1
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Mori Y, Smith S, Wang J, Munjal A. Versican controlled by Lmx1b regulates hyaluronate density and hydration for semicircular canal morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592968. [PMID: 38766227 PMCID: PMC11100707 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
During inner ear semicircular canal morphogenesis in zebrafish, patterned canal-genesis zones express genes for extracellular matrix component synthesis. These include hyaluronan and the hyaluronan-binding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Versican, which are abundant in the matrices of many developing organs. Charged hyaluronate polymers play a key role in canal morphogenesis through osmotic swelling. However, the developmental factor(s) that control the synthesis of the matrix components and regulation of hyaluronate density and swelling are unknown. Here, we identify the transcription factor, Lmx1b, as a positive transcriptional regulator of hyaluronan, Versican, and chondroitin synthesis genes crucial for canal morphogenesis. We show that Versican regulates hyaluronan density through its protein core, whereas the charged chondroitin side chains contribute to the osmotic swelling of hyaluronate. Versican-tuned properties of hyaluronate matrices may be a broadly used mechanism in morphogenesis with important implications for understanding diseases where these matrices are impaired, and for hydrogel engineering for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mori
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710
| | - Sierra Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710
| | - Akankshi Munjal
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710
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2
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Leyhr J, Waldmann L, Filipek-Górniok B, Zhang H, Allalou A, Haitina T. A novel cis-regulatory element drives early expression of Nkx3.2 in the gnathostome primary jaw joint. eLife 2022; 11:75749. [PMCID: PMC9665848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of movable jaws was a major event during vertebrate evolution. The role of NK3 homeobox 2 (Nkx3.2) transcription factor in patterning the primary jaw joint of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) is well known, however knowledge about its regulatory mechanism is lacking. In this study, we report a proximal enhancer element of Nkx3.2 that is deeply conserved in most gnathostomes but undetectable in the jawless hagfish and lamprey. This enhancer is active in the developing jaw joint region of the zebrafish Danio rerio, and was thus designated as jaw joint regulatory sequence 1 (JRS1). We further show that JRS1 enhancer sequences from a range of gnathostome species, including a chondrichthyan and mammals, have the same activity in the jaw joint as the native zebrafish enhancer, indicating a high degree of functional conservation despite the divergence of cartilaginous and bony fish lineages or the transition of the primary jaw joint into the middle ear of mammals. Finally, we show that deletion of JRS1 from the zebrafish genome using CRISPR/Cas9 results in a significant reduction of early gene expression of nkx3.2 and leads to a transient jaw joint deformation and partial fusion. Emergence of this Nkx3.2 enhancer in early gnathostomes may have contributed to the origin and shaping of the articulating surfaces of vertebrate jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Leyhr
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Science for Life Laboratory Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University
- Science for Life Laboratory BioImage Informatics Facility
| | - Amin Allalou
- Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University
- Science for Life Laboratory BioImage Informatics Facility
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
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3
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Jones AA, Diamantopoulou E, Baxendale S, Whitfield TT. Presence of chondroitin sulphate and requirement for heparan sulphate biosynthesis in the developing zebrafish inner ear. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959624. [PMID: 36092694 PMCID: PMC9458858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis to form the semicircular canal ducts of the zebrafish inner ear depends on the production of the large glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, which is thought to contribute to the driving force that pushes projections of epithelium into the lumen of the otic vesicle. Proteoglycans are also implicated in otic morphogenesis: several of the genes coding for proteoglycan core proteins, together with enzymes that synthesise and modify their polysaccharide chains, are expressed in the developing zebrafish inner ear. In this study, we demonstrate the highly specific localisation of chondroitin sulphate to the sites of epithelial projection outgrowth in the ear, present before any morphological deformation of the epithelium. Staining for chondroitin sulphate is also present in the otolithic membrane, whereas the otoliths are strongly positive for keratan sulphate. We show that heparan sulphate biosynthesis is critical for normal epithelial projection outgrowth, otolith growth and tethering. In the ext2 mutant ear, which has reduced heparan sulphate levels, but continues to produce hyaluronan, epithelial projections are rudimentary, and do not grow sufficiently to meet and fuse to form the pillars of tissue that normally span the otic lumen. Staining for chondroitin sulphate and expression of versican b, a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan core protein gene, persist abnormally at high levels in the unfused projections of the ext2 mutant ear. We propose a model for wild-type epithelial projection outgrowth in which hyaluronan and proteoglycans are linked to form a hydrated gel that fills the projection core, with both classes of molecule playing essential roles in zebrafish semicircular canal morphogenesis.
