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Batakoushy HA, Hafez HM, Soliman MM, Mohamed TF, Ahmed AB, El Hamd MA. Isoquinoline-based intrinsic fluorescence assessment of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, Roxadustat (FG-4592), in tablets: applications to content uniformity and human plasma evaluation. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4741. [PMID: 38605268 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, a first validated and green spectrofluorimetric approach for its assessment and evaluation in different matrices was investigated. After using an excitation wavelength of 345 nm, Roxadustat (ROX) demonstrates a highly native fluorescence at an emission of 410 nm. The influences of experimental factors such as pH, diluting solvents, and different organized media were tested, and the most appropriate solvent choice was ethanol. It was confirmed that there was a linear relationship between the concentration of ROX and the relative fluorescence intensity in the range 60.0-1000.0 ng ml-1, with the limit of detection and limit of quantitation, respectively, being 17.0 and 53.0 ng ml-1. The mean recoveries % [±standard deviation (SD), n = 5] for pharmaceutical preparations were 100.11% ± 2.24%, whereas for plasma samples, they were 100.08 ± 1.08% (±SD, n = 5). The results obtained after the application of four greenness criteria, Analytical Eco-Scale metric, NEMI, GAPI, and AGREE metric, confirmed its eco-friendliness. In addition, the whiteness meter (RGB12) confirmed its level of sustainability. The International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria were used to verify the developed method through the study in both spiked plasma samples and content uniformity evaluation. An appropriate standard for various applications in industry and quality control laboratories was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Batakoushy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hani M Hafez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa M Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tahany F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal B Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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2
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Janssens LK, De Wilde L, Van Eenoo P, Stove CP. Untargeted Detection of HIF Stabilizers in Doping Samples: Activity-Based Screening with a Stable In Vitro Bioassay. Anal Chem 2024; 96:238-247. [PMID: 38117670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers are listed in the World Anti-Doping Agency's prohibited list as they can increase aerobic exercise capacity. The rapid pace of emergence of highly structurally diverse HIF stabilizers could pose a risk to conventional structure-based methods in doping control to detect new investigational drugs. Therefore, we developed a strategy that is capable of detecting the presence of any HIF stabilizer, irrespective of its structure, by detecting biological activity. Previously developed cell-based HIF1/2 assays were optimized to a stable format and evaluated for their screening potential toward HIF stabilizers. Improved pharmacological characterization was established by the stable cell-based formats, and broad specificity was demonstrated by pharmacologically characterizing a diverse set of HIF stabilizers (including enarodustat, IOX2, IOX4, MK-8617, JNJ-42041935). The methodological (in solvent) limit of detection of the optimal HIF1 stable bioassay toward detecting the reference compound roxadustat was 100 nM, increasing to 50-100 ng/mL (corresponding to 617-1233 nM in-well) in matching urine samples, owing to strong matrix effects. In a practical context, a urinary limit of detection of 1.15 μg/mL (95% detection rate) was determined, confirming the matrix-dependent detectability of roxadustat in urine. Pending optimization of a universal sample preparation strategy and/or a methodology to correct for the matrix effects, this untargeted approach may serve as a complementing method in antidoping control, as theoretically, it would be capable of detecting any unknown substance with HIF stabilizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl K Janssens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Mahajan R, Samanthula G, Srivastava S, Asthana A. A critical review of Roxadustat formulations, solid state studies, and analytical methodology. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16595. [PMID: 37346363 PMCID: PMC10279797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to collate information about the analytical methodologies, bioanalytical methodologies, pharmaceutical formulations, solid-state studies, and the current and future market scenario for a relatively new class of drugs, Roxadustat. Roxadustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor propyl hydroxylase inhibitor that significantly increases blood hemoglobin via the action of transcriptional activator HIF. As the molecule has a promising role in stimulating erythropoiesis, it is considered an ideal therapeutic agent for patients with anemia. In the current review, an attempt has been made to compile the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics of Roxadustat and systematically present product development data. This drug has several polymorphs of cocrystal, co-former, and salt, which have been explained in detail in the current work. The comprehensive review summarizes all the chromatographic methods and is presented in table form. This review has extensively covered Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods used to analyze Roxadustat in the biological matrix. The literature needs more data on forced degradation study, impurity profiling, gas chromatography, analytical methods for assay, dissolution, and different formulation aspects of Roxadustat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Sato F, Kuroda T, Yamada M, Leung GNW. Pharmacokinetic Study of Vadadustat and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Characterization of its Novel Metabolites in Equines for the Purpose of Doping Control. