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Jørgensen M, Smith ORF, Wold B, Haug E. Social inequality in the association between life transitions into adulthood and depressed mood: a 27-year longitudinal study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1286554. [PMID: 38476482 PMCID: PMC10929615 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1286554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have considered the life-course development of depressive symptoms in relation to life transitions in early-adulthood and whether these might affect depressive trajectories differently depending on specific indicators of parental socioeconomic status (SES). In the present work, we explore these questions using the adolescent pathway model as a guiding framework to test socially differential exposure, tracking and vulnerability of the effects of life transitions on depressed mood across different socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods Latent growth modeling was used to estimate the associations between indicators of parental SES (parental education and household income) and depressed mood from age 13 to 40 with life transitions (leaving the parental home, leaving the educational system, beginning cohabitation, attaining employment) as pathways between the two. Our analyses were based on a 27-year longitudinal dataset (n = 1242) of a Norwegian cohort with 10 time points in total. To make socioeconomic comparisons, three groups (low, mid, and high) were made for parental education and income respectively. Results Depressed mood decreased from age 13 to 40. The low and high parental education groups showed a stable difference in depressed mood during early adolescence, which decreased in young adulthood and then increased slightly in mid-adulthood. The low household income group showed higher depressed mood across young adulthood compared to the medium and higher household income groups. For life transitions, leaving the parental home and beginning cohabitation was associated with an added downturn of the trajectory of depressed mood when adjusting for other transitions. However, adolescents with high parental education showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the parental home. Similarly, adolescents with a high household income showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the educational system. Conclusions Depressed mood decreased over time and developed differently depending on parental education and household income. Life transitions were generally associated with reductions in depressed mood across time, but lower SES youths were not found to be more socially vulnerable these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Jørgensen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Otto R. F. Smith
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
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Probst-Hensch N, Jeong A, Keidel D, Imboden M, Lovison G. Depression trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in the high-quality health care setting of Switzerland: the COVCO-Basel cohort. Public Health 2023; 217:65-73. [PMID: 36854252 PMCID: PMC9841075 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the pandemic, Switzerland avoided stringent lockdowns and provided funds to stabilize the economy. To assess whether and in what subgroups the pandemic impacted on depressive symptoms in this specific Swiss context, we derived depression trajectories over an extended pandemic period in a Swiss cohort and related them to individuals' sociodemographic characteristics. STUDY DESIGN This was a population-based cohort study. METHODS The population-based COVCO-Basel cohort in North-Western Switzerland invited 112,848 adult residents of whom 12,724 participated at baseline. Between July 2020 and December 2021, 6396 participants answered to additional 18 monthly online questionnaires. Depression symptoms were repeatedly measured by the DASS-21 scale. Group-based Trajectory Models methods were applied to identify clusters of similar depression trajectories. Trajectory clusters were characterized descriptively and with a Multinomial response model. RESULTS Three distinct trajectories were identified. The 'Highly affected' trajectory (13%) had a larger presence of younger and female participants with lower average income, higher levels of past depression, and living alone. A majority of individuals in the 'Unaffected' trajectory (52%) were of medium or high average income, older average age, without previous depression symptoms, and not living alone. The 'Moderately affected' trajectory (35%) had a composition intermediate between the two opposite 'extreme' trajectories. CONCLUSIONS This study is among few studies investigating depression trajectories up to the time when COVID-19 vaccination was readily available to the entire population. During these 18 months of the pandemic, depressive symptoms increased in a substantial percentage of participants. Economic support, high-quality health care system, and moderate containment measures did not sufficiently protect all population subgroups from adverse, potentially long-term psychological pandemic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author. Head Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - A. Jeong
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. Keidel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - G. Lovison
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Switzerland,Department of Economics, Business and Statistics, University of Palermo, Italy
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Shulman S, Yonatan-Leus R, Silberberg O. Understanding stability and change in depressive symptom trajectories across young adulthood through the lens of career development: A mixed-methods study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254221146416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented both stable and nonstable trajectories of depressive symptoms across young adulthood, but has not explored the mechanisms that might explain change in level of depressive affect over time. To explore this question, the current study draws on data from an Israeli longitudinal study of 205 young adults who reported their depressed symptoms four times from ages 23 to 35 years. Employing a latent profile analysis (LPA), three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: stable low, moderate and decreasing, and stable high. To understand how stability and change in the course of depressive symptoms across time aligns with career development, 60 participants (20 from each profile), who had completed in-depth career development history interviews at age 29, were randomly selected. Subjecting the interviews to qualitative analysis showed that participants belonging to the stable low depressive symptoms trajectory were more likely to be intrinsically motivated, having the capacity to learn from their experiences, which resulted in a more successful career pursuit. In contrast, participants who consistently exhibited a high level of depressive affect were more likely to lack motivation, tended to feel at a loss, and were less likely to know what they want to do with their lives. Participants who were identified as belonging to the moderate and decreasing trajectory were more likely to describe the lack of a clear view of their future career plans. However, due to encouragement from significant others, they eventually found their niche. Conceptually, findings underscore the importance of understanding career factors that could covary with stability or change in the level of depressive symptoms during young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Shulman
