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Ok SM, Ho D, Lynd T, Ahn YW, Ju HM, Jeong SH, Cheon K. Candida Infection Associated with Salivary Gland-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E97. [PMID: 33396602 PMCID: PMC7795466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common global opportunistic pathogens that could repeatedly and chronically cause oral mucosa infection and create an inflammatory environment, leading to organ dysfunction. Oral Candida infections may cause temporary or permanent damage to salivary glands, resulting in the destruction of acinar cells and the formation of scar tissue. Restricted function of the salivary glands leads to discomfort and diseases of the oral mucosa, such as dry mouth and associated infection. This narrative review attempts to summarize the anatomy and function of salivary glands, the associations between Candida and saliva, the effects of Candida infection on salivary glands, and the treatment strategies. Overall, clinicians should proactively manage Candida infections by educating patients on oral hygiene management for vulnerable populations, conducting frequent checks for a timely diagnosis, and providing an effective treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Min Ok
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Donald Ho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Yong-Woo Ahn
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Ju
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
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Cryptococcus: A Rare Cause of Parotid Abscess in Liver Cirrhosis. Case Reports Hepatol 2020; 2020:8849448. [PMID: 33282423 PMCID: PMC7685856 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8849448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old man with decompensated liver cirrhosis presented with a parotid mass. Fine-needle aspiration of the parotid gland revealed Cryptococcus neoformans. Lumbar puncture confirmed cryptococcal meningitis. Multiple splenic lesions with radiographic features consistent with cryptococcal splenic abscesses were also seen. Despite antifungal therapy, the patient died 17 days after infection was confirmed. This is the first report of a cryptococcal parotid abscess in a patient with liver cirrhosis.
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Lang TU, Khalbuss WE, Monaco SE, Michelow P, Pantanowitz L. Review of HIV-Related Cytopathology. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:256083. [PMID: 21559199 PMCID: PMC3090088 DOI: 10.4061/2011/256083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliative and aspiration cytologies play a major role in the management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Common cytology samples include cervicovaginal and anal Papanicolaou tests, fine needle aspirations, respiratory specimens, body fluids, Tzanck preparations, and touch preparations from brain specimens. While the cytopathologists need to be aware of specific infections and neoplasms likely to be encountered in this setting, they should be aware of the current shift in the pattern of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases, as human immunodeficiency virus patients are living longer with highly active antiretroviral therapy and suffering fewer opportunistic infections with better antimicrobial prophylaxis. There is a rise in nonhuman immunodeficiency virus-defining cancers (e.g., anal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma) and entities (e.g., gynecomastia) from drug-related side effects. Given that fine needle aspiration is a valuable, noninvasive, and cost-effective tool, it is frequently employed in the evaluation and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases. Anal Papanicolaou tests are also increasing as a result of enhanced screening of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients for cancer. This paper covers the broad spectrum of disease entities likely to be encountered with human immunodeficiency virus-related cytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee U. Lang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Walid E. Khalbuss
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Sara E. Monaco
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Pam Michelow
- Cytology Unit, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Enache-Angoulvant A, Torti F, Tassart M, Poirot JL, Jafari A, Roux P, Hennequin C. Candidal abscess of the parotid gland due toCandida glabrata: report of a case and literature review. Med Mycol 2010; 48:402-5. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903176503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ortega KL, Ceballos-Salobreña A, Gaitán-Cepeda LA, Magalhães MG. Oral manifestations after immune reconstitution in HIV patients on HAART. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:305-8. [PMID: 18482959 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to verify possible association between immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and oral manifestations (OMs), we selected AIDS patients who had low CD4 count before the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and who returned three months later for therapy evaluation. The oral lesions observed three months after the initiation of HAART were evaluated and associated with the type of antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD4 count and HIV-RNA load levels (before and three months after HAART initiation). A total of 105 patients matched the selected criteria. Immune reconstitution (IR) was identified in 35.2%. Among these patients, the mean CD4 cell count rose from 105.97 to 330.29 and the mean viral load dropped from 168.005 (log 5.22) to 21.852 (log 4.33). There was no significant difference in age (P = 0.78), sex (P = 0.41) or previous history of ART (P = 0.55) between IR and non-IR patients. In the IR group, the most common OM was parotid enlargement (57.14%) (P = 0.019), whereas in the non-IR group candidiasis (46.15%) was the most common OM. The results of our study suggest that the parotid gland enlargement found in the studied population might be an IRIS event, as it was found in patients with IR three months after the initiation of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem L Ortega
- Department of Oral Pathology, Special Care Dentistry Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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David O, Blaney S, Hearp M. Parotid gland fine-needle aspiration cytology: An approach to differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol 2006; 35:47-56. [PMID: 17173301 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parotid glands can undergo a wide range of pathologic changes that may be difficult to characterize by clinical features alone. No single diagnostic modality is currently accepted unequivocally as the definitive approach to parotid gland enlargement or tumors. Although it is generally accepted that fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is useful in the preoperative setting, the accuracy is highly dependent on both operator experience and the interpretative skills of the cytopathologist. Results of FNA biopsy must be considered in a global context, in conjunction with clinical and radiographic findings. The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to define the clinical role of parotid FNA, such that pathologists performing and/or interpreting such specimens have a clearer understanding of the expectations of our surgical colleagues; (2) to clearly describe a protocol for the performance of parotid FNA biopsy, including a discussion of complications and pitfalls; and (3) to present the cytologic differential diagnoses of diverse clinicopathologic parotid gland processes that may present as generalized enlargement, cystic lesions, or discrete masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile David
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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