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:850-865. [PMID: 36017833 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220825093945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vadadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor, is a substance which carries a lifetime ban in both horse racing and equestrian competition. A comprehensive metabolic study of vadadustat in horses has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE Metabolism and elimination profiles of vadadustat in equine plasma and urine were studied for the purpose of doping control. METHODS A nasoesophageal administration of vadadustat (3 g/day for 3 days) was conducted on three thoroughbred mares. Potential metabolites were comprehensively detected by differential analysis of full-scan mass spectral data obtained from both in vitro studies with liver homogenates and post-administration samples using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identities of metabolites were further substantiated by product ion scans. Quantification methods were developed and validated for the establishment of the excretion profiles of the total vadadustat (free and conjugates) in plasma and urine. RESULTS A total of 23 in vivo and 14 in vitro metabolites (12 in common) were identified after comprehensive analysis. We found that vadadustat was mainly excreted into urine as the parent drug together with some minor conjugated metabolites. The elimination profiles of total vadadustat in post-administration plasma and urine were successfully established by using quantification methods equipped with alkaline hydrolysis for cleavage of conjugates such as methylated vadadustat, vadadustat glucuronide, and vadadustat glucoside. CONCLUSION Based on our study, for effective control of the misuse or abuse of vadadustat in horses, total vadadustat could successfully be detected for up to two weeks after administration in plasma and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Zip 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Zip 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yu Sone
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Zip 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamiya
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- JRA Equestrian Park Utsunomiya Office, 321-4 Tokamicho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0856, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Zip 329-0412, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Zip 329-0412, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
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5
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Philip M, Kal AKK, Mathew B, Subhahar MB, Karatt TK, Perwad Z. Metabolic study of hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilizers BAY 87‐2243, MK‐8617, and PT‐2385 in equine liver microsomes for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1703-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Tajudheen K. Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai United Arab Emirates
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Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantification of roxadustat (FG-4592) in human plasma and urine and the applications in two clinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1203:123274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Karatt TK, Mathew B, Perwad Z. In vitro studies of hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors daprodustat, desidustat, and vadadustat for equine doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:317-348. [PMID: 34714596 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Performance-enhancing substances and methods have become a serious problem in competitive sports. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers can enhance the organism's capacity for molecular oxygen transport and are likely to be abused as performance-enhancing agents in sports. This paper describes the metabolic conversion of the popular hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors, namely, daprodustat, desidustat, and vadadustat using equine liver microsomes, determined on a QExactive high-resolution mass spectrometer. During this study, a total of 10 metabolites for daprodustat (all are Phase I), 10 metabolites for desidustat (five each for Phase I and Phase II), and 15 metabolites for vadadustat (six for Phase I and nine for Phase II) were detected. The important findings of the current research are as follows: (1) All the three HIF-PH inhibitor drug candidates are prone to oxidation, which results in corresponding hydroxylated metabolites; (2) in desidustat, hydrolysis and dissociation of oxime linkage also observed; (3) the glucuronic acid conjugate (except daprodustat) of the parent drugs as well as the monohydroxylated analogs were observed; (4) sulfonic acid conjugated metabolites were observed only for vadadustat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, So YM, Wong JKY, Ho ENM, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GNW. Comprehensive metabolic study of IOX4 in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer for the purpose of doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:233-251. [PMID: 34612014 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IOX4 is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor, which was developed for the treatment of anemia by exerting hematopoietic effects. The administration of HIF-PHD inhibitors such as IOX4 to horses is strictly prohibited by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive metabolic study of IOX4 in horse plasma and urine after a nasoesophageal administration of IOX4 (500 mg/day, 3 days). A total of four metabolites (three mono-hydroxylated IOX4 and one IOX4 glucuronide) were detected from the in vitro study using homogenized horse liver. As for the in