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Golsanamlu Z, Pashanejad H, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A, Farjami A, Soleymani J, Ranjbar F. Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples. BMC Chem 2025; 19:129. [PMID: 40375302 PMCID: PMC12082986 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-025-01498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 05/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Risperidone (RIS) is one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics approved for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. For the correlation of serum concentration and pharmacological effects of RIS, therapeutic drug monitoring is considered a fundamental concept for clinical application. This paper is provided to develop an electrochemical probe for the determination of RIS in biological samples by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and iron metal-organic-frameworks (FeMOFs). This probe fabrication process was characterized with various techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to confirm the proper synthesis of materials and the sensors designing. The developed probe square-wave voltammetry (SWV) signal was linear upon RIS concentration from 0.02 to 50 µg/mL with a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 µg/mL. Based on the validated method, high accuracy and precision, good specificity, and suitable stability of fabricated probes were achieved. As the ultimate step, this method was successfully applied for the quantification of RIS in patients' plasma samples with regular RIS consumption. The fabricated electrochemical demonstrates favorable clinical applicability due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, low sample pretreatment time, and rapid analysis time, making it a promising probe as an alternative to current separation-based methods. Also, the developed probe is cost-effective, as it uses a low amount of materials, decreases sample processing time, and utilizes inexpensive materials, which could remarkably reduce the overall cost of RIS concentration detection in clinical samples. The obtained results showed the potential of the developed probe for fast and reliable detection of RIS in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Golsanamlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Pashanejad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ranjbar
- Research Center of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kim JE, Kim SY, Cheong JC, Kim JY. A dilute-and-shoot LC-MS/MS determination of low-dosage third-generation antipsychotics and their metabolites in urine using an ultra-short column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2025; 1255:124523. [PMID: 39955960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2025.124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
Third-generation atypical antipsychotics, known for their enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to previous generations, are now extensively utilized in the treatment of schizophrenia. Due to their chemical properties and low dosages, these drugs are present at low concentrations in urine, making it challenging to monitor medication compliance among probationers. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of three third-generation antipsychotics and their main metabolites in urine. A dilute-and-shoot approach was employed for rapid urine sample preparation. All compounds were separated on an ultra-short column (2.1 × 5 mm, 1.7 μm) and detected rapidly within a span of two minutes, thereby enhancing the efficiency in handling increased workloads. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.23 ng/mL for all compounds, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.997. The analytical method was validated using various parameters, including selectivity, precision and accuracy, matrix effect, and stability, ensuring its reliability for forensic applications. This newly developed LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to analyze 86 urine samples obtained from probationers undergoing antipsychotic medication. Consequently, this method proves to be useful in verifying medication compliance among probationers, and effectively managing the recent increase in the number of urine drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chul Cheong
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea.
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Maekawa M, Yokota M, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Sato Y, Suzuka M, Kobayashi D, Sakamoto K, Matsuura M, Kikuchi M, Komatsu H, Fujii K, Ozeki Y, Tomita H, Mano N. Development of a simultaneous LC-MS/MS analytical method for plasma: 16 antipsychotics approved in Japan and 4 drug metabolites. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1749-1763. [PMID: 38918311 PMCID: PMC11358186 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The increased risk of adverse drug reactions due to the concomitant use of antipsychotics is problematic in the treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, the simultaneous analysis of their plasma concentrations is required. In this study, we developed a simultaneous liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for analyzing plasma antipsychotics approved in Japan for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) applications. First, we counted the prescriptions for 16 antipsychotics and concomitant drugs used at the Tohoku University Hospital. LC-MS/MS was used for the simultaneous analysis of 16 antipsychotics and four drug metabolites. This analysis was conducted using a combination of selected reaction monitoring mode and reversed-phase chromatography. Following the examination of the MS/MS and LC conditions, an analytical method validation test was conducted. The developed method was used to analyze plasma antipsychotic levels in patients with schizophrenia. One-third of the patients received treatment with multiple antipsychotics. Under LC-MS/MS conditions, LC separation was performed using a combination of a C18 column and ammonium formate-based mobile phases with a gradient flow. The calibration curves were optimized by adjusting the ion abundance, and 11 compounds met the criteria for intra- and inter-day reproducibility tests. Some stability test results did not meet these criteria; therefore, further investigation is required. The developed method permitted the measurement of all the plasma parameters, including concentrations above the therapeutic range. Therefore, this method may be useful in the daily TDM practice of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Maki Yokota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsuura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yuji Ozeki
