chapter, we will describe in detail the sample acquisition, sample preparation, data acquisition, and assignment of CTC used in the CellSearch system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Coumans
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, MIRA Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, MIRA Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moore LR, Nehl F, Dorn J, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Open Gradient Magnetic Red Blood Cell Sorter Evaluation on Model Cell Mixtures. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2013; 49:309-315. [PMID: 24910468 PMCID: PMC4047673 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2012.2225098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of biological cell separation to rare circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection and separation from blood rely on efficient methods of red blood cell (RBC) debulking. The two most widely used methods of centrifugation and RBC lysis have been associated with the concomitant significant losses of the cells of interest (such as progenitor cells or circulating tumor cells). Moreover, RBC centrifugation and lysis are not well adapted to the emerging diagnostic applications, relying on microfluidics and micro-scale total analytical systems. Therefore, magnetic RBC separation appears a logical alternative considering the high iron content of the RBC (normal mean 105 fg) as compared to the white blood cell iron content (normal mean 1.6 fg). The typical magnetic forces acting on a RBC are small, however, as compared to typical forces associated with centrifugation or the forces acting on synthetic magnetic nanoparticles used in current magnetic cell separations. This requires a significant effort in designing and fabricating a practical magnetic RBC separator. Applying advanced designs to the low cost, high power permanent magnets currently available, and building on the accumulated knowledge of the immunomagnetic cell separation methods and devices, an open gradient magnetic red blood cell (RBC) sorter was designed, fabricated and tested on label-free cell mixtures, with potential applications to RBC debulking from whole blood samples intended for diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Moore
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Franzisca Nehl
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwesen/Bioverfahrenstechnik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Dorn
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwesen/Bioverfahrenstechnik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wan Y, Liu Y, Allen PB, Asghar W, Mahmood MAI, Tan J, Duhon H, Kim YT, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Capture, isolation and release of cancer cells with aptamer-functionalized glass bead array. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4693-701. [PMID: 22983436 PMCID: PMC3498495 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Early detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTC) can enable better prognosis for cancer patients. A Hele-Shaw device with aptamer functionalized glass beads is designed, modeled, and fabricated to efficiently isolate cancer cells from a cellular mixture. The glass beads are functionalized with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) aptamer and sit in ordered array of pits in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel. A PDMS encapsulation is then used to cover the channel and to flow through cell solution. The beads capture cancer cells from flowing solution depicting high selectivity. The cell-bound glass beads are then re-suspended from the device surface followed by the release of 92% cells from glass beads using combination of soft shaking and anti-sense RNA. This approach ensures that the cells remain in native state and undisturbed during capture, isolation and elution for post-analysis. The use of highly selective anti-EGFR aptamer with the glass beads in an array and subsequent release of cells with antisense molecules provide multiple levels of binding and release opportunities that can help in defining new classes of CTC enumeration devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter B. Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - M. Arif Iftakher Mahmood
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Holli Duhon
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Young-tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Samir M. Iqbal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Joint Graduate Committee of Bioengineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Corresponding Author: Samir M. Iqbal, Ph.D., 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, , Ph: +1-817-272-0228, Fax: +1-817-272-7458
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diamond E, Lee GY, Akhtar NH, Kirby BJ, Giannakakou P, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM. Isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:131. [PMID: 23087897 PMCID: PMC3468833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells found in the peripheral blood that putatively originate from established sites of malignancy and likely have metastatic potential. Analysis of CTCs has demonstrated promise as a prognostic marker as well as a source of identifying potential targets for novel therapeutics. Isolation and characterization of these cells for study, however, remain challenging owing to their rarity in comparison with other cellular components of the peripheral blood. Several techniques that exploit the unique biochemical properties of CTCs have been developed to facilitate their isolation. Positive selection of CTCs has been achieved using microfluidic