vivo study, post-administration plasma and urine samples were comprehensively analyzed with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify potential metabolites and determine their corresponding detection times. A total of 10 metabolites (including IOX4 glucuronide, IOX4 glucoside, O-desbutyl IOX4, O-desbutyl IOX4 glucuronide, four mono-hydroxylated IOX4, N-oxidized IOX4, and N-oxidized IOX4 glucoside) were found in urine and three metabolites (glucuronide, glucoside, and O-desbutyl) in plasma. Thus, the respective quantification methods for the detection of free and conjugated IOX4 metabolites in urine and plasma with a biphase enzymatic hydrolysis were developed and applied to post-administration samples for the establishment of elimination profiles of IOX4. The detection times of total IOX4 in urine and plasma could be successfully prolonged to at least 312 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Sone
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamiya
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Shiroi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Shiroi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Shiroi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- JRA Equestrian Park Utsunomiya Office, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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Mazzarino M, Perretti I, Stacchini C, Comunità F, de la Torre X, Botrè F. UPLC-MS-Based Procedures to Detect Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors of HIF in Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:184-194. [PMID: 32435795 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents newly developed screening and confirmation analytical procedures to detect the misuse of nine prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors of the hypoxia-inducible factor: daprodustat, desidustat, FG2216, IOX2, IOX4, JNJ-42041935, molidustat, roxadustat and vadadustat, targeting either the parent drugs and/or their main metabolite(s). For the sample pretreatment, different extraction protocols and technologies were evaluated. The instrumental analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to either high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column, employing water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid, as mobile phase. Detection was achieved using as analyzer either a triple quadrupole or an Orbitrap, with positive and negative electrospray ionization and different acquisition modes. Validation of the procedures was performed according to the ISO 17025 and World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. The methods do not show any significant interference at the retention times of the analytes of interest. The extraction efficiency was estimated to be greater than 75% for all analytes and the matrix effect smaller than 35%. Detection capability was determined in the range of 0.25-2.0 for the screening procedure and in the range of 0.5-2.0 ng/mL for the confirmation procedure, that is, in a range of concentration small enough to reveal the abuse of the compounds considered, in case they are used as performance-enhancing agents. The repeatability of the relative retention times (CV% < 0.5) and of the relative abundances of the selected ion transitions, considered only in the case of triple quadrupole (CV% < 15), was confirmed to be fit for purpose to ensure the unambiguous identification of all the target analytes in human urine. The applicability of the newly developed methods was verified by the analysis of urine samples containing molidustat, roxadustat or daprodustat. The developed procedures enabled to detect the compounds under investigation and their main metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy
| | - Ilaria Perretti
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy
| | - Carlotta Stacchini
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, 'Sapienza' Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 11085, Italy
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome 00197, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena, 324, Rome 00161, Italy
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10
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Philip M, Mathew B, Karatt TK, Perwad Z, Subhahar MB, Karakka Kal AK. Metabolic studies of hypoxia-inducible factor stabilisers IOX2, IOX3 and IOX4 (in vitro) for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:794-816. [PMID: 33458935 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional activator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a vital arbitrator in the performance of cellular responses lacking oxygen supply in aerobic organisms. Because these compounds are capable of enhancing the organism's capacity for molecular oxygen transport, they possess great potential for abuse as a performance-enhancing agent in sports. A comprehensive study of the metabolic conversion of the most popular HIF stabilisers such as IOX2, IOX3 and IOX4 using equine liver microsomes (in vitro) is reported. The parents and their metabolites were identified and characterised by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative ionisation mode using a QExactive high-resolution mass spectrometer. Under the current experimental condition, a total of 10 metabolites for IOX2 (three phase I and seven phase II), nine metabolites for IOX3 (four phase I and five phase II) and five metabolites for IOX4 (three phase I and two phase II) were detected. The outcome of the present study is as follows: (1) all the three IOX candidates are prone to oxidation, results in subsequent monohydroxylated, and some dihydroxylated metabolites. (2) Besides oxidation, there is a possibility of hydrolysis and de-alkylation, which results in corresponding carboxylic acid and amide, respectively. (3) The glucuronide and sulphate conjugate of the parent drugs as well as the monohydroxylated analogues were observed in this study. The characterised in vitro metabolites