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Le Marois M, Doudka N, Tzavara E, Delaunay L, Quaranta S, Blin O, Belzeaux R, Guilhaumou R. Simultaneous Quantification of Psychotropic Drugs in Human Plasma and Breast Milk and Its Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Peripartum Treatment Optimization. Ther Drug Monit 2024; 46:227-236. [PMID: 37684719 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for several psychotropic drugs, particularly in sensitive situations such as the peripartum period. This study aimed to develop an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 14 psychotropic drugs in human plasma and 4 in breast milk. METHODS The samples were precipitated with methanol containing the stable isotope-labeled analogs. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Phenomenex Luna Omega Polar C18 column. Detection was performed using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization interface. The method was fully validated in plasma according to the European Guidelines on Bioanalytical Method Validation and partially validated in breast milk by determining the intraday precision and accuracy, linearity, lower limit of quantification, and matrix effect. RESULTS The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were greater than 0.99. Coefficients of variation ranged from 3.05% to 14.66% and 0.62%-14.90% for internal standard-normalized matrix effect, 1.4%-14.1% and 2.1%-10.4% for intraday precision, and 3.2%-13.9% and 4.1%-9.6% for interday precision, in plasma and milk, respectively. The relative error in accuracy did not exceed ±15% for any analyte. The method was successfully applied clinically to measure the concentrations of psychotropic drugs in 952 plasma samples, among which 43% of the concentrations were out of the therapeutic range, and 13 breast milk samples, with calculated relative infant doses ranging from 0.32% to 8.18%. CONCLUSIONS To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first routine technique validated for the quantification of psychotropic drugs in both plasma and breast milk, allowing for treatment optimization and prevention of adherence issues, including those in breastfeeding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Le Marois
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR 1106, Marseille 13385, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Natalia Doudka
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France
| | - Eleni Tzavara
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, AP-HM, Marseille, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris 75006, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Laurence Delaunay
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France
| | - Sylvie Quaranta
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France; and
| | - Olivier Blin
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR 1106, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex 5 13385, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR 1106, Marseille 13385, France
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5
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Bioanalytical Methods for Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Quantification: A Review for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:306-317. [PMID: 36728223 PMCID: PMC10168115 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) is an exploratory practice aimed at improving the quality of treatment through personalized therapy. Currently, there are 4 European Medicines Agency-approved and US Food and Drug Administration-approved PARPis available clinically whose quantification requires validated analytical methods: olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib. The purpose of this literature review was to highlight the pharmacological features of PARPis that could support their TDM practice and provide a detailed discussion of the available liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry methods for their quantification. METHODS Using several Medical Subject Heading terms, the literature was searched using several research engines, including SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, to find articles published before August 2022. RESULTS Exposure-efficacy and exposure-safety profiles, drug-drug interactions, and hepatic/renal impairment of PARPis provide the potential rationale to monitor their concentrations through TDM. Several bioanalytical methods for their quantification have been reported and compared, and a great deal of heterogeneity has been found among methods, regarding both their analytical and regulatory aspects. CONCLUSIONS In addition to reducing toxicity and increasing the efficacy of PARPis therapy, TDM could be beneficial to thoroughly investigate the exposure-response relationships of PARPis and to establish pharmacokinetic thresholds for clinical decisions. Based on the comparison of published bioanalytical methods, their transferability and validation both play a key role in method selection. For future use in clinical TDM, we anticipate that bioanalytical methods should address every analytical need more thoroughly and should be validated with standardized guidelines.