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5
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Quantification of Idua Enzymatic Activity Combined with Observation of Phenotypic Change in Zebrafish Embryos Provide a Preliminary Assessment of Mutated idua Correlated with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081199. [PMID: 35893292 PMCID: PMC9332586 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an inherited autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutation of the α-l-Iduronidase (IDUA) gene. New unknown mutated nucleotides of idua have increasingly been discovered in newborn screening, and remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that the z-Idua enzymatic activity of zebrafish idua-knockdown embryos was reduced, resulting in the accumulation of undegradable metabolite of heparin sulfate, as well as increased mortality and defective phenotypes similar to some symptoms of human MPS I. After microinjecting mutated z-idua-L346R, -T364M, -E398-deleted, and -E540-frameshifted mRNAs, corresponding to mutated human IDUA associated with MPS I, into zebrafish embryos, no increase in z-Idua enzymatic activity, except of z-idua-E540-frameshift-injected embryos, was noted compared with endogenous z-Idua of untreated embryos. Defective phenotypes were observed in the z-idua-L346R-injected embryos, suggesting that failed enzymatic activity of mutated z-Idua-L346R might have a dominant negative effect on endogenous z-Idua function. However, defective phenotypes were not observed in the z-idua-E540-frameshifted-mRNA-injected embryos, which provided partial enzymatic activity. Based on these results, we suggest that the z-Idua enzyme activity assay combined with phenotypic observation of mutated-idua-injected zebrafish embryos could serve as an alternative platform for a preliminary assessment of mutated idua not yet characterized for their role in MPS I.
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6
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Habicher J, Varshney GK, Waldmann L, Snitting D, Allalou A, Zhang H, Ghanem A, Öhman Mägi C, Dierker T, Kjellén L, Burgess SM, Ledin J. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferase genes are essential for craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010067. [PMID: 35192612 PMCID: PMC8896900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans are indispensable for animal development and homeostasis but the large number of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have made CS/DS function a challenging problem to study genetically. In our study, we generated loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish genes encoding CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and characterized the effect on development in single and double mutants. Homozygous mutants in chsy1, csgalnact1a, csgalnat2, chpfa, ust and chst7, respectively, develop to adults. However, csgalnact1a-/- fish develop distinct craniofacial defects while the chsy1-/- skeletal phenotype is milder and the remaining mutants display no gross morphological abnormalities. These results suggest a high redundancy for the CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and to further reduce CS/DS biosynthesis we combined mutant alleles. The craniofacial phenotype is further enhanced in csgalnact1a-/-;chsy1-/- adults and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae. While csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- was the most affected allele combination in our study, CS/DS is still not completely abolished. Transcriptome analysis of chsy1-/-, csgalnact1a-/-and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae revealed that the expression had changed in a similar way in the three mutant lines but no differential expression was found in any of fifty GAG biosynthesis enzymes identified. Thus, zebrafish larvae do not increase transcription of GAG biosynthesis genes as a consequence of decreased CS/DS biosynthesis. The new zebrafish lines develop phenotypes similar to clinical characteristics of several human congenital disorders making the mutants potentially useful to study disease mechanisms and treatment. The components of the extracellular matrix are crucial for interactions and communication between cells during animal development and disease progression. One major component of the extracellular matrix is chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans, which support and modify cell functions and tissue homeostasis. The biosynthesis of CS/DS is complex and no genetic models have been developed to specifically reduce CS/DS in the zebrafish model organism. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out key CS/DS biosynthesis genes. We find that knocking out single genes rarely causes major effects on zebrafish morphology and viability, but by combining several knockout alleles we could observe malformations in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. In addition, one combination of alleles was embryonic lethal. Our findings describe the role of CS/DS in the development of the head skeleton and give insights in the regulation of genes involved in CS/DS biosynthesis. The zebrafish mutants generated in this study can be used as tools to further study human diseases caused by mutations in CS/DS biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
| | - Gaurav K. Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Snitting
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amin Allalou
- Department of Information Technology, and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Department for Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