surfaces coated with antibodies against epithelial cell markers or tumor-specific antigens such as EpCAM or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Following isolation, characterization of CTCs may help guide clinical decision making. For instance, molecular and genetic characterization may shed light on the development of chemotherapy resistance and mechanisms of metastasis without the need for a tissue biopsy. This paper will review novel isolation techniques to capture CTCs from patients with advanced prostate cancer, as well as efforts to characterize the CTCs. We will also review how these analyzes can assist in clinical decision making. CONCLUSION The study of CTCs provides insight into the molecular biology of tumors of prostate origin that will eventually guide the development of tailored therapeutics. These advances are predicated on high yield and accurate isolation techniques that exploit the unique biochemical features of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elan Diamond
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coumans FAW, van der Pol E, Terstappen LWMM. Flat-top illumination profile in an epifluorescence microscope by dual microlens arrays. Cytometry A 2012; 81:324-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Hoeppener AELM, Swennenhuis JF, Terstappen LWMM. Immunomagnetic separation technologies. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 195:43-58. [PMID: 22527493 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28160-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The largest difficulty one faces in the development of technology for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is whether or not tumor cells are present in the blood and at what frequency. Although the introduction of the validated CellSearch system for CTC enumeration has facilitated CTC research the question remains whether CTC are missed or whether the CTC that are reported are indeed clinically relevant. To fulfill the promise of CTC as a real-time liquid biopsy they will need to be present in the blood volume tested and need to be isolated without losing the ability to test the presence of treatment targets. To characterize a sufficiently large number of CTCs in the majority of cancer patients the volume of blood needed is simply too large to process without enrichment prior to detection. Here, we review the detection of CTCs by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with and without immunomagnetic enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E L M Hoeppener
- Medical Cell BioPhysics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 23, 7522 NH, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scholtens TM, Schreuder F, Ligthart ST, Swennenhuis JF, Greve J, Terstappen LWMM. Automated identification of circulating tumor cells by image cytometry. Cytometry A 2011; 81:138-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Wan Y, Kim YT, Li N, Cho SK, Bachoo R, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Surface-Immobilized Aptamers for Cancer Cell Isolation and Microscopic Cytology. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9371-80. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells Detected by the CellSearch System in Patients with Metastatic Breast Colorectal and Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2010:617421. [PMID: 20016752 PMCID: PMC2793426 DOI: 10.1155/2010/617421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of treatment options for patients with metastatic carcinomas has created a concomitant need for new methods to monitor their use. Ideally, these modalities would be noninvasive, be independent of treatment, and provide quantitative real-time analysis of tumor activity in a variety of carcinomas. Assessment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) shed into the blood during metastasis may satisfy this need. We developed the CellSearch System to enumerate CTC from 7.5 mL of venous blood. In this review we compare the outcomes from three prospective multicenter studies investigating the use of CTC to monitor patients undergoing treatment for metastatic breast (MBC), colorectal (MCRC), or prostate cancer (MPC) and review the CTC definition used in these studies. Evaluation of CTC at anytime during the course of disease allows assessment of patient prognosis and is predictive of overall survival.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu W, Dechev N, Foulds IG, Burke R, Parameswaran A, Park EJ. A novel permalloy based magnetic single cell micro array. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2381-90. [PMID: 19636470 DOI: 10.1039/b821044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Devices capable of automatically aligning cells onto geometrical arrays are of great interest to biomedical researchers. Such devices can facilitate the study of numerous cells while the cells remain physically separated from one another. In this way, cell arrays reduce cell-to-cell interactions while the cells are all subjected to common stimuli, which allows individual cell behaviour to be revealed. The use of arrays allows for the parallel analysis of single cells, facilitates data logging, and opens the door to the use of automated machine-based single cell analysis techniques. A novel permalloy based magnetic single cell micro array (MSCMA) is presented in this paper. The MSCMA creates an array of magnetic traps by generating magnetic flux density peaks at predefined locations. When using cells labelled with immunomagnetic labels, the cells will interact with the magnetic fields, and can be captured at the magnetic trap sites. Prototypes of the MSCMA have been successfully fabricated and tested using both fixed and live Jurkat cells (10 microm average diameter) that were labelled. The prototypes performed as predicted during experimental trials. The experimental results show that the MSCMA can randomly array up to 136 single cells per square mm. The results also show that the number of single cells captured is a function of the trap site density of the MSCMA design and the cell density in the fluid sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, CanadaV8W 3P6.