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6
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The Interplay between Vitamin D, Exposure of Anticholinergic Antipsychotics and Cognition in Schizophrenia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051096. [PMID: 35625833 PMCID: PMC9138360 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a frequent finding in schizophrenia and may contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction, a core element of the disease. However, there is limited knowledge about the neuropsychological profile of vitamin D deficiency-related cognitive deficits and their underlying molecular mechanisms. As an inductor of cytochrome P450 3A4, a lack of vitamin D might aggravate cognitive deficits by increased exposure to anticholinergic antipsychotics. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the relationship between 25-OH-vitamin D-serum concentrations, anticholinergic drug exposure and neurocognitive functioning (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS, and Trail Making Test, TMT) in 141 patients with schizophrenia. The anticholinergic drug exposure was estimated by adjusting the concentration of each drug for its individual muscarinic receptor affinity. Using regression analysis, we observed a positive relationship between vitamin D levels and processing speed (TMT-A and BACS Symbol Coding) as well as executive functioning (TMT-B and BACS Tower of London). Moreover, a negative impact of vitamin D on anticholinergic drug exposure emerged, but the latter did not significantly affect cognition. When other cognitive items were included as regressors, the impact of vitamin D remained only significant for the TMT-A. Among the different cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, vitamin D deficiency may most directly affect processing speed, which in turn may aggravate deficits in executive functioning. This finding is not explained by a cytochrome P450-mediated increased exposure to anticholinergic antipsychotics.
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7
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Gaebler AJ, Finner‐Prével M, Lammertz S, Schaffrath S, Eisner P, Stöhr F, Röcher E, Winkler L, Kaleta P, Lenzen L, Augustin M, Hovancakova J, Schwemmer L, Stormanns E, Keskin F, Hendricks F, Paulzen M, Gründer G, Schneider F, Mathiak K, Augustin M, Cordes J, Demirel E, Dielentheis T, Dreher J, Eisner P, Finner‐Prével M, Gaebler AJ, Gründer G, Hendricks F, Hovancakova J, Kaleta P, Keskin F, Kirchner M, Kirner‐Veselinovic A, Lammertz S, Lange C, Larcher F, Lenzen LM, Mathiak K, Meisenzahl‐Lechner E, Muysers J, Neff A, Paulzen M, Plum M, Röcher E, Ruttmann A, Schaffrath S, Schneider F, Schwemmer L, Stöhr F, Stormanns E, Trauzeddel A, Winkler L. Vitamin D’s negative impact on antipsychotic drug exposure may counteract its potential benefits in schizophrenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:3193-3200. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Johannes Gaebler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Michelle Finner‐Prével
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Sarah Lammertz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Sabrina Schaffrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Patrick Eisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Felix Stöhr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Erik Röcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Lina Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Peter Kaleta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Laura Lenzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Marc Augustin
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- Protestant University of Applied Sciences Bochum Germany
| | - Jana Hovancakova
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Lara Schwemmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Eva Stormanns
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Paulzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- Alexianer Hospital Aachen Germany
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- University Hospital Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Marc Augustin
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- Protestant University of Applied Sciences Bochum Germany
| | - Joachim Cordes
- LVR Klinikum Düsseldorf University Hospital Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Emir Demirel
- LVR Klinikum Düsseldorf University Hospital Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Eisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Michelle Finner‐Prével
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Arnim Johannes Gaebler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Jana Hovancakova
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Peter Kaleta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | | | | | - André Kirner‐Veselinovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Sarah Lammertz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | | | - Federico Larcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Laura Marianne Lenzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Paulzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- Alexianer Hospital Aachen Germany
| | | | - Erik Röcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Axel Ruttmann
- LVR Klinikum Düsseldorf University Hospital Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sabrina Schaffrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
- University Hospital Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Lara Schwemmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Felix Stöhr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | - Eva Stormanns
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
| | | | - Lina Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine RWTH Aachen Germany
- JARA ‐ Translational Brain Medicine Aachen Germany
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8
