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Slíž K, Piešťanský J, Mikuš P. An Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method with Online Solid-Phase Extraction Sample Preparation for the High-Throughput and Sensitive Determination of Ostarine in Human Urine. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:10. [PMID: 38392684 PMCID: PMC10892632 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ostarine is frequently misused as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in sports. Consequently, there is a pressing need for reliable and simple approaches to monitor its presence in biological systems. In this work, we developed a two-dimensional analytical method utilizing online solid-phase extraction (online-SPE) in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole). This automated 2D separation approach is characterized by minimum manual steps in the sample preparation (only dilute-and-shoot), reflecting high sample throughput and the reliability of analytical data. It provides favorable performance parameters, including a limit of detection of 0.5 pg/mL, high accuracy (relative error = 1.6-7.5%), precision (relative standard deviation = 0.8-4.5%), and sensitivity. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent linearity (r2 = 0.9999) in the calibration range of 0.05 to 25 ng/mL and robustness, with no carryover effects observed. This comparative study revealed a two-decadic-order-lower LOD of the SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method to the corresponding UHPLC-MS/MS method and the lowest one in the group of currently published LC-MS methods. The World Anti-Doping Agency screening and confirmation criteria were met through the analysis of spiked urine samples from ten healthy volunteers. Accordingly, the proposed method is suitable for routine use in antidoping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piešťanský
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Kaufmann A, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland M, Sterk S. Potential and limitation of retrospective HRMS based data analysis: “Have meat-producing animals been exposed to illegal growth promotors such as SARMs?”. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-0677 in vitro and in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1273-1290. [PMID: 35302297 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ibutamoren mesylate, or MK-0677, is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that has been developed to stimulate excretion of endogenous growth hormone. It has been evaluated for the treatment of a range of clinical conditions but is not available therapeutically. Nonetheless, MK-0677 is widely available to purchase online, sold as 'supplement' products. The mode of action and relative ease of purchase make MK-0677 a potential threat with regard to sports doping. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of MK0677 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred racehorses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Liquid chromatographyhigh resolution mass spectrometry was used for metabolite identification, and subsequently liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to generate full metabolite profiles for post-administration urine and plasma samples. Fourteen phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; thirteen of these were subsequently detected in urine and nine in plasma collected post-administration, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma, the longest duration of detection was observed for an O-dealkylated metabolite of MK-0677 and, therefore, this would be the best target for the detection of MK-0677 administration. MK-0677 and the O-dealkylated metabolite were found to be excreted largely unconjugated in urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.,Ghent University (Ugent) Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University (Ugent) Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. In vitro characterization of S-23 metabolites produced by human liver microsomes, and subsequent application to urine after a controlled oral administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114660. [PMID: 35182830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The selective androgen receptor modulators are a recent class of anabolic agents, used to improve athletic performance. Among these molecules, there is (2 S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)- 3-(3-fluoro-4-chlorophenoxyl)2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide, commonly known as S-23. This molecule appeared very recently on the doping market. As a result, very few data are available in the literature, and nothing has been published about long-term effects of S-23. The authors focused on the detection of S-23 and its metabolites in human urine, following a single oral administration of approx. 8 mg to a volunteer, using standard ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). To the best of the authors knowledge, this seems to be the first study ever achieved on S-23. In vitro experiment was performed, using human liver microsomes, in order to investigate the potential CYP- and UGT-dependent S-23 metabolites. Four metabolites were produced, which were identified as hydroxy-S-23 (C18H12O4N2ClF4: m/z [M-H-] 431.0423); O-dephenylate-S-23 (C12H10O3N2F3: m/z [M-H-] 287.0647); S-23-glucuronide (C24H20O9N2ClF4: m/z [M-H-] 591.0794) and hydroxy-S-23-glucuronide (C24H20O10N2ClF4: m/z [M-H-] 607.0743). After consumption of S-23, the parent drug was detectable in hydrolyzed urine from 2 h post administration up to 28 days, with concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 93 ng/mL. In the urine, only one of the four metabolites identified in vitro was detected, hydroxy-S-23. This metabolite was detected up to 28 days. It does not seem to increase the window of detection of S-23 as the ratio between hydroxy-S-23 and the parent drug was always lower than 1. Another metabolite, dihydroxy-S-23, not identified in vitro, was identified in the urine of the volunteer. Hair sample, collected one month after the consumption of a single tablet, was negative for S-23 and hydroxy-S-23, with a LOQ at 0.1 pg/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ameline
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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5