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Swennenhuis JF, Tibbe AGJ, Levink R, Sipkema RCJ, Terstappen LWMM. Characterization of circulating tumor cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytometry A 2009; 75:520-7. [PMID: 19291800 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells in blood of patients with metastatic carcinomas have been associated with poor survival prospects. Further characterization of these cells may provide further insights into the metastatic process. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) were enumerated in 7.5 mL of blood with the CellSearch system. After enumeration of Cytokeratin+, CD45-, nucleated cells, the cells are fixed in the cartridge while maintaining their original position. Cartridges were hybridized with FISH probes against the centromeric regions of chromosome 1, 7, 8, and 17. Next fluorescence images of the FISH probes of the previous identified CTC were acquired. Leukocytes surrounding the CTC were used as internal controls. The number of copies of chromosome 1, 7, 8, and 17 could be determined in 118 CTC containing blood samples from 59 metastatic prostate cancer patients. The samples contained a total of 21,751 CTC (mean 184, median 16, SD 650). Chromosome counts were obtained in 61% of the relocated CTC. On an average, these CTC contained 2.8 copies of chromosome 1, 2.7 copies of chromosome 7, 3.1 copies of chromosome 8, and 2.3 copies of chromosome 17. CTC in which no chromosome count was obtained most likely underwent apoptosis indicated by the expression of M30. In 6/59 patients only diploid CTC were detected these samples, however, only contained 1-5 CTC. Heterogeneity in the chromosomal abnormalities was observed between CTC of different patients as well as among CTC of the same patient. Cytogenetic composition of CTC can be reliably assessed after they have been identified by the CellSearch system. The majority of CTC in hormone refractory prostate cancer are aneuploid confirming that they indeed are cancer cells. An extensive heterogeneity in the copy number of each of the chromosomes was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost F Swennenhuis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Earhart CM, Wilson RJ, White RL, Pourmand N, Wang SX. Microfabricated magnetic sifter for high-throughput and high-gradient magnetic separation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2009; 321:1436-1439. [PMID: 20161248 PMCID: PMC2707938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A microfabricated magnetic sifter has been designed and fabricated for applications in biological sample preparation. The device enables high-throughput, high-gradient magnetic separation of magnetic nanoparticles by utilizing columnar fluid flow through a dense array (~5000/mm(2)) of micropatterned slots in a magnetically soft membrane. The potential of the sifter for separation of magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with capture antibodies is demonstrated through quantitative separation experiments with CD138-labelled MACS nanoparticles. Capture efficiencies ranging from 28-37% and elution efficiencies greater than 73% were measured for a single pass through the sifter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Earhart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Contact Author: Christopher M. Earhart, 476 Lomita Mall, R208, McCullough Building, Stanford, CA 94305, , Tel: (650) 723-4015, Fax: (650) 723-3044
| | - Robert J. Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert L. White
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li X, Breukers C, Ymeti A, Lunter B, Terstappen LWMM, Greve J. CD4 and CD8 enumeration for HIV monitoring in resource-constrained settings. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:118-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
19
|
Liu W, Dechev N, Lee SW, Foulds IG, Parameswaran A, Burke R, Park EJ. Development of a magnetic Single Cell Micro Array. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:3170-3. [PMID: 19163380 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Experiments using single cells are valuable for revealing individual cell behaviour, which is of interest to many biomedical researchers. In such experiments, various types of devices capable of aligning cells into organized arrays are often used. In this paper, we present a novel Single Cell Micro Array device that makes use of magnetic forces. Prototypes of this device have been fabricated, and successfully tested using Jurkat cells that have been labelled with nano-magnetic particles. Experimental results show that the prototypes are effective on capturing and placing the labelled cells in an array.