1
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Ehnes DD, Alghadeer A, Hanson-Drury S, Zhao YT, Tilmes G, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Sci-Seq of Human Fetal Salivary Tissue Introduces Human Transcriptional Paradigms and a Novel Cell Population. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:887057. [PMID: 36540608 PMCID: PMC9762771 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.887057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple pathologies and non-pathological factors can disrupt the function of the non-regenerative human salivary gland including cancer and cancer therapeutics, autoimmune diseases, infections, pharmaceutical side effects, and traumatic injury. Despite the wide range of pathologies, no therapeutic or regenerative approaches exist to address salivary gland loss, likely due to significant gaps in our understanding of salivary gland development. Moreover, identifying the tissue of origin when diagnosing salivary carcinomas requires an understanding of human fetal development. Using computational tools, we identify developmental branchpoints, a novel stem cell-like population, and key signaling pathways in the human developing salivary glands by analyzing our human fetal single-cell sequencing data. Trajectory and transcriptional analysis suggest that the earliest progenitors yield excretory duct and myoepithelial cells and a transitional population that will yield later ductal cell types. Importantly, this single-cell analysis revealed a previously undescribed population of stem cell-like cells that are derived from SD and expresses high levels of genes associated with stem cell-like function. We have observed these rare cells, not in a single niche location but dispersed within the developing duct at later developmental stages. Our studies introduce new human-specific developmental paradigms for the salivary gland and lay the groundwork for the development of translational human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Duron Ehnes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ammar Alghadeer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sesha Hanson-Drury
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gwen Tilmes
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Caruso M, Huang S, Mourao L, Scheele CLGJ. A Mammary Organoid Model to Study Branching Morphogenesis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826107. [PMID: 35399282 PMCID: PMC8988230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is the process that gives rise to branched structures in several organs, such as the lung, the kidney, and the mammary gland. Although morphologically well described, the exact mechanisms driving branch elongation and bifurcation are still poorly understood. Signaling cues from the stroma and extracellular matrix have an important role in driving branching morphogenesis. Organoid models derived from primary mammary epithelial cells have emerged as a powerful tool to gain insight into branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland. However, current available mammary organoid culture protocols result in morphologically simple structures which do not resemble the complex branched structure of the in vivo mammary gland. Supplementation of growth factors to mammary organoids cultured in basement membrane extract or collagen I were shown to induce bud formation and elongation but are not sufficient to drive true branching events. Here, we present an improved culture approach based on 3D primary mammary epithelial cell culture to develop branched organoids with a complex morphology. By alternating the addition of fibroblast growth factor 2 and epidermal growth factor to mammary organoids cultured in a basement membrane extract matrix enriched with collagen type I fibers, we obtain complex mammary organoid structures with primary, secondary, and tertiary branches over a period of 15–20 days. Mammary organoid structures grow >1 mm in size and show an elongated and branched shape which resembles in vivo mammary gland morphology. This novel branched mammary organoid model offers many possibilities to study the mechanisms of branching in the developing mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Caruso
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sjanie Huang
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Larissa Mourao
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Colinda L. G. J. Scheele,
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3
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Kim D, Yoon YJ, Choi D, Kim J, Lim JY. 3D Organoid Culture From Adult Salivary Gland Tissues as an ex vivo Modeling of Salivary Gland Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698292. [PMID: 34458260 PMCID: PMC8397473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation of salivary glands has been investigated using in vivo or ex vivo rudiment culture models. In this study, we used a three-dimensional (3D) salivary gland organoid culture system and demonstrated that lumen formation could be recapitulated in mouse SMG organoids. In our organoid culture system, lumen formation was induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide and accelerated by treatment with RA. Furthermore, lumen formation was observed in branching duct-like structure when cultured in combination of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). We suggest RA signaling-mediated regulation of VIPR1 and KRT7 as the underlying mechanism for lumen formation, rather than apoptosis in the organoid culture system. Collectively, our results support a fundamental role for RA in lumen formation and demonstrate the feasibility of 3D organoid culture as a tool for studying salivary gland morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeo-Jun Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dojin Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Suzuki A, Ogata K, Iwata J. Cell signaling regulation in salivary gland development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3299-3315. [PMID: 33449148 PMCID: PMC11071883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on research conducted on mammalian salivary gland development, particularly on the differentiation