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Becker L, Mallien AS, Pfeiffer N, Brandwein C, Talbot SR, Bleich A, Palme R, Potschka H, Gass P. Evidence-based severity assessment of the forced swim test in the rat. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292816. [PMID: 37824495 PMCID: PMC10569541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The forced swim test (FST) is a traditional assay, which has been used for more than 40 years to assess antidepressant effects of novel drug candidates. In recent years, a debate about the test has focused on the assumption that the FST is highly aversive and burdening for the animals because of the earlier anthropomorphic interpretation and designation as a "behavioral despair test". The Directive 2010/63/EU and the German Animal Welfare law require a prospective severity classification of the planned experimental procedures. Still, an objective examination of the animals' burden in this test has not been performed yet. To fill this gap, we conducted an evidence-based severity assessment of the forced swim test in rats according to a 'standard protocol' with a water temperature of 25°C. We examined parameters representing the physiological and the affective state, and natural as well as locomotion-associated behaviors in three separate experiments to reflect as many dimensions as possible of the animal's condition in the test. Hypothermia was the only effect observed in all animals exposed to the FST when using this standard protocol. Additional adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, and fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations occurred in response to administration of the antidepressant imipramine, which is frequently used as positive control when testing for antidepressant effects of new substances. We conclude that this version of the FST itself is less severe for the animals than assumed, and we suggest a severity classification of 'moderate' because of the acute and short-lasting effects of hypothermia. To refine the FST according to the 3Rs, we encourage confirming the predictive validity in warmer water temperatures to allow the rats to maintain physiological body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne S. Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Brandwein C, Leenaars CHC, Becker L, Pfeiffer N, Iorgu AM, Hahn M, Vairani GA, Lewejohann L, Bleich A, Mallien AS, Gass P. A systematic mapping review of the evolution of the rat Forced Swim Test: Protocols and outcome parameters. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106917. [PMID: 37690532 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
As depression is projected to become the leading mental disease burden globally by 2030, understanding the underlying pathology, as well as screening potential anti-depressants with a higher efficacy, faster onset of action, and/or fewer side-effects is essential. A commonly used test for screening novel antidepressants and studying depression-linked aspects in rodents is the Porsolt Forced Swim Test. The present systematic mappping review gives a comprehensive overview of the evolution and of the most prevalently used set-ups of this test in rats, including the choice of animals (strain, sex, and age), technical aspects of protocol and environment, as well as reported outcome measures. Additionally, we provide an accessible list of all existing publications, to support informed decision-making for procedural and technical aspects of the test, to thereby enhance reproducibility and comparability. This should further contribute to reducing the number of unnecessarily replicated experiments, and consequently, reduce the number of animals used in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Brandwein
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Becker
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Iorgu
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Hahn
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gaia A Vairani
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Animal Welfare, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne S Mallien
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Nanoencapsulation of Vaccinium ashei Leaf Extract in Eudragit ® RS100-Based Nanoparticles Increases Its In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Antidepressant-like Actions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010084. [PMID: 36678581 PMCID: PMC9866962 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major psychiatric disorder in Brazil and worldwide. Vaccinium ashei (V. ashei) leaves are cultivation by-products with high bioactive compound levels. Here, a hydroalcoholic extract of V. ashei leaves (HEV) was associated with Eudragit® RS100-based nanoparticles (NPHEV) to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidepressant-like effects. Interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer method was used for NPHEV production. The formulations were evaluated regarding physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity), and antidepressant-like action (1-25 mg/kg, single intragastric administration) assessed in forced swimming and tail suspension tests in male Balb-C mice. The NPHEV presented sizes in the nanometric range (144-206 nm), positive zeta potential values (8-15 mV), polydispersity index below 0.2, and pH in the acid range. The phenolic compound content was near the theoretical values, although the rutin presented higher encapsulation efficiency (~95%) than the chlorogenic acid (~60%). The nanoencapsulation improved the HEV antioxidant effect and antidepressant-like action by reducing the immobility time in both behavioral tests. Hence, Eudragit® RS100 nanoparticles containing HEV were successfully obtained and are a promising alternative to manage depression.
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Petković A, Chaudhury D. Encore: Behavioural animal models of stress, depression and mood disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:931964. [PMID: 36004305 PMCID: PMC9395206 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.931964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies over the past two decades have led to extensive advances in our understanding of pathogenesis of depressive and mood disorders. Among these, rodent behavioural models proved to be of highest informative value. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the most popular behavioural models with respect to physiological, circuit, and molecular biological correlates. Behavioural stress paradigms and behavioural tests are assessed in terms of outcomes, strengths, weaknesses, and translational value, especially in the domain of pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- Laboratory of Neural Systems and Behaviour, Department of Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine may depend on translocator protein activity and pretest session duration in forced swimming test in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:375-378. [PMID: 29076866 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine (20 mg/kg i.p.) has been assessed using the forced swimming test (FST) in IRC (CD-1) mice exposed or not to a pretest session of different duration (5 or 20 min). The influence of the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) activity on the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine (20 mg/kg i.p.) in the FST was also studied. The antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine was observed only in mice subjected to a 5-min pretest session 24 h before the FST. The TSPO antagonist PK11195 [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; 1 or 3 mg/kg i.p.] inhibited the antidepressant activity of fluoxetine in the FST. In the present study, fluoxetine or PK11195 was administered for a short duration. We suppose that the functional activity of TSPO may depend on a pretest session and that using this procedure is necessary to detect antidepressant activity of fluoxetine-like drugs.