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Kaminski MD, Rosengart AJ. 2D modeling and preliminary in vitro investigation of a prototype high gradient magnetic separator for biomedical applications. Med Eng Phys 2008; 30:1-8. [PMID: 17400018 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) of magnetic materials from fluids or waste products has many established industrial applications. However, there is currently no technology employing HGMS for ex-vivo biomedical applications, such as for the removal of magnetic drug- or toxin-loaded spheres from the human blood stream. Importantly, human HGMS applications require special design modifications as, in contrast to conventional use where magnetic elements are permanently imbedded within the separation chambers, medical separators need to avoid direct contact between the magnetic materials and blood to reduce the risk of blood clotting and to facilitate convenient and safe treatment access for many individuals. We describe and investigate the performance of a magnetic separator prototype designed for biomedical applications. First, the capture efficiency of a prototype HGMS separator unit consisting of a short tubing segment and two opposing magnetizable fine wires along the outside of the tubing was investigated using 2D mathematical modeling. Second, the first-pass effectiveness to remove commercially available, magnetic polystyrene spheres from human blood using a single separator unit was experimentally verified. The theoretical and experimental data correlated well at low flow velocities (<5.0 cm/s) and high external magnetic fields (>0.05 T). This prototype separator unit removed >90% in a single pass of the magnetic spheres from water at mean flow velocity < or =8.0 cm/s and from blood mimic fluids (ethylene glycol-water solutions) at mean flow velocity < or =2.0 cm/s. In summary, we describe and prove the feasibility of a HGMS separator for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Said TM, Agarwal A, Zborowski M, Grunewald S, Glander HJ, Paasch U. Utility of magnetic cell separation as a molecular sperm preparation technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 29:134-42. [PMID: 18077822 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.107.003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) have become the treatment of choice in many cases of infertility; however, the current success rates of these procedures remain suboptimal. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) most likely contributes to failed ART and to the decrease in sperm quality after cryopreservation. There is a likelihood that some sperm selected for ART will display features of apoptosis despite their normal appearance, which may be partially responsible for the low fertilization and implantation rates seen with ART. One of the features of apoptosis is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues, which are normally present on the inner leaflet of the sperm plasma membrane. Colloidal superparamagnetic microbeads ( approximately 50 nm in diameter) conjugated with annexin V bind to PS and are used to separate dead and apoptotic spermatozoa by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Cells with externalized PS will bind to these microbeads, whereas nonapoptotic cells with intact membranes do not bind and could be used during ARTs. We have conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether the MACS technology could be used to improve ART outcomes. Our results clearly indicate that integrating MACS as a part of sperm preparation techniques will improve semen quality and cryosurvival rates by eliminating apoptotic sperm. Nonapoptotic spermatozoa prepared by MACS display higher quality in terms of routine sperm parameters and apoptosis markers. The higher sperm quality is represented by an increased oocyte penetration potential and cryosurvival rates. Thus, the selection of nonapoptotic spermatozoa by MACS should be considered to enhance ART success rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer M Said
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Tissue Banking, Toronto Institute of Reproductive Medicine (Repro Med), Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li X, Ymeti A, Lunter B, Breukers C, Tibbe AGJ, Terstappen LWMM, Greve J. CD4+ T lymphocytes enumeration by an easy-to-use single platform image cytometer for HIV monitoring in resource-constrained settings. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2007; 72:397-407. [PMID: 17311352 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV monitoring in resource-constrained settings demands affordable and reliable CD4(+) T lymphocytes enumeration methods. We developed a simple single platform image cytometer (SP ICM), which is a dedicated volumetric CD4(+) T lymphocytes enumeration system that uses immunomagnetic and immunofluorescent technologies. The instrument was designed to be a low-cost, yet reliable and robust one. In this article we test the instrument and the immunochemical procedures used on blood from HIV negative and HIV positive patients. METHODS After CD4 immunomagnetic labeling in whole blood, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, CD4(+dim) monocytes and some nonspecifically labeled cells are magnetically attracted to an analysis surface. Combining with CD3-Phycoerythrin (PE) labeling, only CD3(+)CD4(+) T lymphocytes are fluorescently labeled and visible in a fluorescent image of the analysis surface. The number of CD4(+) T lymphocytes is obtained by image analysis. Alternatively, CD3 immunomagnetic selection in combination with CD4 immunofluorescent labeling can also be applied for CD4(+) T lymphocytes enumeration. RESULTS The SP ICM system was compared with two single platform flow cytometer (SP FCM) methods: tetraCXP and TruCount methods. The SP ICM system has excellent precision, accuracy and linearity for CD4(+) T lymphocytes enumeration. Good correlations were obtained between the SP ICM and the SP FCM methods for blood specimens of 44 HIV(-) patients, and of 63 HIV(+) patients. Bland-Altman plots showed interchangeability between the SP ICM and the SP FCM methods. CONCLUSIONS The immunolabeling methods and the instrumentation are simple and easy-to-handle for less-trained operators. The SP ICM system is a good candidate for CD4(+) T lymphocytes enumeration in point-of-care settings of resource-constrained countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Building Zuidhorst, Dienstweg 1, 7522 ND Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wood DK, Requa MV, Cleland AN. Microfabricated high-throughput electronic particle detector. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:104301. [PMID: 17979441 DOI: 10.1063/1.2794230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, fabrication, and use of a radio frequency reflectometer integrated with a microfluidic system, applied to the very high-throughput measurement of micron-scale particles, passing in a microfluidic channel through the sensor region. The device operates as a microfabricated Coulter counter [U.S. Patent No. 2656508 (1953)], similar to a design we have described previously, but here with significantly improved electrode geometry as well as including electronic tuning of the reflectometer; the two improvements yielding an improvement by more than a factor of 10 in the signal to noise and in the diametric discrimination of single particles. We demonstrate the high-throughput discrimination of polystyrene beads with diameters in the 4-10 microm range, achieving diametric resolutions comparable to the intrinsic spread of diameters in the bead distribution, at rates in excess of 15 x 10(6) beads/h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Wood
- Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ymeti A, Li X, Lunter B, Breukers C, Tibbe AGJ, Terstappen LWMM, Greve J. A single platform image cytometer for resource-poor settings to monitor disease progression in HIV infection. Cytometry A 2007; 71:132-42. [PMID: 17252583 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For resource-poor countries, affordable methods are required for enumeration of CD4(+) T lymphocytes of HIV-positive patients. For infants, additional determination of CD4/CD8 ratio is needed. METHODS We determine the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes as the CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) population of blood cells. Target cells are CD3-immunomagnetically separated from the whole blood, and CD4-Phycoerythrin and CD8-PerCP immunofluorescently labeled. A point-of-care single platform image cytometer was developed to enumerate the target CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) populations. It has light-emitting diodes illumination, is fully computer-controlled, operates from a 12 V battery, and was designed to be cheap and easy-to-handle. Target cells are imaged on a CCD camera and enumerated by an image analysis algorithm. The cytometer outputs the absolute number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes/microl and CD4/CD8 ratio. RESULTS The quality of the cell images obtained with the cytometer is sufficient for a reliable enumeration of target cells. The image cytometer achieves an accuracy of better than 10% in the range of 50-1700 cells/microl. Analysis of blood samples from HIV patients yields a good agreement with the TruCount method for CD4 and CD8 count and CD4/CD8 ratio. CONCLUSIONS The image cytometer is affordable (component costs $3,000), compact (25 x 25 x 20 cm(3)), and uses disposable test materials, making it a good candidate to monitor progression of immunodeficiency disease in resource-poor settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Ymeti
- Biophysical Engineering Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Biomedical Technology Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Tibbe AGJ, Droog E, Terstappen LWMM, Greve J. An immunomagnetic single-platform image cytometer for cell enumeration based on antibody specificity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:412-9. [PMID: 17287315 PMCID: PMC1865616 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00372-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simplification of cell enumeration technologies is necessary, especially for resource-poor countries, where reliable and affordable enumeration systems are greatly needed. In this paper, an immunomagnetic single-platform image cytometer (SP ICM) for cell enumeration based on antibody specificity is reported. A chamber/magnet assembly was designed such that the immunomagnetically labeled, acridine orange-stained cells in a blood sample moved to the surface of the chamber, where a fluorescent image was captured and analyzed for cell enumeration. The system was evaluated by applying one kind of antibody to count leukocytes and one kind for each leukocyte subpopulation: CD45 for leukocytes, CD3 for T lymphocytes, and CD19 for B lymphocytes. Excellent precision and linearity were achieved. Moreover, these cell counts, each from blood specimens of 42 to 52 randomly selected patients, were compared with those obtained by SP (TruCount) and dual-platform (DP) flow cytometry (FCM) technologies. The cell counts obtained by our system were in between those obtained from the TruCount and DP FCM methods; and good correlations were achieved (R > or = 0.95). For CD4(+) counts, as we expected, the cell count by our system was significantly higher than the CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts obtained by SP and DP FCM methods. Immunophenotyping of the immunomagnetically selected CD4(+) cells showed that, besides CD4(+) T lymphocytes, a proportion of the CD4(+) dim monocytes was also selected. Our system is a simple immunomagnetic SP ICM, which can potentially be used for enumeration of CD3(+) CD4(+) T lymphocytes in resource-poor countries if an additional CD3 immunofluorescent label is applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Biophysical Engineering Group, University of Twente, Dienstweg 1, Building Zuidhorst, 7522 ND Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen H, Kaminski MD, Caviness PL, Liu X, Dhar P, Torno M, Rosengart AJ. Magnetic separation of micro-spheres from viscous biological fluids. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:1185-96. [PMID: 17264379 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/4/022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A magnetically based detoxification system is being developed as a therapeutic tool for selective and rapid removal of biohazards, i.e. chemicals and radioactive substances, from human blood. One of the key components of this system is a portable magnetic separator capable of separating polymer-based magnetic nano/micro-spheres from arterial blood flow in an ex vivo unit. The magnetic separator consists of an array of alternating and parallel capillary tubing and magnetizable wires, which is exposed to an applied magnetic field created by two parallel permanent magnets such that the magnetic field is perpendicular to both the wires and the fluid flow. In this paper, the performance of this separator was evaluated via preliminary in vitro flow experiments using a separator unit consisting of single capillary glass tubing and two metal wires. Pure water, ethylene glycol-water solution (v:v=39:61 and v:v=49:51) and human whole blood were used as the fluids. The results showed that when the viscosity increased from 1.0 cp to 3.0 cp, the capture efficiency (CE) decreased from 90% to 56%. However, it is still feasible to obtain >90% CE in blood flow if the separator design is optimized to create higher magnetic gradients and magnetic fields in the separation area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Commercial magnetic cell separation instruments and reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(06)32010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
28
|
Xia N, Hunt TP, Mayers BT, Alsberg E, Whitesides GM, Westervelt RM, Ingber DE. Combined microfluidic-micromagnetic separation of living cells in continuous flow. Biomed Microdevices 2006; 8:299-308. [PMID: 17003962 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-006-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a miniaturized, integrated, microfluidic device that can pull molecules and living cells bound to magnetic particles from one laminar flow path to another by applying a local magnetic field gradient, and thus selectively remove them from flowing biological fluids without any wash steps. To accomplish this, a microfabricated high-gradient magnetic field concentrator (HGMC) was integrated at one side of a microfluidic channel with two inlets and outlets. When magnetic micro- or nano-particles were introduced into one flow path, they remained limited to that flow stream. In contrast, when the HGMC was magnetized, the magnetic beads were efficiently pulled from the initial flow path into the collection stream, thereby cleansing the original fluid. Using this microdevice, living E. coli bacteria bound to magnetic nanoparticles were efficiently removed from flowing solutions containing densities of red blood cells similar to that found in blood. Because this microdevice allows large numbers of beads and cells to be sorted simultaneously, has no capacity limit, and does not lose separation efficiency as particles are removed, it may be especially useful for separations from blood or other clinical samples. This on-chip HGMC-microfluidic separator technology may potentially allow cell separations to be carried out in the field outside of hospitals and clinical laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xia
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Pathology, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Varshney M, Yang L, Su XL, Li Y. Magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for the separation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1804-11. [PMID: 16161677 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.9.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunomagnetic separation with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates (MNCs) was investigated and evaluated for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef samples. MNCs were prepared by immobilizing biotin-labeled polyclonal goat anti-E. coli antibodies onto streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles. For bacterial separation, MNCs were mixed with inoculated ground beef samples, then nanoparticle-antibody-E. coli O157:H7 complexes were separated from food matrix with a magnet, washed, and surface plated for microbial enumeration. The capture efficiency was determined by plating cells bound to nanoparticles and unbound cells in the supernatant onto sorbitol MacConkey agar. Key parameters, including the amount of nanoparticles and immunoreaction time, were optimized with different concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 in phosphate-buffered saline. MNCs presented a minimum capture efficiency of 94% for E. coli O157:H7 ranging from 1.6 x 10(1) to 7.2 x 10(7) CFU/ml with an immunoreaction time of 15 min without any enrichment. Capture of E. coli O157:H7 by MNCs did not interfere with other bacteria, including Salmonella enteritidis, Citrobacter freundii, and Listeria monocytogenes. The capture efficiency values of MNCs increased from 69 to 94.5% as E. coli O157:H7 decreased from 3.4 x 10(7) to 8.0 x 10(0) CFU/ml in the ground beef samples prepared with minimal steps (without filtration and centrifugation). An enrichment of 6 h was done for 8.0 x 10(0) and 8.0 x 10(1) CFU/ml of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef to increase the number of cells in the sample to a detectable level. The results also indicated that capture efficiencies of MNCs for E. coli O157:H7 with and without mechanical mixing during immunoreaction were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Compared with microbeads based immunomagnetic separation, the magnetic nanoparticles showed their advantages in terms of higher capture efficiency, no need for mechanical mixing, and minimal sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar Varshney