of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. We discuss recent studies that provide conceptual advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. In addition, we describe the organogenesis of submandibular glands (SMGs), model systems used for the study of SMG development, and the key signaling pathways as well as cellular processes involved in salivary gland development. The findings from the recent studies elucidating the identity of stem/progenitor cells in the SMGs, and the process by which they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form functional glands, are also discussed. Advances in genetic tools and tissue engineering strategies will significantly increase our knowledge about the mechanisms by which signaling pathways and cells establish tissue architecture and function during salivary gland development, which may also be conserved in the growth and development of other organ systems. An increased knowledge of organ development mechanisms will have profound implications in the design of therapies for the regrowth or repair of injured tissues. In addition, understanding how the processes of cell survival, expansion, specification, movement, and communication with neighboring cells are regulated under physiological and pathological conditions is critical to the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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5
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Nakao A, Inaba T, Murakami-Sekimata A, Nogawa H. Morphogenesis and Mucus Production of Epithelial Tissues of Three Major Salivary Glands of Embryonic Mouse in 3D Culture. Zoolog Sci 2019; 34:475-483. [PMID: 29219039 DOI: 10.2108/zs160177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic mouse submandibular epithelia initiate branching morphogenesis within two days when embedded in Matrigel and stimulated by members of the epidermal growth factor family. However, it is unknown whether the end buds further branch over longer culture periods, and whether saliva-producing cells differentiate there. In the present study, we cultivated three major (submandibular, sublingual and parotid) salivary epithelia from 13-day embryos for 14 days in mesenchyme-free cultures. All epithelia continued to grow and branch to form numerous acinus-like structures in medium supplemented with neuregulin 1, fibroblast growth factor 1, and insulintransferrin-sodium selenite. Alcian blue staining to detect mucous cells showed that each epithelium differentiated via three distinct modes, as seen in normal development, although the staining intensities were weaker than in normal development. RT-PCR analysis of the amylase gene showed that no epithelia expressed amylase after 14 days of culture, which is inconsistent with the fact that only parotid epithelium does so at postnatal day 7 during normal development. These results suggest that cytodifferentiation progresses to a lesser extent in mesenchyme-free cultures than in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Nakao
- 1 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takumi Inaba
- 1 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akiko Murakami-Sekimata
- 2 Theoretical Nursing and Genetics, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nogawa
- 1 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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6
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Tanaka J, Ogawa M, Hojo H, Kawashima Y, Mabuchi Y, Hata K, Nakamura S, Yasuhara R, Takamatsu K, Irié T, Fukada T, Sakai T, Inoue T, Nishimura R, Ohara O, Saito I, Ohba S, Tsuji T, Mishima K. Generation of orthotopically functional salivary gland from embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4216. [PMID: 30310071 PMCID: PMC6181987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells are used in the development of organ replacement regenerative therapy by recapitulating the process of organogenesis. These processes are strictly regulated by morphogen signalling and transcriptional networks. However, the precise transcription factors involved in the organogenesis of exocrine glands, including salivary glands, remain unknown. Here, we identify a specific combination of two transcription factors (Sox9 and Foxc1) responsible for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived oral ectoderm into the salivary gland rudiment in an organoid culture system. Following orthotopic transplantation into mice whose salivary glands had been removed, the induced salivary gland rudiment not only showed a similar morphology and gene expression profile to those of the embryonic salivary gland rudiment of normal mice but also exhibited characteristics of mature salivary glands, including saliva secretion. This study suggests that exocrine glands can be induced from pluripotent stem cells for organ replacement regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Takamatsu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-Facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomio Inoue
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ichiro Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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7
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Regulatory mechanisms of branching morphogenesis in mouse submandibular gland rudiments. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:2-7. [PMID: 29628996 PMCID: PMC5884273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is an important developmental process for many organs, including the salivary glands. Whereas epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, which are cell-to-cell communications, are known to drive branching morphogenesis, the molecular mechanisms responsible for those inductive interactions are still largely unknown. Cell growth factors and integrins are known to be regulators of branching morphogenesis of salivary glands. In addition, functional microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been reported to be present in the developing submandibular gland. In this review, the authors describe the roles of various cell growth factors, integrins and miRNAs in branching morphogenesis of developmental mouse submandibular glands.