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Hincks P, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Identification of equine in vitro metabolites of seven non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:349-370. [PMID: 34714606 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs, are a large class of compounds developed to provide therapeutic anabolic effects with minimal androgenic side effects. A wide range of these compounds are available to purchase online and thus provide the potential for abuse in sports. Knowledge of the metabolism of these compounds is essential to aid their detection in doping control samples. In vitro models allow a quick, cost-effective response where administration studies are yet to be carried out. In this study, the equine phase I metabolism of the non-steroidal SARMs GSK2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303, PF-06260414, ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 was investigated using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography coupled to a QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed identification of metabolites with high resolution and mass accuracy. Three metabolites were identified for both GSK2881078 and LGD-2226, four for LGD-3303 and RAD-140, five for PF-06260414, twelve for ACP-105 and ten for S-23. The equine metabolism of GSK-2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303 and PF-06260414 is reported for the first time. Although the equine metabolism of ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 has previously been reported, the results obtained in this study have been compared with published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, UK.,Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Stacchini C, Botrè F, Comunità F, de la Torre X, Dima AP, Ricci M, Mazzarino M. Simultaneous detection of different chemical classes of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113849. [PMID: 33383501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical procedures to detect the misuse of selective androgen receptor modulators in human urine, targeting either the parent drugs and/or their main metabolites, were developed and validated. In detail, 19 target compounds belonging to 9 different chemical classes were considered: arylpropionamide (i.e., andarine (S4), ostarine (S22), S1, S6, S9 and S23), diarylhydantoin (i.e., GLPG0492), indole (i.e., LY2452473, GSK2881078), isoquinoline-carbonyle (i.e., PF-02620414), phenyl-oxadiazole (i.e., RAD140), pyrrolidinyl-benzonitrile (i.e., LGD4033), quinolinone (i.e., LGD2226, LGD3303), steroidal (i.e., Cl-4AS-1, MK0773 and TFM-4AS-1), and tropanol (i.e., AC-262536 and ACP105) derivatives. The metabolites of the target compounds considered were enzymatically synthesized by using human liver microsomes. Sample pre-treatment included enzymatic hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction at neutral pH. The instrumental analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to either high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry. Validation was performed according to the ISO 17025 and the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. The analyses carried out on negative samples confirmed the method's selectivity, not showing any significant interferences at the retention times of the analytes of interest. Detection capability was determined in the range of 0.1-1.0 ng/mL for the screening procedure and 0.2-1.0 ng/mL for the confirmation procedure (except for GLPG0492 and GSK2881078). The recovery was greater than 80 % for all analytes, and the matrix effect was smaller than 35 %. The method also matched the criteria of the World Anti-Doping Agency in terms of repeatability of the relative retention times (CV% < 1.0) and of the relative abundances of the selected ion transitions (performed only in the case of triple quadrupole, CV% < 15), ensuring the correct identification of all the analytes considered. Urine samples containing andarine, ostarine, or LGD4033 were used to confirm the actual applicability of the selected analytical strategies. All target compounds (parent drugs and their main metabolites) were detected and correctly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Stacchini
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologia del farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon - Quartier Centre, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pia Dima
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricci
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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9
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Ameline A, Raul J. Identification of S22 (ostarine) in human nails and hair using LC‐HRMS. Application to two authentic cases. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1508-1513. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X‐Pertise Consulting 42 rue principale Mittelhausbergen F‐67206 France
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
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11
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Temerdashev AZ, Dmitrieva EV. Methods for the Determination of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks P, Habershon‐Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S. Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:247-260. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Temerdashev A, Dmitrieva E, Azaryan A, Gashimova E. A novel approach to the quantification of urinary aryl‐propionamide‐derived SARMs by UHPLC–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4700. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | | | - Alice Azaryan
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | - Elina Gashimova
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
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14
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Ventura E, Gadaj A, Monteith G, Ripoche A, Healy J, Botrè F, Sterk SS, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Development and validation of a semi-quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for screening of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Kintz P, Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS. LGD-4033, S-4 and MK-2866 – Testing for SARMs in hair: About 2 doping cases. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Detection of SARMs in doping control analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:34-45. [PMID: 28137616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The class of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has been the subject of intense and dedicated clinical research over the past two decades. Potential therapeutic applications of SARMs are manifold and focus particularly on the treatment of conditions manifesting in muscle loss such as general sarcopenia, cancer-associated cachexia, muscular dystrophy, etc. Consequently, based on the substantial muscle- and bone-anabolic properties of SARMs, these agents constitute substances with significant potential for misuse in sport and have therefore been added to the Word Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA's) Prohibited List in 2008. Since then, numerous adverse analytical findings have been reported for various different SARMs, which has underlined the importance of proactive and preventive anti-doping measures concerning emerging drugs such as these anabolic agents, which have evidently been misused in sport despite the fact that none of these SARMs has yet received full clinical approval. In this review, analytical data on SARMs generated in the context of research conducted for sports drug testing purposes are summarized and state-of-the-art test methods aiming at intact drugs as well as diagnostic urinary metabolites are discussed. Doping control analytical approaches predominantly rely on chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry, which have allowed for appropriately covering the considerable variety of pharmacophores present in SARMs such as the non-steroidal representatives ACP-105, BMS-564929, GLPG0492 (DT-200), LG-121071, LGD-2226, LGD-4033/VK 5211, ostarine/enobosarm, RAD-140, S-40503, etc. as well as steroidal compounds such as MK-0773 and YK-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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17