can potentially serve as target analytes for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Marchand A, Roulland I, Semence F, Schröder K, Domergue V, Audran M. Detection of Hypoxia-Regulated MicroRNAs in Blood as Potential Biomarkers of HIF Stabilizer Molidustat. Microrna 2019; 8:189-197. [PMID: 30657053 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666190117170317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent development of drugs that stabilize HIFalpha, called HIF stabilizers, offers a new strategy for treating anemia. Although these drugs are still in clinical trials, misuse for doping has already begun. Identifying the biomarkers of HIF stabilizers would therefore help in detecting this drug misuse by athletes. OBJECTIVE Our aim was twofold: to determine whether hypoxamiRs, the microRNAs associated with the cellular response to hypoxia, are potential biomarkers of HIF stabilizers in blood and whether the response to treatment with an HIF stabilizer differs from the response to a hypoxic environment. METHOD Rats were treated for 6 days with either a placebo or 2mg/kg of Molidustat, an HIF stabilizer, or they were put under hypoxia (10% oxygen) for the same length of time. Plasma samples were analyzed before, during and 48 hours after the treatments. RESULTS EPO concentration increased significantly in plasma during hypoxia and Molidustat treatment and showed a negative retro-control 2 days after the end of the treatments. On the contrary, circulating levels of VEGF were not modified. Among the hypoxamiRs tested, miR-130a and miR-21 were significantly increased during Molidustat treatment and miR-21 was still increased 48 hours after treatment end. CONCLUSION Although using these microRNAs as biomarkers seems unlikely due to other possible factors of regulation, this study provides the first identification of a specific effect of HIF stabilizers on microRNAs. Further investigations are needed to better understand the possible consequences of such regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Marchand
- Analysis Department ‒ Agence Francaise de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Chatenay- Malabry, France
| | - Ingrid Roulland
- Analysis Department ‒ Agence Francaise de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Chatenay- Malabry, France
| | - Florian Semence
- Analysis Department ‒ Agence Francaise de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Chatenay- Malabry, France
| | - Kaja Schröder
- Analysis Department ‒ Agence Francaise de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Chatenay- Malabry, France
| | - Valérie Domergue
- AnimEx Chatenay-Malabry, Plateforme AnimEx IPSIT, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clement, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Michel Audran
- Analysis Department ‒ Agence Francaise de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Chatenay- Malabry, France
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Salamin O, Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Leuenberger N. Erythropoietin as a performance-enhancing drug: Its mechanistic basis, detection, and potential adverse effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:75-87. [PMID: 28119134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hormone regulating red blood cell (RBC) production. The large-scale production of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by biotechnological methods has made possible its widespread therapeutic use as well as its misuse in sports. Since the marketing of the first epoetin in 1989, the development has progressed to the third-generation analogs. However, the production of rHuEPO is costly, and the frequent administration of an injectable formula is not optimal for compliance of therapeutic patients. Hence, pharmaceutical industries are currently developing alternative approaches to stimulate erythropoiesis, which might offer new candidates for doping purposes. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) pathway is of particular interest. The introduction of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for clinical use requires subsequent development of anti-doping methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. The detection of ESAs is based on two different approaches, namely, the direct detection of exogenous substances and the indirect detection, for which the effects of the substances on specific biomarkers are monitored. Omics technologies, such as ironomics or transcriptomics, are useful for the development of new promising biomarkers for the detection of ESAs. Finally, the illicit use of ESAs associates with multiple health risks that can be irreversible, and an essential facet of anti-doping work is to educate athletes of these risks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of ESAs, the research and implementation of the available detection methods, and the side effects associated with the misuse of ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Salamin
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Eichner D, Van Wagoner RM, Brenner M, Chou J, Leigh S, Wright LR, Flippin LA, Martinelli M, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. lmplementation of the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Roxadustat (FG‐4592) and its main metabolites into routine doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1768-1778. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Mitch Brenner
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - James Chou
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Scott Leigh
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee R. Wright
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee A. Flippin