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8
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Togarrati PP, Sasaki RT, Abdel-Mohsen M, Dinglasan N, Deng X, Desai S, Emmerson E, Yee E, Ryan WR, da Silva MCP, Knox SM, Pillai SK, Muench MO. Identification and characterization of a rich population of CD34 + mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in human parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3484. [PMID: 28615711 PMCID: PMC5471181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis during physiological turnovers and injuries. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution and molecular nature of MSCs in freshly isolated human salivary glands (SGs) as most reports have focused on the analysis of cultured MSCs. Our results demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule CD34 was widely expressed by the MSCs of human major SGs, namely parotid (PAG), sublingual (SLG) and submandibular (SMG) glands. Further, gene expression analysis of CD34+ cells derived from fetal SMGs showed significant upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, proliferation, branching, extracellular matrix remodeling and organ development. Moreover, CD34+ SMG cells exhibited elevated expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix, basement membrane proteins, and members of ERK, FGF and PDGF signaling pathways, which play key roles in glandular development, branching and homeostasis. In vitro CD34+ cell derived SG-MSCs revealed multilineage differentiation potential. Intraglandular transplantation of cultured MSCs in immunodeficient mice led to their engraftment in the injected and uninjected contralateral and ipsilateral glands. Engrafted cells could be localized to the stroma surrounding acini and ducts. In summary, our data show that CD34+ derived SG-MSCs could be a promising cell source for adoptive cell-based SG therapies, and bioengineering of artificial SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson T Sasaki
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Desai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Division of Head and Neck Oncologic/Endocrine/Salivary Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo C P da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Shh/Ptch and EGF/ErbB cooperatively regulate branching morphogenesis of fetal mouse submandibular glands. Dev Biol 2016; 412:278-87. [PMID: 26930157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog family includes Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Desert hedgehog, and Indian hedgehog, which are well known as a morphogens that play many important roles during development of numerous organs such as the tongue, pancreas, kidney, cartilage, teeth and salivary glands (SMG). In Shh null mice, abnormal development of the salivary gland is seen after embryonic day 14 (E14). Shh also induced lobule formation and lumen formation in acini-like structures in cultured E14 SMG. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Shh and epidermal growth factor (EGF)/ErbB signaling in developing fetal mouse SMG. Administration of Shh to cultured E13 SMG stimulated branching morphogenesis (BrM) and induced synthesis of mRNAs for EGF ligands and receptors of the ErbB family. Shh also stimulated activation of ErbB signaling system such as ERK1/2. AG1478, a specific inhibitor of ErbB receptors, completely suppressed BrM and activation of EGF/ErbB/ERK1/2 cascade in E13 SMGs cultured with Shh. The expressions of mRNA for Egf in mesenchyme and mRNA for Erbb1, Erbb2 and Erbb3 in epithelium of E13 SMG were specifically induced by administration of Shh. These results show that Shh stimulates BrM of fetal mouse SMG, at least in part, through activation of the EGF/ErbB/ERK1/2 signaling system.