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Oliveira CES, Sari MHM, Zborowski VA, Araujo PCO, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. p,p'-Methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide elicits an antidepressant-like effect in mice without discontinuation anxiety phenotype. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 154:31-38. [PMID: 28174136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is the most severe and debilitating disease among psychiatric illnesses. The abrupt interruption of antidepressant treatment may lead to a complex physiological and neuropsychiatric syndrome. The organoselenium compound (MeOPhSe)2 has been reported to have neuroprotective properties in animal models. The study aimed to investigate the effects of single or repeated administration of (MeOPhSe)2 on depressive-like behavior and if the compound administration, and its discontinuation, may affect the anxiolytic-like phenotype in Swiss mice. The results showed that repeated intragastric administration of (MeOPhSe)2 (dose range: 0.1-5mg/kg), different from a single administration, reduced the immobility time in the mouse tail suspension test. A single administration of (MeOPhSe)2 at a dose of 5mg/kg decreased the immobility time, increased the swimming time and did not alter the climbing behavior in the modified forced swimming test (mFST). Repeated administration of (MeOPhSe)2 decreased the immobility time, did not alter the swimming time and increased the climbing behavior in the mouse mFST. Repeated administration of (MeOPhSe)2 at a dose of 5mg/kg elicited a mouse anxiolytic-like phenotype in the elevated plus maze and light-dark tests. Markers of hepatic and renal function tests were not altered by repeated administration of (MeOPhSe)2 to mice. The findings indicate that a single or repeated administration of (MeOPhSe)2 elicited an antidepressant-like action in mice. Moreover, repeated treatment with (MeOPhSe)2 produced an anxiolytic-like action in mice and its profile remained stable after discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Elena Sartori Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Angonesi Zborowski
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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Souza LC, Jesse CR, Antunes MS, Ruff JR, de Oliveira Espinosa D, Gomes NS, Donato F, Giacomeli R, Boeira SP. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase mediates neurobehavioral alterations induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β1-42 peptide in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:363-77. [PMID: 26965653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline along with various neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression and anxiety. Increasing evidence has been proposed the activation of the tryptophan-degrading indoleamine-2,3-dyoxigenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme of kynurerine pathway (KP), as a pathogenic factor of amyloid-beta (Aβ)-related inflammation in AD. In the current study, the effects of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 peptide (400pmol/mice; 3μl/site) on the regulation of KP biomarkers (IDO activity, tryptophan and kynurerine levels) and the impact of Aβ1-42 on neurotrophic factors levels were investigated as potential mechanisms linking neuroinflammation to cognitive/emotional disturbances in mice. Our results demonstrated that Aβ1-42 induced memory impairment in the object recognition test. Aβ1-42 also induced emotional alterations, such as depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, as evaluated in the tail suspension and elevated-plus maze tests, respectively. We observed an increase in levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the Aβ1-42-treated mice, which led to an increase in IDO activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HC). The IDO activation subsequently increased kynurerine production and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and decreased the levels of neurotrophic factors in the PFC and HC, which contributed to Aβ-associated behavioral disturbances. The inhibition of IDO activation by IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), prevented the development of behavioral and neurochemical alterations. These data demonstrate that brain IDO activation plays a key role in mediating the memory and emotional disturbances in an experimental model based on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Jesse
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michelle S Antunes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Jossana Rodrigues Ruff
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Dieniffer de Oliveira Espinosa
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Savedra Gomes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Donato
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Giacomeli
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
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Effects of Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress on the Effects of Antidepressants in the Forced Swimming Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-016-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pilar-Cuéllar F, Vidal R, Pazos A. Subchronic treatment with fluoxetine and ketanserin increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, β-catenin and antidepressant-like effects. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1046-57. [PMID: 21627639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists improve antidepressant responses when added to 5-HT-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants. Here, we have studied the involvement of neuroplasticity pathways and/or the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of this combined treatment, given subchronically. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor (TrkB), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and β-catenin protein expression in different cellular fractions, as well as 5-HT(1A) receptor function were measured in the hippocampus of rats treated with fluoxetine, ketanserin and fluoxetine + ketanserin for 7 days, followed by a forced swimming test (FST) to analyse antidepressant efficacy. KEY RESULTS mRNA for BDNF was increased in the CA3 field and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus by combined treatment with fluoxetine + ketanserin. Expression of β-catenin was increased in total hippocampal homogenate and in the membrane fraction, but unchanged in the nuclear fraction after combined treatment with fluoxetine + ketanserin. These effects were paralleled by a decreased immobility time in the FST. There were no changes in BrdU incorporation, TrkB expression and 5-HT(1A) receptor function in any of the groups studied. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The antidepressant-like effect induced by subchronic co-treatment with a SSRI and a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist may mainly be because of modifications in hippocampal neuroplasticity (BDNF and membrane-associated β-catenin), without a significant role for other mechanisms involved in chronic antidepressant response, such as hippocampal neuroproliferation or 5-HT(1A) receptor desensitization in the dorsal raphe nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pilar-Cuéllar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-IDICAN, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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Castagné V, Moser P, Roux S, Porsolt RD. Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swim and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 8:Unit 8.10A. [PMID: 21462162 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0810as55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Moser