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7
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Debiais-Thibaud M, Simion P, Ventéo S, Muñoz D, Marcellini S, Mazan S, Haitina T. Skeletal Mineralization in Association with Type X Collagen Expression Is an Ancestral Feature for Jawed Vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2265-2276. [PMID: 31270539 PMCID: PMC6759074 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the molecular bases of mineralizing cell evolution, we targeted type X collagen, a nonfibrillar network forming collagen encoded by the Col10a1 gene. It is involved in the process of endochondral ossification in ray-finned fishes and tetrapods (Osteichthyes), but until now unknown in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). We show that holocephalans and elasmobranchs have respectively five and six tandemly duplicated Col10a1 gene copies that display conserved genomic synteny with osteichthyan Col10a1 genes. All Col10a1 genes in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula are expressed in ameloblasts and/or odontoblasts of teeth and scales, during the stages of extracellular matrix protein secretion and mineralization. Only one duplicate is expressed in the endoskeletal (vertebral) mineralizing tissues. We also show that the expression of type X collagen is present in teeth of two osteichthyans, the zebrafish Danio rerio and the western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis, indicating an ancestral jawed vertebrate involvement of type X collagen in odontode formation. Our findings push the origin of Col10a1 gene prior to the divergence of osteichthyans and chondrichthyans, and demonstrate its ancestral association with mineralization of both the odontode skeleton and the endoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Simion
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ventéo
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, University of Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - David Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS UMR7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Morikawa M, Mitani Y, Holmborn K, Kato T, Koinuma D, Maruyama J, Vasilaki E, Sawada H, Kobayashi M, Ozawa T, Morishita Y, Bessho Y, Maeda S, Ledin J, Aburatani H, Kageyama R, Maruyama K, Heldin CH, Miyazono K. The ALK-1/SMAD/ATOH8 axis attenuates hypoxic responses and protects against the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/607/eaay4430. [PMID: 31719172 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) is implicated in vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, we showed that the transcription factor ATOH8 was a direct target of SMAD1/5 and was induced in a manner dependent on BMP but independent of Notch, another critical signaling pathway in ECs. In zebrafish and mice, inactivation of Atoh8 did not cause an arteriovenous malformation-like phenotype, which may arise because of dysregulated Notch signaling. In contrast, Atoh8-deficient mice exhibited a phenotype mimicking PAH, which included increased pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. Moreover, ATOH8 expression was decreased in PAH patient lungs. We showed that in cells, ATOH8 interacted with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) and decreased its abundance, leading to reduced induction of HIF-2α target genes in response to hypoxia. Together, these findings suggest that the BMP receptor type II/ALK-1/SMAD/ATOH8 axis may attenuate hypoxic responses in ECs in the pulmonary circulation and may help prevent the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Morikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yoshihide Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Katarina Holmborn
- Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taichi Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junko Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eleftheria Vasilaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hirofumi Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mai Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Medical Joint Materials, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Johan Ledin
- Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Flanagan-Steet H, Christian C, Lu PN, Aarnio-Peterson M, Sanman L, Archer-Hartmann S, Azadi P, Bogyo M, Steet RA. TGF-ß Regulates Cathepsin Activation during Normal and Pathogenic Development. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539424 PMCID: PMC6247414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play roles during development and disease beyond their function in lysosomal protein turnover. Here, we leverage a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), BMV109, to track cysteine cathepsins in normal and diseased zebrafish embryos. Using this probe in a model of mucolipidosis II, we show that loss of carbohydrate-dependent lysosomal sorting alters the activity of several cathepsin proteases. The data support a pathogenic mechanism where TGF-β signals enhance the proteolytic processing of pro-Ctsk by modulating the expression of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). In MLII, elevated C4-S corresponds with TGF-β-mediated increases in chst11 expression. Inhibiting chst11 impairs the proteolytic activation of Ctsk and alleviates the MLII phenotypes. These findings uncover a regulatory loop between TGF-β signaling and Ctsk activation that is altered in the context of lysosomal disease. This work highlights the power of ABPs to identify mechanisms underlying pathogenic development in living animals. Chondroitin sulfate is a known regulator of cathepsin protease activity. Flanagan-Steet et al. identify a positive feedback mechanism whereby cathepsins secreted from chondrocytes upon loss of lysosomal targeting activate TGF-β signaling in developing cartilage. This increased signaling, in turn, stimulates chondroitin-4 sulfation and enhances cathepsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Christian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Po-Nien Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | | | - Laura Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Richard A Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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10