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | | | - Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Hansson A, Thevis M, Cox H, Miller G, Eichner D, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Investigation of the metabolites of the HIF stabilizer FG-4592 (roxadustat) in five different in vitro models and in a human doping control sample using high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Görgens C, Guddat S, Thomas A, Wachsmuth P, Orlovius AK, Sigmund G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Simplifying and expanding analytical capabilities for various classes of doping agents by means of direct urine injection high performance liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:482-496. [PMID: 27693991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
So far, in sports drug testing compounds of different classes are processed and measured using different screening procedures. The constantly increasing number of samples in doping analysis, as well as the large number of substances with doping related, pharmacological effects require the development of even more powerful assays than those already employed in sports drug testing, indispensably with reduced sample preparation procedures. The analysis of native urine samples after direct injection provides a promising analytical approach, which thereby possesses a broad applicability to many different compounds and their metabolites, without a time-consuming sample preparation. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on liquid chromatography and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for more than 200 analytes of various classes of doping agents far below the required detection limits in sports drug testing. Here, classic groups of drugs as diuretics, stimulants, β2-agonists, narcotics and anabolic androgenic steroids as well as various newer target compounds like hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), plasma volume expanders and other doping related compounds, listed in the 2016 WADA prohibited list were implemented. As a main achievement, growth hormone releasing peptides could be implemented, which chemically belong to the group of small peptides (<2kDa) and are commonly determined by laborious and time-consuming stand-alone assays. The assay was fully validated for qualitative purposes considering the parameters specificity, robustness (rRT: <2%), intra- (CV: 1.7-18.4 %) and inter-day precision (CV: 2.3-18.3%) at three concentration levels, linearity (R2>0.99), limit of detection (0.1-25ng/mL; 3'OH-stanozolol glucuronide: 50pg/mL; dextran/HES: 10μg/mL) and matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Wachsmuth
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Orlovius
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Dib J, Mongongu C, Buisson C, Molina A, Schänzer W, Thuss U, Thevis M. Mass spectrometric characterization of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer drug candidate BAY 85-3934 (molidustat) and its glucuronidated metabolite BAY-348, and their implementation into routine doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:61-67. [PMID: 27346747 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutics potentially exhibiting performance-enhancing properties implicates the risk of their misuse by athletes in amateur and elite sports. Such drugs necessitate preventive anti-doping research for consideration in sports drug testing programmes. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers represent an emerging class of therapeutics that allows for increasing erythropoiesis in patients. BAY 85-3934 is a novel HIF stabilizer, which is currently undergoing phase-2 clinical trials. Consequently, the comprehensive characterization of BAY 85-3934 and human urinary metabolites as well as the implementation of these analytes into routine doping controls is of great importance. The mass spectrometric behaviour of the HIF stabilizer drug candidate BAY 85-3934 and a glucuronidated metabolite (BAY-348) were characterized by electrospray ionization-(tandem) mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(/MS)) and multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MSn ). Subsequently, two different laboratories established different analytical approaches (one each) enabling urine sample analyses by employing either direct urine injection or solid-phase extraction. The methods were cross-validated for the metabolite BAY-348 that is expected to represent an appropriate target analyte for human urine analysis. Two test methods allowing for the detection of BAY-348 in human urine were applied and cross-validated concerning the validation parameters specificity, linearity, lower limit of detection (LLOD; 1-5 ng/mL), ion suppression/enhancement (up to 78%), intra- and inter-day precision (3-21%), recovery (29-48%), and carryover. By means of ten spiked test urine samples sent blinded to one of the participating laboratories, the fitness-for-purpose of both assays was provided as all specimens were correctly identified applying both testing methods. As no post-administration study samples were available, analyses of authentic urine specimens remain desirable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Dib
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cynthia Mongongu
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Adeline Molina
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Thuss
- Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg, Aprather Weg, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Plumb JOM, Otto JM, Grocott MPW. 'Blood doping' from Armstrong to prehabilitation: manipulation of blood to improve performance in athletes and physiological reserve in patients. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:5. [PMID: 26929820 PMCID: PMC4770708 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haemoglobin is the blood’s oxygen carrying pigment and is encapsulated in red blood corpuscles. The concentration of haemoglobin in blood is dependent on both its total mass in the circulation (tHb-mass) and the total plasma volume in which it is suspended. Aerobic capacity is defined as the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the body per unit time and is one measure of physical fitness. Observations in athletes who have undergone blood doping or manipulation have revealed a closer relationship between physical fitness (aerobic capacity) and total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) than with haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). Anaemia is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a haemoglobin concentration of <130 g/L for men and <120 g/L for women. Perioperative anaemia is a common problem and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity following surgery. Aerobic capacity is also associated with outcome following major surgery, with less fit patients having a higher incidence of mortality and morbidity after surgery. Taken together, these observations suggest that targeted preoperative elevation of tHb-mass may raise aerobic capacity both directly and indirectly (by augmenting preoperative exercise initiatives- ‘prehabilitation’) and thus improve postoperative outcome. This notion in turn raises a number of questions. Which measure ([Hb] or tHb-mass) has the most value for the description of oxygen carrying capacity? Which measure has the most utility for targeting therapies to manipulate haemoglobin levels? Do the newer agents being used for blood manipulation (to increase tHb-mass) in elite sport have utility in the clinical environment? This review explores the literature relating to blood manipulation in elite sport as well as the relationship between perioperative anaemia, physical fitness and outcome following surgery, and suggests some avenues for exploring this area further.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O M Plumb
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK ; Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, UK ; Critical Care Research Area, Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK ; Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Mailpoint 801 South Academic Block, Tremona Road Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - James M Otto
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science c/o, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK ; Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, UK ; Critical Care Research Area, Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK ; Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Mailpoint 801 South Academic Block, Tremona Road Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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18
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Buisson C, Marchand A, Bailloux I, Lahaussois A, Martin L, Molina A. Detection by LC-MS/MS of HIF stabilizer FG-4592 used as a new doping agent: Investigation on a positive case. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:181-187. [PMID: 26808067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Stabilizing the labile factor HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) for therapeutic use has led to the development of various molecules by pharmaceutical companies. These HIF stabilizers show promising erythropoiesis stimulating capacities and are of great interest for patients with chronical kidney disease and anemia. Amongst them FG-4592 from FibroGen is now under phase 3 of clinical studies. While this drug is still under investigation, a parallel market already allows to buy this product, which could be tempting for some athletes willing to increase their performances. To avoid such a use for doping purpose, WADA has listed HIF stabilizers and FG-4592 in particular as prohibited substances since 2011 and some anti-doping laboratories have developed a technique of identification of FG-4592 in urine. Here, we described the first case ever identified by an anti-doping laboratory of an athlete using FG-4592. Detection and confirmation in urinary samples was performed by LC-MS/MS. In addition, potential indirect markers erythropoietin (EPO) and hematological parameters followed in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were analyzed during and after the period of use but showed no profound alterations. Only ABPS (abnormal blood profile score) reached (but did not exceed) the upper limit proposed by the ABP adaptive model just after the period of use of FG-4592. Altogether this case sends a warning for anti-doping laboratories which now must strengthen surveillance on HIF stabilizers and develop sensitive methods of detection for this new class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buisson
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - A Marchand
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - I Bailloux
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A Lahaussois
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - L Martin
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A Molina
- Analysis Department-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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19
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Oliveira CDRD, Bairros AVD, Yonamine M. Blood doping: risks to athletes' health and strategies for detection. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1168-81. [PMID: 24766400 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.903754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood doping has been defined as the misuse of substances or certain techniques to optimize oxygen delivery to muscles with the aim to increase performance in sports activities. It includes blood transfusion, administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or blood substitutes, and gene manipulations. The main reasons for the widespread use of blood doping include: its availability for athletes (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and blood transfusions), its efficiency in improving performance, and its difficult detection. This article reviews and discusses the blood doping substances and methods used for in sports, the adverse effects related to this practice, and current strategies for its detection.