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Souza Anselmo C, Sardela VF, Matias BF, Carvalho AR, Sousa VP, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Is zebrafish
(
Danio rerio
)
a tool for human‐like metabolism study? Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Souza Anselmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fonseca Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Amanda Reis Carvalho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira Sousa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Drugs and Pharmaceutics Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco Bss, 36 ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐170 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
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Rojas D, Dervilly-Pinel G, Cesbron N, Penot M, Sydor A, Prévost S, Le Bizec B. Selective androgen receptor modulators: comparative excretion study of bicalutamide in bovine urine and faeces. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1017-1025. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dante Rojas
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos (ITA), Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria (CIA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); CC77 Morón Argentina
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Mylène Penot
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Alexandre Sydor
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Stéphanie Prévost
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
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Geldof L, Pozo OJ, Lootens L, Morthier W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:168-178. [PMID: 26767942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic agents are often used by athletes to enhance their performance. However, use of steroids leads to considerable side effects. Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of substances that have not been approved so far but seem to have a more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio than steroids and produce fewer side effects. Therefore the use of SARMs has been prohibited since 2008 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Several of these SARMs have been detected on the black market. Metabolism studies are essential to identify the best urinary markers to ensure effective control of emerging substances by doping control laboratories. As black market products often contain non-pharmaceutical-grade substances, alternatives for human excretion studies are needed to elucidate the metabolism. A black market product labelled to contain the SARM LGD-4033 was purchased over the Internet. Purity verification of the black market product led to the detection of LGD-4033, without other contaminants. Human liver microsomes and S9 liver fractions were used to perform phase I and phase II (glucuronidation) metabolism studies. The samples of the in vitro metabolism studies were analyzed by gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)), liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(HR)MS/MS). LC-HRMS product ion scans allowed to identify typical fragment ions for the parent compound and to further determine metabolite structures. In total five metabolites were detected, all modified in the pyrrolidine ring of LGD-4033. The metabolic modifications ranged from hydroxylation combined with keto-formation (M1) or cleavage of the pyrrolidine ring (M2), hydroxylation and methylation (M3/M4) and dihydroxylation (M5). The parent compound and M2 were also detected as glucuronide-conjugates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Bioanalysis Research Group, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Wouter Morthier
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
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Thevis M, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Thomas A, Dib J, Hansson A, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, Wigger T, Karst U, Schänzer W. Characterization of a non-approved selective androgen receptor modulator drug candidate sold via the Internet and identification of in vitro generated phase-I metabolites for human sports drug testing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:991-999. [PMID: 26044265 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Potentially performance-enhancing agents, particularly anabolic agents, are advertised and distributed by Internet-based suppliers to a substantial extent. Among these anabolic agents, a substance referred to as LGD-4033 has been made available, comprising the core structure of a class of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). METHODS In order to provide comprehensive analytical data for doping controls, the substance was obtained and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high resolution/high accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS). Following the identification of 4-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, the substance was subjected to in vitro metabolism studies employing human liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) preparations as well as electrochemical metabolism simulations. RESULTS By means of LC/ESI-HRMS, five main phase-I metabolites were identified as products of liver microsomal preparations including three monohydroxylated and two bishydroxylated species. The two most abundant metabolites (one mono- and one bishydroxylated product) were structurally confirmed by LC/ESI-HRMS and NMR. Comparing the metabolic conversion of 4-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile observed in human liver microsomes with C. elegans and electrochemically derived metabolites, one monohydroxylated product was found to be predominantly formed in all three methodologies. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of the intact SARM-like compound and its presumed urinary phase-I metabolites into routine doping controls is suggested to expand and complement existing sports drug testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annelie Hansson
- Uppsala University, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Uppsala University, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Uppsala University, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina Wigger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Elancheran R, Maruthanila VL, Ramanathan M, Kabilan S, Devi R, Kunnumakara A, Kotoky J. Recent discoveries and developments of androgen receptor based therapy for prostate cancer. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to discuss the discoveries and developments of various therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - V. L. Maruthanila
- Department of Bioscience
- E. G. S. Pillai Arts and Science College
- India
| | - M. Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology
- PSG College of Pharmacy
- Coimbatore-641 004