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10
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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The EGF signaling pathway influences cell migration and the secretion of metalloproteinases by myoepithelial cells in pleomorphic adenoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:205-11. [PMID: 25230789 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor development, benign neoplastic cells are influenced by the expression of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases present in the tumor microenvironment. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is the most studied growth factor and is considered important for cell proliferation and migration. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are also involved in tumor progression. The present study aimed to analyze the proliferation, viability and migration index of pleomorphic adenoma myoepithelial cells, in addition to the secretion of MMPs with EGF supplementation. Benign myoepithelial cells were cultured with two different EGF doses (5 and 10 ng/ml), and the influence of EGF on cell proliferation and viability, using trypan blue and MTT assays, respectively, after 24, 48, and 72 h, was evaluated. To analyze cellular morphology, hematoxylin-eosin staining and indirect immunofluorescence using the anti-vimentin antibody, was performed. In vitro migration assays were performed in Transwell chambers with an 8-μm pore covered with Matrigel and supplemented with 5 or 10 ng/ml of EGF, after 96 h. After 4 days of cell culture, ELISA was performed to determine the MMP-2 and MMP-13 levels. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test was applied, with a significance level of 0.05. The results revealed that EGF influences myoepithelial cell morphology, without alteration of proliferation and viability. The migration assay showed that EGF increased the mean index from 16 % in the control group to 40 and 76 % for 5 and 10 ng/ml of EGF, respectively. ELISA revealed that when the cells were supplemented with either of the EGF doses, an increase in MMP-2 levels was observed when compared with the control group (C). This study concludes that EGF aids in the production of MMP-2, which favors the dissolution of the basement membrane, contributing to cell migration and tumor progression, hence permitting contact between the myoepithelial cells and stroma.
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12
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Kera H, Yuki S, Nogawa H. FGF7 signals are relayed to autocrine EGF family growth factors to induce branching morphogenesis of mouse salivary epithelium. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:552-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hayashi Kera
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Satoshi Yuki
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nogawa
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
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13
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Wells KL, Gaete M, Matalova E, Deutsch D, Rice D, Tucker AS. Dynamic relationship of the epithelium and mesenchyme during salivary gland initiation: the role of Fgf10. Biol Open 2013; 2:981-9. [PMID: 24167707 PMCID: PMC3798193 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands provide an excellent model for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. We have looked at the interactions involved in the early initiation and development of murine salivary glands using classic recombination experiments and knockout mice. We show that salivary gland epithelium, at thickening and initial bud stages, is able to direct salivary gland development in non-gland pharyngeal arch mesenchyme at early stages. The early salivary gland epithelium is therefore able to induce gland development in non-gland tissue. This ability later shifts to the mesenchyme, with non-gland epithelium, such as from the limb bud, able to form a branching gland when combined with pseudoglandular stage gland mesenchyme. This shift appears to involve Fgf signalling, with signals from the epithelium inducing Fgf10 in the mesenchyme. Fgf10 then signals back to the epithelium to direct gland down-growth and bud development. These experiments highlight the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal signalling in gland initiation, controlling where, when and how many salivary glands form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L. Wells
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marcia Gaete
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danny Deutsch
- Dental Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Rice
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Okumura K, Shinohara M, Endo F. Capability of tissue stem cells to organize into salivary rudiments. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:502136. [PMID: 22550510 PMCID: PMC3328257 DOI: 10.1155/2012/502136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis (BrM), an essential step for salivary gland development, requires epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. BrM is impaired when the surrounding mesenchyme is detached from the salivary epithelium during the pseudoglandular stage. It is believed that the salivary mesenchyme is indispensable for BrM, however, an extracellular matrix gel with exogenous EGF can be used as a substitute for the mesenchyme during BrM in the developing salivary epithelium. Stem/progenitor cells isolated from salivary glands in humans and rodents can be classified as mesenchymal stem cell-like, bone-marrow-derived, duct cell-like, and embryonic epithelium-like cells. Salivary-gland-derived progenitor (SGP) cells isolated from duct-ligated