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Zhu R, Dong X, Zhang D, Liu X, Ye Y, Jiang Y. Simultaneous Quantification of 38 Psychotropic Drugs and Relevant Metabolites in Blood using LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:397-409. [PMID: 32754749 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend for the concomitant prescription of antidepressants and antipsychotics is increasing. This calls for a veracious screening and quantifying method for forensic and clinical use. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and quantification of 38 antidepressants, antipsychotics and relevant metabolites in small volumes (200 μL) of human whole blood. Analytes and deuterated internal standards were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction. The separation, determination and quantification of the analytes were performed using an LC-MS-MS system equipped with an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH Phenyl Column under a positive electrospray ionization mode. After validation, the analytical procedure was proved to be highly sensitive, with a limit of detection ranging from 0.0005 to 1 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification ranging from 0.002 to 2 ng/mL. Bias and within- and between-run precision were within 14.7% for all analytes. Recoveries were reproducible and those of 35 analytes were >50%. Dilution integrity was evaluated to ensure that the therapeutic and toxic blood concentration ranges of target compounds were fully covered. Finally, this method was applied to authentic whole blood samples collected from two forensic cases, which demonstrated its practical usefulness of providing accurate and comprehensive information concerning the previous medication of the deceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhe Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dingang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yonghong Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Dziadosz M, Bolte K, Rosenberger W, Klintschar M, Teske J. Interpretation of melperone intoxication: post-mortem concentration distribution and interpretation of intoxication data. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:233-237. [PMID: 34412172 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since melperone abuse with lethal intoxication is common, expert opinions based on therapeutical and lethal concentration ranges can be considered as important. Because there is a lack of information about fatalities caused by melperone mono-intoxications and data on tissue samples with concentration distribution, the aim of this work is the examination of lethal concentration ranges of melperone and drug quantification in different matrices. METHODS An LC-MS/MS method was applied for analyses performed in blood and tissue samples. Quantification based on standard addition and sample preparation on liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. An appropriate tissue homogenization was performed ahead of extraction with an IKA Ultra-Turrax-Tube-Drive®. A Luna 5 µm C18 (2) 100 Å, 150 × 2 mm analytical column was used for chromatographic separation and the elution was performed with two mobile phases consisted of A (H2O/methanol = 95/5, v/v) and B (H2O/methanol = 3/97, v/v) both with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid. RESULTS A multi-drug LC-MS/MS analytical method developed was applied successfully for melperone quantification in different post-mortem matrices. No analytical problems could be identified during method development and analyses of real samples. The melperone lethal concentration calculated in femoral blood of the drug mono-intoxication investigated was 10 mg/L. Melperone concentration distribution was presented for the first time. CONCLUSIONS The lethal reference concentration of melperone in femoral blood of 17.1 mg/L pointed out in different reference lists should be used with caution. Instead, a lower lethal melperone concentration should be considered. The post-mortem concentration distribution of the drug presented could be helpful in the interpretation of cases where no blood samples are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dziadosz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katarina Bolte
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michael Klintschar
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Teske
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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10
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Dziadosz M, Bolte K, Rosenberger W, Klintschar M, Teske J. Interpretation of melperone intoxication: post-mortem concentration distribution and interpretation of intoxication data. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 0:dmdi-2020-0181. [PMID: 33770824 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since melperone abuse with lethal intoxication is common, expert opinions based on therapeutical and lethal concentration ranges can be considered as important. Because there is a lack of information about fatalities caused by melperone mono-intoxications and data on tissue samples with concentration distribution, the aim of this work is the examination of lethal concentration ranges of melperone and drug quantification in different matrices. METHODS An LC-MS/MS method was applied for analyses performed in blood and tissue samples. Quantification based on standard addition and sample preparation on liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. An appropriate tissue homogenization was performed ahead of extraction with an IKA Ultra-Turrax-Tube-Drive®. A Luna 5 µm C18 (2) 100 Å, 150 × 2 mm analytical column was used for chromatographic separation and the elution was performed with two mobile phases consisted of A (H2O/methanol = 95/5, v/v) and B (H2O/methanol = 3/97, v/v) both with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid. RESULTS A multi-drug LC-MS/MS analytical method developed was applied successfully for melperone quantification in different post-mortem matrices. No analytical problems could be identified during method development and analyses of real samples. The melperone lethal concentration calculated in femoral blood of the drug mono-intoxication investigated was 10 mg/L. Melperone concentration distribution was presented for the first time. CONCLUSIONS The lethal reference concentration of melperone in femoral blood of 17.1 mg/L pointed out in different reference lists should be used with caution. Instead, a lower lethal melperone concentration should be considered. The post-mortem concentration distribution of the drug presented could be helpful in the interpretation of cases where no blood samples are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dziadosz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katarina Bolte