- India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry
- Annamalai University
- India
| | - R. Devi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - A. Kunnumakara
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Guwahti
- India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
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Knoop A, Krug O, Vincenti M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. In vitro metabolism studies on the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) LG121071 and its implementation into human doping controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:27-36. [PMID: 25906032 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
LG121071 is a member of the tetrahydroquinolinone-based class of selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) drug candidates. These nonsteroidal compounds are supposed to act as full anabolic agents with reduced androgenic properties. As SARMs provide an alternative to anabolic androgenic steroids, they represent an emerging class of potential doping substances abused by athletes for illicit performance enhancement. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency's regulations, SARMs are banned substances and part of the Prohibited List since 2008. In consideration of the increasing number of adverse analytical findings in doping controls caused by SARMs abuse, potential drug candidates such as LG121071 have been proactively investigated to enable a timely integration into routine testing procedures even though clinical trials are not yet complete. In the present approach, the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of LG121071 was characterized by means of electrospray ionization-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry, MS(n), and isotope labeling experiments. Interestingly, the even-electron precursor ion [M + H](+) at m/z 297 was found to produce a radical cation at m/z 268 under CID conditions, violating the even-electron rule that commonly applies. For doping control purposes, metabolites were generated in vitro and a detection method for urine samples based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established. The overall metabolic conversion of LG121071 was modest, yielding primarily mono-, bis- and trishydroxylated species. Notable, however, was the identification of a glucuronic acid conjugate of the intact drug, attributed to an N-glucuronide structure. The sample preparation procedure included the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides prior to liquid-liquid extraction, allowing intact LG121071 to be measured, as well as the corresponding phase-I metabolites. The method was characterized concerning inter alia lower limit of detection (0.5 ng mL(-1) in urine), recovery (40%), and intra-/interday precision (2.3% to 11.7%) to assess its fitness for purpose. Prospectively, the assay can serve as detection method for LG121071 in drug testing and/or doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Knoop
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany..
| | - Oliver Krug
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany..
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Anabolic agents: recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:820-6. [PMID: 24632537 PMCID: PMC4033149 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List, anabolic agents consist of exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), endogenous AAS and other anabolic agents such as clenbuterol and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Currently employed strategies for their improved detection include the prolongation of the detection windows for exogenous AAS, non-targeted and indirect analytical approaches for the detection of modified steroids (designer steroids), the athlete's biological passport and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the detection of the misuse of endogenous AAS, as well as preventive doping research for the detection of SARMs. The recent use of these strategies led to 4-80-fold increases of adverse analytical findings for exogenous AAS, to the detection of the misuse of new designer steroids, to adverse analytical findings of different endogenous AAS and to the first adverse analytical findings of SARMs. The strategies of the antidoping research are not only focused on the development of methods to catch the cheating athlete but also to protect the clean athlete from inadvertent doping. Within the past few years several sources of inadvertent doping with anabolic agents have been identified. Among these are nutritional supplements adulterated with AAS, meat products contaminated with clenbuterol, mycotoxin (zearalenone) contamination leading to zeranol findings, and natural products containing endogenous AAS. The protection strategy consists of further investigations in case of reasonable suspicion of inadvertent doping, publication of the results, education of athletes and development of methods to differentiate between intentional and unintentional doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, , Cologne, Germany
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Piper T, Krug O, Delahaut P, Schänzer W. Liquid chromatography-high resolution/ high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry-based identification of in vivo generated metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator ACP-105 for doping control purposes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:73-83. [PMID: 24881457 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent an emerging class of therapeutics which have been prohibited in sport as anabolic agents according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2008. Within the past three years, numerous adverse analytical findings with SARMs in routine doping control samples have been reported despite missing clinical approval of these substances. Hence, preventive doping research concerning the metabolism and elimination of new therapeutic entities of the class of SARMs are vital for efficient and timely sports drug testing programs as banned compounds are most efficiently screened when viable targets (for example, characteristic metabolites) are identified. In the present study, the metabolism of ACP-105, a novel SARM drug candidate, was studied in vivo in rats. Following oral administration, urine samples were collected over a period of seven days and analyzed for metabolic products by Liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. Samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis prior to liquid-liquid extraction and a total of seven major phase-I metabolites were detected, three of which were attributed to monohydroxylated and four to bishydroxylated ACP-105. The hydroxylation sites were assigned by means of diagnostic product ions and respective dissociation pathways of the analytes following positive or negative ionization and collisional activation as well as selective chemical derivatization. The identified metabolites were used as target compounds to investigate their traceability in a rat elimination urine samples study and monohydroxylated and bishydroxylated species were detectable for up to four and six days post-administration, respectively.