- Bar-Ilan University, Israel
- The College of Management Academic Studies, Israel
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Yang M, Meng Z, Qi H, Duan X, Zhang L. The reciprocal relationships between Chinese children’s perception of interparental conflict, negative thinking, and depression symptoms: A cross-lagged study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:857878. [PMID: 36248573 PMCID: PMC9561413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present longitudinal study used the traditional cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to examine the relationships between perceived interparental conflict (IPC), negative thinking (NT), and depression symptoms in Chinese children. Changes in these three variables over time were also examined, as well as the trait and state aspects of the relationships between them. A sample of 516 third-grade primary students completed questionnaires about IPC, NT, and depression three times over a period of 1 year, at 6-month intervals. The CLPM findings indicated that, assuming that stability of each variable across time was controlled, Chinese children’s perception of IPC significantly affected their level of depression through the mediating path of NT. After taking trait factors into account, among all the significant autoregressive and cross-lagged paths originally found in the CLPM, only one third remained significant in the ALT-SR model. More specifically, the ALT-SR model, revealed a driving effect of children’s NT on perceived IPC and depression symptoms. The CLPM model although elucidated the interplay among three variables, the ALT-SR model showed little evidence of their interrelated growth across time. Taken together, these results indicate that children’s perceived IPC in the long term are a stable trait, with few state-level fluctuations, and is not a significant within-person predictor of subsequent children’s internalization problems. These perceptions appear to contribute more to children’s general psychological tendency than do changes over time. The research is the first to test the reciprocal relationships between Chinese children’s perceived IPC, NT, and depression symptoms. The findings demonstrate that previously proposed theories about the bidirectional relation between IPC and children’s social adjustment, to some extent, may reflect a correlation at a trait level. Put another way, it is IPC’s central tendency to be sensitive in the long term as a stable trait that is associated with their children’s general tendency to show well adjustment. The study contributes to our understanding of that extend previous results and have implications for complementary theoretical and practical interventions. The complementary techniques of CLPM and ALT-SR models offer different insights into children’s internalization problems, and hold promise for supporting the building of more comprehensive children’s developmental theories that acknowledge the interconnectedness of different domains of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Yang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaoyan Meng
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Qi
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangfei Duan
- School of Educational Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Libin Zhang,
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Zhang J, Lin G, Cai Q, Hu Q, Xu Y, Guo Z, Hong D, Huang Y, Lv Y, Chen J, Jiang S. The role of family and peer factors in the development of early adolescent depressive symptoms: A latent class growth analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:914055. [PMID: 36186869 PMCID: PMC9520917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have explored the trajectories of Chinese early adolescent depressive symptoms or comprehensively considered the factors of family and peers. The present study aimed to identify the trajectories of depressive symptoms in early adolescence using a school-based sample assessed in three waves. The study also examined whether family and peer factors were significant predictors. A total of 586 Chinese primary and middle school students participated in the survey. A growth mixture model was used to find the trajectories of depressive symptoms, and multinominal logistic regression was used to identify the predictors. Three trajectories were identified, including a stable-low class, an increasing class, and a high-decreasing class. Results indicated that gender, parental psychological aggression and neglect, parental psychological control, traditional bullying/cyberbullying victimization, and friendship quality were significant predictors. However, witnessing intimate partner violence, parental behavior control, and traditional bullying/cyberbullying perpetration could not significantly predict the trajectories. The findings of this study can provide an empirical basis for teachers and clinical interveners to determine different development trajectories of depressive symptoms and carry out prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Lin
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaole Cai
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Guo
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Defan Hong
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijun Lv
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Planning and Development Decision Institute (Higher Education Research Institute), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Suo Jiang
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Applied Psychology in School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Hall SB, Bartley AG, Wenk J, Connor A, Dugger SM, Casazza K. Rapid transition from in-person to videoconferencing psychotherapy in a counselor training clinic: A safety and feasibility study during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022; 101:JCAD12439. [PMID: 35942200 PMCID: PMC9348398 DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many counselor training clinics rapidly transitioned in-person (IP) services to videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP). Because VCP is a relatively new technology, more research is needed to establish whether this delivery format is a safe and acceptable substitute for IP services in counselor training clinics. The purpose of this study is to explore questions related to how clients perceive VCP versus IP in terms of credibility and expectancy. Results from this investigation demonstrate that clients who participate in VCP, without first meeting their counselor in person, may initially question the credibility and effectiveness of VCP. However, results demonstrated improvement, in both groups, across the duration of therapy. These findings provide both initial support for the safety of VCP in counselor training clinics and justification for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B. Hall