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Deventer K, Pozo O, Verstraete A, Van Eenoo P. Dilute-and-shoot-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for urine analysis in doping control and analytical toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Thevis M, Krug O, Schänzer W. Monitoring phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors using liquid chromatography/(tandem) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:993-1004. [PMID: 23592202 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent discovery of resveratrol's capability to inhibit cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and, as a consequence, to enhance particularly the activity of Sirt1 in animal models has reinforced the interest of preventive doping research organizations, especially in PDE4 inhibitors. Among these, the archetypical PDE4-inhibitor rolipram significantly increased the number of mitochondria in laboratory rodents, which further demonstrated a performance increase in a treadmill-test (time-to-exhaustion) of approximately 40%. Besides rolipram, a variety of new PDE4-inhibiting substances including cilomilast, roflumilast, and numerous additional new drug entities were described, with roflumilast being the first-in-class having received clinical approval for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the availability of these substances, and the fact that a misuse of such compounds in sport cannot be excluded, it deems relevant to probe for the prevalence of these compounds in sports drug testing programs. METHODS Known urinary phase-I metabolites of rolipram, roflumilast, and cilomilast were generated by in vitro incubations employing human liver microsomal preparations. The metabolites obtained were studied by liquid chromatography with high-resolution/high-accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the reference product ion mass spectra of established and most relevant metabolites were utilized to provide the information necessary for comprehensive doping controls. The analytical procedure was based on conventional routine doping control assays employing enzymatic hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction and subsequent LC/MS/MS measurement. RESULTS Structures of diagnostic product ions and dissociation pathways of target analytes were elucidated, providing the information required for implementation into an existing test method for routine sports drug testing. The established method allowed for detection limits for the intact drugs of 1-5 ng/mL, and further assay characteristics (intraday precision 1.5-13.7%, interday precision 7.3-18.6%, recovery 20-100%, ion suppression/enhancement, and specificity) were determined. In addition, proof-of-concept analyses concerning roflumilast were conducted with a urine sample obtained from a COPD patient under roflumilast treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry-Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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23
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Okano M, Sato M, Kageyama S. Identification of the long-acting erythropoiesis-stimulating agent darbepoetin alfa in human urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1317-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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25
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Beuck S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers and other small-molecule erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:830-45. [PMID: 22362605 DOI: 10.1002/dta.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the blood's capacity for oxygen transport by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) constitutes a prohibited procedure of performance enhancement according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The advent of orally bio-available small-molecule ESAs such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers in the development of novel anti-anaemia therapies expands the list of potential ESA doping techniques. Here, the erythropoiesis-stimulating properties and doping relevance of experimental HIF-stabilizers, such as cobaltous chloride, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or GSK360A, amongst others, are discussed. The stage of clinical trials is reviewed for the anti-anaemia drug candidates FG-2216, FG-4592, GSK1278863, AKB-6548, and BAY85-3934. Currently available methods and strategies for the determination of selected HIF stabilizers in sports drug testing are based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). For the support of further analytical assay development, patents claiming distinct compounds for the use in HIF-mediated therapies are evaluated and exemplary molecular structures of HIF stabilizers presented. Moreover, data concerning the erythropoiesis-enhancing effects of the GATA inhibitors K7174 and K11706 as well as the lipidic small-molecule ESA PBI-1402 are elucidated the context of doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beuck
- German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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26
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Detection of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in human anti-doping control: past, present and future. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1565-75. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of erythropoiesis is one of the most efficient ways of doping. This type of doping is advantageous for aerobic physical exercise and of particular interest to endurance athletes. Erythropoiesis, which takes place in bone marrow, is under the control of EPO, a hormone secreted primarily by the kidneys when the arterial oxygen tension decreases. In certain pathological disorders, such as chronic renal failure, the production of EPO is insufficient and results in anemia. The pharmaceutical industry has, thus, been very interested in developing drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis. With this aim, various strategies have been, and continue to be, envisaged, giving rise to an expanding range of drugs that are good candidates for doping. Anti-doping control has had to deal with this situation by developing appropriate methods for their detection. This article presents an overview of both the drugs and the corresponding methods of detection, and thus follows a roughly chronological order.
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