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Schragl KM, Forsdahl G, Gmeiner G, Enev VS, Gaertner P. Novel pathway for the synthesis of arylpropionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) metabolites of andarine and ostarine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Imai Y, Youn MY, Inoue K, Takada I, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. Nuclear receptors in bone physiology and diseases. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:481-523. [PMID: 23589826 PMCID: PMC3768103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our view on the skeleton as a mere solid physical support structure has been transformed, as bone emerged as a dynamic, constantly remodeling tissue with systemic regulatory functions including those of an endocrine organ. Reflecting this remarkable functional complexity, distinct classes of humoral and intracellular regulatory factors have been shown to control vital processes in the bone. Among these regulators, nuclear receptors (NRs) play fundamental roles in bone development, growth, and maintenance. NRs are DNA-binding transcription factors that act as intracellular transducers of the respective ligand signaling pathways through modulation of expression of specific sets of cognate target genes. Aberrant NR signaling caused by receptor or ligand deficiency may profoundly affect bone health and compromise skeletal functions. Ligand dependency of NR action underlies a major strategy of therapeutic intervention to correct aberrant NR signaling, and significant efforts have been made to design novel synthetic NR ligands with enhanced beneficial properties and reduced potential negative side effects. As an example, estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and leads to development of osteoporosis, the most prevalent skeletal disorder in postmenopausal women. Since administration of natural estrogens for the treatment of osteoporosis often associates with undesirable side effects, several synthetic estrogen receptor ligands have been developed with higher therapeutic efficacy and specificity. This review presents current progress in our understanding of the roles of various nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in bone physiology and disease, and in development of advanced NR ligands for treatment of common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Imai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Rydevik A, Thevis M, Krug O, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. The fungusCunninghamella eleganscan produce human and equine metabolites of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Xenobiotica 2012; 43:409-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.729102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Historically, dope-testing methods have been developed to target specific and known threats to the integrity of sport. Traditionally, the source of new analytical targets for which testing was required were derived almost exclusively from the pharmaceutical industry. More recently, the emergence of designer drugs, such as tetrahydrogestrinone that are specifically intended to evade detection, or novel chemicals intended to circumvent laws controlling the sale and distribution of recreational drugs, such as anabolic steroids, stimulants and cannabinoids, have become a significant issue. In this review, we shall consider the emergence of designer drugs and the response of dope-testing laboratories to these new threats, in particular developments in analytical methods, instrumentation and research intended to detect their abuse, and we consider the likely future impact of these approaches.