- Department of CounselingFlorida Gulf Coast University
| | | | - Julieta Wenk
- Department of CounselingFlorida Gulf Coast University
| | - Annemarie Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesFlorida Gulf Coast University
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Kim D, Park S, An JH, Kim MH, Chang H, Hong JP. Exploring trajectories of depressive symptoms in North Korean defectors: A latent class mixed analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:943803. [PMID: 36111307 PMCID: PMC9468327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.943803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND North Korean defectors (NKDs) are known to be vulnerable to depression due to the influence of various psychosocial factors during their settlement process. Therefore, this study aimed to explore different trajectories of depressive symptoms in NKDs and identify predictors of the worsening of depressive symptoms. In particular, the focus was on whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) functions as a significant predictor. METHODS Participants consisted of 300 NKDs who settled in South Korea within 3 years of entering in the country. Five waves of longitudinal data collected from 2016 to 2019 were used. In this study, the North Korean Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI), a diagnostic interview tool, was conducted at baseline and depressive symptoms were measured at each wave. Trajectory identification was based on latent class mixed modeling. Logistic regression was used to extract the significant factors predicting a high/increasing depressive symptom trajectory. RESULTS Two trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: "low/stable symptom" (76.7% of participants) and "high/increasing symptom" (23.3% of participants). Predictors of the high/increasing symptom group were being female and a low use of mental health services. Generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and alcohol dependence acted as significant predictors. Although PTSD was not a significant predictor, self-reported PTSD symptom scores were high in the high/increasing symptom group. CONCLUSIONS Identifying the trajectories of depressive symptoms in NKDs helps identify the risk factors of clinically vulnerable groups. In the process of establishing government-level interventions, it may be helpful to create a therapeutic environment. In addition, when evaluating initial psychiatric problems, it is important to primarily consider NKDs' anxiety levels and alcohol problems. There should also be an appropriate consideration of PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun An
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyein Chang
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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The importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Reinhard MA, Zentz K, Nenov-Matt T, Barton BB, Rek SV, Goerigk S, Brakemeier EL, Musil R, Jobst A, Padberg F. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy reduces loneliness in patients with persistent depressive disorder. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Depressive Symptoms in Relation to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Discrimination, Hope, and Social Support in a Diverse Sample of College Students. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:992-1002. [PMID: 33835419 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood is a critical transitory period, with various factors impacting mental health and longer-term health outcomes, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities. Drawing from minority stress theory, this study examined correlates of depressive symptoms, specifically adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), racial/ethnic discrimination, hope, social support, and their interactive effects, among a diverse sample of college students. METHODS We analyzed data from 666 racial/ethnic minority college students (57% Black, 22% Latinx, 21% Asian) attending seven colleges and universities in the state of Georgia. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9). Multivariable linear regressions included ACEs, racial/ethnic discrimination, hope, and social support, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, parent education, nativity, and age. We tested two-way interaction terms in four separate models to examine the potential buffering effect of social support and hope on the association between ACEs and discrimination. RESULTS Participants were on average 20.56 years old (SD = 1.93) and 30% were male. The mean PHQ-9 score was 3.89 (SD = 4.91); 56% reported at least one ACE; 70% experienced racial/ethnic discrimination. ACEs and racial/ethnic discrimination correlated with higher levels of depressive symptoms; higher social support and hope correlated with decreased depressive symptoms. While hope and social support did not moderate the relationships between ACEs or discrimination and depressive symptoms among the full sample, racial/ethnic subgroup analyses indicated that, among Asian students, the positive association between discrimination and depressive symptoms was significantly weaker for those perceiving greater hope. CONCLUSIONS Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in mental health requires concerted efforts to prevent and/or reduce ACEs and discrimination and identifying protective factors that can mitigate their relationship to depressive symptoms.
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Leib SI, Faith EC, Vincent SR, Miller SA. Police Interactions, Perceived Respect, and Longitudinal Changes in Depression in African Americans. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2021.40.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We examined police exchanges' and feelings of discrimination's impact on changes in adolescent depression symptoms. Relative to other races, police speak more disrespectfully to African Americans and often exert unnecessary force. We investigated the impact of these exchanges on depression. Methods: Adolescent Health Study data were analyzed. Latent growth curve modeling with mediation illustrated relationships between police exchanges, perceived discrimination, and depression changes. Results: African American adolescents had significantly higher levels of initial depression than other racial/ethnic identity groups. For African Americans, police exchanges predicted depression changes. Perceived respect predicted levels and changes of depression for both groups, but mediated the relationship between police exchanges and depression changes only in the “other” racial/ethnic identity group. Discussion: Police stoppings impacted depression changes for African Americans independent of perceived respect. Findings highlight a potentially unique relationship between depression and police exchanges among African Americans. Future studies may investigate roles of individual differences.
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