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michael Klintschar
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Teske
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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11
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Kumar RS, Nalini CN. Analytical determinations of haloperidol and its combinations in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological matrices. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1866598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India
| | - C. N. Nalini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India
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12
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Proença P, Monteiro C, Mustra C, Claro A, Franco J, Corte-Real F. Identification and Quantification of Antipsychotics in Blood Samples by LC-MS-MS: Case Reports and Data from Three Years of Routine Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:915-922. [PMID: 32780823 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are widely prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis. The pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia is often performed with the simultaneous use of two or more antipsychotic agents to achieve the desired control of psychotic symptoms Available AP include both conventional (typical) and new (atypical) antipsychotic medications. Atypical AP, such as quetiapine, now account for the vast majority of AP prescriptions. In forensic toxicology, AP are of considerable interest because of their potential abuse and their involvement in intoxications and suicides. The authors retrospectively examined AP positive cases detected in samples collected during autopsies performed in the Forensic Clinical and Pathology Service of National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Centre Branch or in other autopsies carried out in the central region of Portugal, between January 2016 and December 2018. A quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 AP (amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyamemazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levomepromazine, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, promethazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride and ziprasidone) in blood samples of postmortem cases. The Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology received 3,588 requests for toxicological analysis: 1,413 cases were positive for drugs from which 351 (24.8%) cases were positive for AP, 60.1% from male individuals and 39.9% from female. Quetiapine was the most prevalent AP (36.5%) followed by olanzapine (20.8%). During this period, there were 25 postmortem cases with AP blood concentrations above therapeutic range, in which 36% of those are in agreement with the information received (psychological history or acute intoxication suspicion) and the manner of death was suicide. Our results point that antipsychotics are an increasingly prevalent class of drugs. AP must be measured not only in toxic concentrations but also in therapeutic levels in postmortem cases; therefore, it is important to come up with a sensitive method to cover the low therapeutic range in which AP are usually present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Proença
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Mustra
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alda Claro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Franco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Corte-Real
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P., Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Elgawish MS, Ali MA, Moustafa MA, Hafeez SM. Toxicity Profile, Pharmacokinetic, and Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Citalopram and Sertraline Following Oral Delivery in Rat: An LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination in Plasma. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2584-2592. [PMID: 32957789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The burden of depression and other mental disorders is on the rise globally, and successful treatment sometimes requires modifications of drugs and/or dose regimens. The development of novel analytical methods for the determination of antidepressant drugs in biological fluids is thus urgently required. Herein, a sensitive, robust, and rapid liquid chromatographic coupled tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the determination of citalopram (CIT) and sertraline (SER) in rat plasma after oral administration. The analytes of interest and internal standard (duloxetine (DUL)) were extracted from 100 μL of plasma with solid-phase extraction on an Oasis HLB cartridge followed by the separation with gradient elution with water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile on an Agilent Eclipse Plus ODS (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) column at flow rate 0.2 mL min-1. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was applied via electrospray ionization source for detection. The fragmentation pattern of the protonated CIT, SER, and DUL was elucidated using multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions of m/z 325.2 to 109, 306.1 to 158.9, and 298.1 to 154.1 as [M + H]+ for CIT, SER, and DUL, respectively. The proposed method has been validated as per US-FDA bioanalytical guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, stability, selectivity, and recovery. The method was linear over the concentration range of 1-2000 and 1-1000 ng mL-1 with the lower limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.19 ng mL-1 for CIT and SER, respectively. The interday and intraday precisions and accuracy expressed by the relative standard deviation and the relative standard error were both lower than 11.1% and 2.1%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetics and drug monitoring studies of CIT and SER in rat plasma after a single oral dose of 120 mg kg-1 of CIT and SER. Coadministration of SER with CIT has affected the peak plasma concentrations, maximum plasma concentration time, area under the concentration-time curve, and oral clearance of CIT. Molecular modeling study showed that SER could competitively inhibit CYP2D6, the main enzyme involved in CIT metabolism. A possible drug-drug interaction in psychiatric patients undergoing chronic SER and CIT treatment is therefore worthy of more attention in an effort to avoid side effects and serotonin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saleh Elgawish
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamic, Institute for Basic Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of South Korea
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr 11829, Egypt
| | - Moftah A Moustafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Sameh M Hafeez
- Chemical Laboratory, Forensic Medicine Authority, Justice Ministry, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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A fast DLLME-LC-MS/MS method for risperidone and its metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone determination in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring of patients. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Wong ASY, Choi TLS, Kwok KY, Wong JKY, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Doping control analysis of antipsychotics and other prohibited substances in equine plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1147:122132. [PMID: 32417678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are banned substances and considered by the Fédération Equestrian Internationale (FEI) to have no legitimate use in equine medicine and/or have a high potential for abuse. These substances are also prohibited in horseracing according to Article 6 of the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering (published by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities). Over the years, antipsychotics have been abused or misused in equestrian sports and horseracing. A recent review of literature shows that there is yet a comprehensive screening method for antipsychotics in equine samples. This paper describes an efficient liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection of over 80 antipsychotics and other prohibited substances at sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) to low-ppb levels in equine plasma after solid-phase extraction (SPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- April S Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Ruggiero C, Ramirez S, Ramazzotti E, Mancini R, Muratori R, Raggi MA, Conti M. Multiplexed therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotics in dried plasma spots by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1440-1449. [PMID: 32077627 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a convenient method for the therapeutic monitoring of seven common antipsychotic drugs in "dried plasma spot" samples has been developed. It is based on the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique, operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and a straightforward procedure for the simultaneous extraction of all antipsychotics in a single step, with high extraction yield. The method was fully validated with proper accuracy, precision, selectivity and sensitivity, for all the drugs. Limits of quantification were 0.12, 1.09, 1.46, 1.47, 5.70, 1.32, 1.33 µg/L for haloperidol, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, risperidone, and paliperidone, respectively. Accuracy, intra- and interday precision values were <10% for all drugs at all concentration levels examined. The method was tested in the analysis of 30 plasma samples from real patients for each drug. The proposed analytical approach, by combining practical and logistical advantages of microsampling with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analytical performance, could offer an ideal strategy for accurate and timely therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotic drugs in most clinical settings, even in remote centers and/or in out-patient settings, bringing so many potential improvements in psychiatric patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ruggiero
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Rita Mancini
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Conti
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Methling M, Krumbiegel F, Hartwig S. Hair analysis of antidepressants and antipsychotics—Overview of quantitative data. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:659-676. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Methling
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Krumbiegel
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
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18
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Liu W, Jin X, Yao S, Wang F. Determination of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Human Serum by Heart-Cutting Isocratic Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1728291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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19