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Haendler B, Cleve A. Recent developments in antiandrogens and selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:79-91. [PMID: 21704118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play an essential role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male characteristics. Androgens bind to a specific androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor which controls the expression of a large number of downstream target genes. The AR is an essential player in early and late prostate cancer, and may also be involved in some forms of breast cancer. It also represents a drug target for the treatment of hypogonadism. Recent studies furthermore indicate that targeting the AR in pathologies such as frailty syndrome, cachexia or polycystic ovary syndrome may have clinical benefit. Numerous AR ligands with very different pharmacological properties have been identified in the last 40 years and helped to treat several of these diseases. However, progress still needs to be made in order to find compounds with an improved profile with regard to efficacy, differentiation and side-effects. This will only be achieved through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal and aberrant AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Haendler
- TRG Oncology, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer HealthCare, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:2-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
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Cleve A, Fritzemeier KH, Haendler B, Heinrich N, Möller C, Schwede W, Wintermantel T. Pharmacology and clinical use of sex steroid hormone receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:543-587. [PMID: 23027466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors are ligand-triggered transcription factors. Oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors form, together with the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, a subgroup of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. They share a common mode of action, namely translating a hormone-i.e. a small-molecule signal-from outside to changes in gene expression and cell fate, and thereby represent "natural" pharmacological targets.For pharmacological therapy, these receptors have originally been addressed by hormones and synthetic hormone analogues in order to overcome pathologies related to deficiencies in the natural ligands. Another major use for female sex hormone receptor modulators is oral contraception, i.e. birth control.On the other side, blocking the activity of sex steroid receptors has become an established way to treat hormone-dependent malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancer.In this review, we will discuss how the experience gained from the classical pharmacology of these receptors and their molecular similarities led to new options for the treatment of gender-specific diseases and highlight recent progress in medicinal chemistry of sex hormone-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleve
- Bayer Pharma AG, Muellerstr. 178, Berlin, Germany
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Möller I, Geyer H, Dalton JT, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator S-22 to identify potential targets for routine doping controls. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2187-95. [PMID: 21710598 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that promote anabolic processes with limited undesirable effects are of considerable therapeutic interest; some notable examples include those for the treatment of cancer cachexia and muscle-wasting diseases. Anabolic properties are not only therapeutically beneficial to critically ill and debilitated patients, but are also desirable to athletes seeking artificial enhancements in endurance, strength and accelerated recovery. The use of anabolic agents in the clinical setting is being reconsidered with the emergence of a new class of drugs referred to as SARMs (selective androgen receptor modulators). SARMs have the potential to complement or even replace anabolic androgenic steroidal use with the benefit of a reduction of the undesirable side effects associated with steroid administration alone. Arylpropionamide-based SARMs such as andarine (S-4) and S-22 have shown promising therapeutic properties and have attracted the interest of elite and amateur athletes despite the absence of clinical approval, and evidence for trafficking and misuse in sport has been obtained by doping control authorities. In this communication, the elucidation of urinary metabolites of the SARM drug candidate S-22 is compared with earlier in vitro metabolism studies. Following oral administration of illicit S-22, urine samples were collected after 62 and 135 h and analyzed for the active drug and its major metabolic products. Liquid chromatography interfaced with high-resolution/high-accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry was used to identify and/or confirm the predicted target analytes for sports drug testing purposes. S-22 was detected in both specimens accompanied by its glucuronic acid conjugate. This was the B-ring hydroxylated derivative of S-22 plus the corresponding glucuronide (with the phase-II metabolites being the more abundant analytes). In addition, the samples collected 62 h post-administration also contained the phase-I metabolite hydroxylated at the methyl residue (C-20) and the B-ring depleted degradation product ('dephenylated' S-22) together with the corresponding carboxy analog that was previously reported for canine metabolism. The obtained data supports future efforts to effectively screen for and confirm the misuse of the non-approved S-22 drug candidate in doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Trafficking of drug candidates relevant for sports drug testing: detection of non-approved therapeutics categorized as anabolic and gene doping agents in products distributed via the Internet. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:331-6. [PMID: 21538997 DOI: 10.1002/dta.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the use of non-approved drugs by cheating athletes has been a great challenge for doping control laboratories. This is due to the additional complexities associated with identifying relatively unknown and uncharacterized compounds and their metabolites as opposed to known and well-studied therapeutics. In 2010, the prohibited drug candidates and gene doping substances AICAR and GW1516, together with the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) MK-2866 were obtained by the Cologne Doping Control Laboratory from Internet suppliers and their structure, quantity, and formulation elucidated. All three compounds proved authentic as determined by liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry and comparison to reference material. While AICAR was provided as a colourless powder in 100 mg aliquots, GW1516 was obtained as an orange/yellow suspension in water/glycerol (150 mg/ml), and MK-2866 (25 mg/ml) was shipped dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300. In all cases, the quantified amounts were considerably lower than indicated on the label. The substances were delivered via courier, with packaging identifying them as containing 'amino acids' and 'green tea extract', arguably to circumvent customs control. Although all of the substances were declared 'for research only', their potential misuse in illicit performance-enhancement cannot be excluded; moreover sports drug testing authorities should be aware of the facile availability of black market copies of these drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Current role of LC-MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:405-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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