rats, mice, and swine submandibular glands share similar characteristics, including intracellular laminin and α6β1-integrin expression, similar to the embryonic salivary epithelia during the pseudoglandular stage. Progenitor cells also isolated from human salivary glands (human SGP cells) having the same characteristics differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells when transplanted into the liver. Similar to the dissociated embryonic salivary epithelium, human SGP cells aggregate to self-organize into branching organ-like structures on Matrigel plus exogenous EGF. These results suggest the possibility that tissue stem cells organize rudiment-like structures, and the embryonic cells that organize into whole tissues during development are preserved even in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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15
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Okamoto K, Kikuchi-Handa T, Nogawa H. Evidence of interlobular repulsion during branching morphogenesis in mouse salivary glands. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2208-18. [PMID: 20568245 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a culture method for detecting repulsion among epithelial lobules during branching morphogenesis in mouse submandibular glands. Three epithelia were placed at each vertex of an imaginary triangle apart but near enough to meet with one another if each of them expands radially during the culture period. No repulsion was observed following cultivation with neuregulin 1 and lysophosphatidic acid; the epithelia actively branched and nearly contacted one another in the triangle's center. In contrast, strong repulsion was observed among the epithelia cultured with fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), which exhibited less branching and moved away from the center. The localization of DiI- (1,1', di-octadecyl-3,3,3',3',-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate) and BrdU- (5-bromodeoxyuridine) labeled cells in the cultures exposed to FGF1 indicated that the cells were unable to move and proliferate in the center. SB431542, an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling, was unable to abolish this repulsion, suggesting that TGFbetas will not probably act as repellants in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Okamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Larsen M, Yamada KM, Musselmann K. Systems analysis of salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 2:670-82. [PMID: 20890964 PMCID: PMC3398465 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a crucial developmental process in which vertebrate organs generate extensive epithelial surface area while retaining a compact size. In the vertebrate submandibular salivary gland, branching morphogenesis is crucial for the generation of the large surface area necessary to produce sufficient saliva. However, in many salivary gland diseases, saliva-producing acinar cells are destroyed, resulting in dry mouth and secondary health conditions. Systems-based approaches can provide insights into understanding salivary gland development, function, and disease. The traditional approach to understanding these processes is the identification of molecular signals using reductionist approaches; we review current progress with such methods in understanding salivary gland development. Taking a more global approach, multiple groups are currently profiling the transcriptome, the proteome, and other 'omes' in both developing mouse tissues and in human patient samples. Computational methods have been successful in deciphering large data sets, and mathematical models are starting to make predictions regarding the contribution of molecules to the physical processes of morphogenesis and cellular function. A challenge for the future will be to establish comprehensive, publicly accessible salivary gland databases spanning the full range of genes and proteins; plans are underway to provide these resources to researchers in centralized repositories. The greatest challenge for the future will be to develop realistic models that integrate multiple types of data to both describe and predict embryonic development and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York
| | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kurt Musselmann
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
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17
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Gresik EW, Koyama N, Hayashi T, Kashimata M. Branching morphogenesis in the fetal mouse submandibular gland is codependent on growth factors and extracellular matrix. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2010; 56 Suppl:228-33. [PMID: 20224186 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.56.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis (BrM) is a basic developmental process for the formation of the lung, kidney, and all exocrine glands, including the salivary glands. This process proceeds as follows. An epithelial downgrowth invaginates into underlying mesenchyme, and forms a cleft at its distal end, which is the site of dichotomous branching and elongation; this process of clefting and elongation is repeated many times at the distal ends of the invading epithelium until the desired final extent of branching is reached. The distal ends of the epithelium differentiate into the secretory endpieces, and the elongated segments become the ducts. This presentation is a brief historical review of studies on BrM during the development of the submandibular gland (SMG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Gresik
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York, NY, USA
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