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loberg RD, Fridman Y, Pienta BA, Keller ET, McCauley LK, Taichman RS, Pienta KJ. Detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells in urologic cancers: a review. Neoplasia 2005; 6:302-9. [PMID: 15256052 PMCID: PMC1502117 DOI: 10.1593/neo.03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Cancer Society has estimated that in 2003, there will be approximately 239,600 new cases of urologic cancer diagnosed and 54,600 urologic cancer-related deaths in the United States. To date, the majority of research and therapy design have focused on the microenvironment of the primary tumor site, as well as the microenvironment of the metastatic or secondary (target) tumor site. Little attention has been placed on the interactions of the circulating tumor cells and the microenvironment of the circulation (i.e., the third microenvironment). The purpose of this review is to present the methods for the detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells and to discuss the importance of circulating tumor cells in the biology and treatment of urologic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Loberg
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0946, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gerstner AOH, Lenz D, Laffers W, Hoffman RA, Steinbrecher M, Bootz F, Tárnok A. Near-infrared dyes for six-color immunophenotyping by laser scanning cytometry. CYTOMETRY 2002; 48:115-23. [PMID: 12116357 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adequately analyze the complexity of the immune system and reduce the required sample volume for immunophenotyping in general, more measurable colors for the discrimination of leukocyte subsets are necessary. Immunophenotyping by the laser scanning cytometer (LSC), a slide-based cytometric technology, combines cell detection based on multiple colors with their subsequent visualization without the need for physical cell sorting. In the present study, the filter setting of the LSC was adapted for the measurement of the far-red emitting dye cyanine 7 (Cy7), thereby increasing the number of measurable commercially available fluorochromes. METHODS The optical filters of the LSC were replaced-photomultiplier (PMT) 3/allophycocyanin (APC): 740-nm dichroic long pass, and 670-/55-nm bandpass; PMT 4/Cy7: 810-/90-nm bandpass. Peripheral blood leukocytes were stained directly by fluorochrome-labeled antibodies or by indirect staining. The tandem dyes of Cy7 (phycoerythrin [PE]-Cy7, APC-Cy7) and the fluorochromes fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), PE, PE-Cy5, and APC were tested alone and in different combinations. RESULTS With the new filter combination and tandem fluorochromes, Cy7 was measurable at 488-nm (argon laser) or 633-nm (helium-neon laser) excitation. Resolution was in the range of FITC for PE-Cy7 but approximately 30% lower for APC-Cy7; spillover into the respective donor fluorochrome channel for both tandem dyes was prominent. A six-color panel for leukocyte subtyping was designed. CONCLUSIONS With this adaptation, it is possible to measure the tandem conjugates PE-Cy7 and APC-Cy7. This new setup opens the way for six-color immunophenotyping by LSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O H Gerstner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tibbe AGJ, de Grooth BG, Greve J, Rao C, Dolan GJ, Terstappen LWMM. Cell analysis system based on compact disk technology. CYTOMETRY 2002; 47:173-82. [PMID: 11891722 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cell analysis system was developed to enumerate and differentiate magnetically aligned cells selected from whole blood. The cellular information extracted is similar to the readout of musical information from a compact disk (CD). Here we describe the optical design and data processing of the system. The performance of the system is demonstrated using fluorescent-labeled cells and beads. Materials and Methods System performance was demonstrated with 6-microm polystyrene beads labeled with magnetic nanoparticles and allophycocyanin (APC) and immunomagnetically aligned leukocytes, fluorescently labeled with Oxazine750 and CD4-APC, CD8-Cy5.5, and CD14-APC/Cy7 in whole blood. RESULTS The sensitivity of the system was demonstrated using APC-labeled beads. With this system, beads containing 333 APC molecules could easily be resolved from the background. This level of sensitivity was not achievable with a commercial flow cytometer. A maximum of 20,000 immunomagnetically labeled cells could be aligned and analyzed in between 0.6 m of Ni lines, distributed over a surface area of 18 mm(2) and extracted from a blood volume that depended on the height of the chamber. The utility of the system was demonstrated by performing a three-color CD4-CD8-CD14 assay. CONCLUSIONS We built a cell analysis system based on immunomagnetic cell selection and alignment and analysis of fluorescent signals employing CD-technology that is as good or better than current commercial analyzers. The cell analysis can be performed in whole blood or any other type of cell suspension without extensive sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan G J Tibbe
- Biophysical Techniques Group, Faculty of Applied Physics, Twente University, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|