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Rosado T, Oppolzer D, Cruz B, Barroso M, Varela S, Oliveira V, Leitão C, Gallardo E. Development and validation of a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantitation of several antipsychotics in human plasma and oral fluid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2081-2095. [PMID: 29448305 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antipsychotic drugs are prescription medications used to treat psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic depression. With several antipsychotic drugs currently available all over the world, this class of drugs has quickly gained importance in both the clinical and forensic context. This work describes the development and validation of a methodology for the determination of seven antipsychotic drugs in plasma and oral fluid samples. METHODS The antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, cyamemazine and, levomepromazine) were isolated from 0.2 mL of oral fluid and 0.5 mL of plasma using solid-phase extraction (SPE) following analysis by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The method was validated according to the international guidelines in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery. RESULTS The procedure was linear within 2-600 ng/mL (plasma) and 2-400 ng/mL (oral fluid), the intervals varying according to the compound; a mean R2 value of 0.99 was obtained and the calibrator's accuracy (mean relative error) was within a ±15 % interval for all concentrations. The limits of detection ranged from 1 to 10 ng/mL. Within- and between-run precision and accuracy were acceptable for all studied compounds. The extraction efficiency of the process ranged from 79% to 95%. The method was applied to authentic specimens. CONCLUSIONS The described method was proven selective and sensitive for the determination of antipsychotics in low sample volumes using SPE and GC/MS/MS. This method was considered suitable not only for routine analysis of patients undergoing antipsychotic treatment (to evaluate compliance), but also in forensic scenarios where the studied compounds may be involved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that reports the determination of antipsychotic drugs in oral fluid using MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Oppolzer
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Belinda Cruz
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Samira Varela
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Victor Oliveira
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Leitão
- Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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20
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Pouliopoulos A, Tsakelidou E, Krokos A, Gika HG, Theodoridis G, Raikos N. Quantification of 15 Psychotropic Drugs in Serum and Postmortem Blood Samples after a Modified Mini-QuEChERS by UHPLC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:337-345. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Pouliopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Tsakelidou
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Krokos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H G Gika
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Raikos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Resende S, Deschrijver C, van de Velde E, Verstraete A. Development and validation of an analytical method for quantification of 15 non-tricyclic antidepressants in serum with UPLC-MS/MS. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Logarinho F, Rosado T, Lourenço C, Barroso M, Araujo ARTS, Gallardo E. Determination of antipsychotic drugs in hospital and wastewater treatment plant samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:S1570-0232(16)31112-6. [PMID: 28029546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and performance evaluation of a method for the simultaneous determination of six antipsychotic drugs in hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) samples are herein presented. The method involves an off-line mixed mode (reversed-phase and strong cation exchange) solid phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The present methodology was validated following internationally accepted criteria, and the studied parameters included selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LLOQ), instrumental limits, precision and accuracy, stability and recovery. The procedure was linear for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10μg/L (0.02 to 2μg/L for haloperidol), with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision was lower than 15% for all analytes at the studied concentrations, while accuracy remained between a ±15% interval. Recoveries ranged from 31% to 83%. Low LODs were achieved, between 2 and 10ng/L, allowing a reliable identification of all analytes at trace levels, using only 50mL as sample volume. All studied parameters complied with the defined criteria and the method was successfully applied to gather preliminary results of the determination of antipsychotics on hospital effluents and on influent and effluent of WWTPs, opening perspectives for the study of their fate in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Logarinho
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C Lourenço
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (IPG), Escola Superior de Saúde, Guarda, Portugal
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A R T S Araujo
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (IPG), Escola Superior de Saúde, Guarda, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do IPG (UDI/IPG), Guarda, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Shipkova M, Svinarov D. LC–MS/MS as a tool for TDM services: Where are we? Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Development of MEPS–UHPLC/PDA methodology for the quantification of clozapine, risperidone and their major active metabolites in human urine. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Tu YY, Hsieh MM, Chang SY. Sensitive detection of piperazinyl phenothiazine drugs by field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2828-2836. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yi Tu
- Department of Chemistry; National Kaohsiung Normal University; Taiwan
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry; National Kaohsiung Normal University; Taiwan