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
| | - Sylvain Roux
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
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Castagné V, Moser P, Roux S, Porsolt RD. Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swim and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; Chapter 5:Unit 5.8. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0508s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Moser
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
| | - Sylvain Roux
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
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Castagne V, Lemaire M, Kheyfets I, Dugina JL, Sergeeva SA, Epstein OI. Antibodies to S100 proteins have anxiolytic-like activity at ultra-low doses in the adult rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:309-16. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
S100 proteins are small calcium-binding proteins interacting with numerous intra- and extra cellular targets involved in diverse physiological functions. In particular, S100 proteins may be involved in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviour. In the present study, the effects of affinity-purified antibodies to S100 proteins administered orally at ultra-low doses were evaluated in pre-clinical tests for anxiolytic-like activity in the adult rat. In the Vogel conflict test in the rat, antibodies to S100 proteins increased punished drinking (anti-conflict effect) at 5 and 7.5 mL kg−1, but not at 2.5 or 10 mL kg−1. Antibodies to S100 proteins increased the percentage of entries into the open arms of an elevated plus-maze at 10 mL kg−1, but not at lower doses. Taken together, these results indicate the presence of anxiolytic-like activity for antibodies to S100 proteins over the dose range 5–10 mL kg−1 in the adult rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castagne
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Martine Lemaire
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Irina Kheyfets
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia L Dugina
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Sergeeva
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Epstein
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
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Castagné V, Porsolt RD, Moser P. Use of latency to immobility improves detection of antidepressant-like activity in the behavioral despair test in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:128-33. [PMID: 19549518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral despair test (BDT), also called the forced swim test, is an economic, reliable and sensitive test for the detection of potential antidepressant-like activity of new test substances. The vast majority of clinically active antidepressants are active in the BDT, although substances specifically acting on serotonin transmission are generally reported to be less easily detected. Substances active in the BDT decrease the duration of immobility at doses considered as relatively high. In contrast, some psychostimulants are considered as potential false positives since they are also active in the BDT although they are not recognized as clinically active antidepressants. In the present study we have evaluated the usefulness of latency to the first immobility period as an additional parameter in the BDT to further evaluate the effects of antidepressants and psychostimulants administered intraperitoneally in the mouse. The results show that this measure increases the sensitivity of the test for detecting the effects of tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, desipramine) and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and venlafaxine) but not of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine and escitalopram). In contrast with previous reports, psychostimulants (amphetamine and modafinil) did not affect the duration or the latency to immobility in the BDT. The mouse strain used in the BDT seems to be an important parameter to discriminate between antidepressants and psychostimulants. These results suggest that the measure of the latency to the first immobility improves the predictive validity of the BDT.
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Whiteside GT, Adedoyin A, Leventhal L. Predictive validity of animal pain models? A comparison of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for pain drugs in rats and humans. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:767-75. [PMID: 18289614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of previous reviews have very eloquently summarized pain models and endpoints in animals. Many of these reviews also discuss how animal models have enhanced our understanding of pain mechanisms and make forward-looking statements as to our proximity to the development of effective mechanism-based treatments. While a number of reports cite failures of animal pain models to predict efficacy in humans, few have actually analyzed where these models have been successful. This review gives a brief overview of those successes, both backward, providing validation of the models, and forward, predicting clinical efficacy. While the largest dataset is presented on treatments for neuropathic pain, this review also discusses acute and inflammatory pain models. Key to prediction of clinical efficacy is a lack of side effects, which may incorrectly suggest efficacy in animals and an understanding of how pharmacokinetic parameters translate from animals to man. As such, this review focuses on a description of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for a number of pain treatments that are effective in both animals and humans. Finally we discuss where and why animal pain models have failed and summarize improvements to pain models that should expand and improve their predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Whiteside
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Castagné V, Moser P, Roux S, Porsolt RD. Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swim and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0508s38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Moser
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
| | - Sylvain Roux
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology Boulogne‐Billancourt France
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