| | - Sarah Y. Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Kaohsiung Normal University; Taiwan
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Patteet L, Cappelle D, Maudens KE, Crunelle CL, Sabbe B, Neels H. Advances in detection of antipsychotics in biological matrices. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 441:11-22. [PMID: 25512162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring antipsychotic concentrations in human matrices is important for both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology. This review provides a critical overview of the analytical methods for detection and quantification of antipsychotics published in the last four years. Focus lies on advances in sample preparation, analytical techniques and alternative matrices. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used most often for quantification of antipsychotics. This sensitive technique makes it possible to determine low concentrations not only in serum, plasma or whole blood, but also in alternative matrices like oral fluid, dried blood spots, hair, nails and other body tissues. Current literature on analytical techniques for alternative matrices is still limited and often requires a more thorough validation including a comparison between conventional and alternative results to determine their actual value. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) makes it possible to quantify a high amount of compounds within a shorter run time. This technique is widely used for multi-analyte methods. Only recently, high-resolution mass spectrometry has gained importance when a combination of screening of (un)known metabolites, and quantification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Patteet
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Delphine Cappelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof E Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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γ-MPS-Modified Silica Conical Microcolumn Separation/Preconcentration of Trace Antipsychotic Drugs in Rat Plasma and Environmental Water Samples Prior to Their Determination by LC. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Patteet L, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Morrens M, De Doncker M, Neels H. High throughput identification and quantification of 16 antipsychotics and 8 major metabolites in serum using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 429:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Fisher DS, Partridge SJ, Handley SA, Flanagan RJ. Stability of some atypical antipsychotics in human plasma, haemolysed whole blood, oral fluid, human serum and calf serum. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fisher DS, Partridge SJ, Handley SA, Couchman L, Morgan PE, Flanagan RJ. LC-MS/MS of some atypical antipsychotics in human plasma, serum, oral fluid and haemolysed whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:145-50. [PMID: 23477803 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of atypical antipsychotics is common, but published methods often specify relatively complex sample preparation and analysis procedures. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of amisulpride, aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole, clozapine and norclozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and sulpiride in small (200 μL) volumes of plasma or serum for TDM purposes. The applicability of the method as developed to haemolysed whole blood and to oral fluid was also investigated. Analytes and internal standards were extracted into butyl acetate:butanol (9+1, v/v) and a portion of the extract analysed by LC-MS/MS (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d. Waters Spherisorb S5SCX; eluent: 50 mmol/L methanolic ammonium acetate, pH* 6.0; flow-rate 0.5 mL/min; positive ion APCI-SRM, two transitions per analyte). Assay calibration (human plasma, oral fluid, and haemolysed whole blood calibration solutions) was performed by plotting the ratio of the peak area of the analyte to that of the appropriate internal standard. Assay validation was as per FDA guidelines. Assay calibration was linear across the concentration ranges studied. Inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy were within 10% for all analytes in human plasma. Similar results were obtained for oral fluid and haemolysed whole blood, except that aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole were within 15% accuracy at low concentration (15 μg/L) in oral fluid, and olanzapine inter-assay precision could not be assessed in these matrices due to day-by-day degradation of this analyte. Recoveries varied between 16% (sulpiride) and 107% (clozapine), and were reproducible as well as comparable between human plasma, human serum, calf serum and haemolysed whole blood. For oral fluid, recoveries were reproducible, but differed slightly from those in plasma suggesting the need for calibration solutions to be prepared in this medium if oral fluid is to be analysed. LLOQs were 1-5 μg/L depending on the analyte. Neither ion suppression/enhancement, nor interference from some known metabolites of the antipsychotics studied has been encountered. The method has also been applied to the analysis of blood samples collected post-mortem after dilution (1+1, 1+3; v/v) in analyte-free calf serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Fisher
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bessemer Wing, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
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Determination of seven selected antipsychotic drugs in human plasma using microextraction in packed sorbent and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3953-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Usage and limitations of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) in clinical routine laboratories. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:499-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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