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Hou XM, Baloch Z, Zheng ZH, Zhang WH, Feng Y, Li DD, Wu XA, Yang SH. Knockdown of CHPF suppresses cell progression of non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3275-3283. [PMID: 31118773 PMCID: PMC6499445 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s192036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to explore the role of CHPF in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to develop an shRNA vector-based therapy to repress the expression of CHPF gene in NSCLC cell lines. Methods: In this study, we used immunohistochemical staining to verify the expression of CHPF in NSCLC tissue. Then, we determined the expression of CHPF gene in different NSCLC cell lines with RT-PCR and Western blotting. Specific CHPF shRNA was used to knockdown the expression of CHPF. Celigo image cytometry, cell cycle analysis, and flow cytometry assay were performed. Results: The results showed that expression level of CHPF was higher in NSCLC tissues than normal lung tissues. Further, we established that CHPF expression knockdown in NSCLC cells could substantially restrain the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle in vitro. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we concluded that CHPF expression has an important role in the progression of human NSCLC cells. Therefore, its interference could possibly be used as a potential therapeutic target against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Hong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan-Duan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-An Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hua Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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11
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Whole genome sequencing of canids reveals genomic regions under selection and variants influencing morphology. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1489. [PMID: 30940804 PMCID: PMC6445083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic dog breeds are characterized by an unrivaled diversity of morphologic traits and breed-associated behaviors resulting from human selective pressures. To identify the genetic underpinnings of such traits, we analyze 722 canine whole genome sequences (WGS), documenting over 91 million single nucleotide and small indels, creating a large catalog of genomic variation for a companion animal species. We undertake both selective sweep analyses and genome wide association studies (GWAS) inclusive of over 144 modern breeds, 54 wild canids and a hundred village dogs. Our results identify variants of strong impact associated with 16 phenotypes, including body weight variation which, when combined with existing data, explain greater than 90% of body size variation in dogs. We thus demonstrate that GWAS and selection scans performed with WGS are powerful complementary methods for expanding the utility of companion animal systems for the study of mammalian growth and biology. Being man’s best friend, dogs have been bred and selected for certain morphologic traits and breed-associated behaviours. Here, Plassais et al. analyse 722 canine whole genome sequences including modern breeds, wild canids and village dogs by GWAS and search for signatures of selection.
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Topczewska JM, Shoela RA, Tomaszewski JP, Mirmira RB, Gosain AK. The Morphogenesis of Cranial Sutures in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165775. [PMID: 27829009 PMCID: PMC5102434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using morphological, histological, and TEM analyses of the cranium, we provide a detailed description of bone and suture growth in zebrafish. Based on expression patterns and localization, we identified osteoblasts at different degrees of maturation. Our data confirm that, unlike in humans, zebrafish cranial sutures maintain lifelong patency to sustain skull growth. The cranial vault develops in a coordinated manner resulting in a structure that protects the brain. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Parietal and frontal bones are formed by intramembranous ossification within a layer of mesenchyme positioned between the dermal mesenchyme and meninges surrounding the brain. The supraoccipital bone has an endochondral origin. Cranial bones are separated by connective tissue with a distinctive architecture of osteogenic cells and collagen fibrils. Here we show RNA in situ hybridization for col1a1a, col2a1a, col10a1, bglap/osteocalcin, fgfr1a, fgfr1b, fgfr2, fgfr3, foxq1, twist2, twist3, runx2a, runx2b, sp7/osterix, and spp1/ osteopontin, indicating that the expression of genes involved in suture development in mammals is preserved in zebrafish. We also present methods for examining the cranium and its sutures, which permit the study of the mechanisms involved in suture patency as well as their pathological obliteration. The model we develop has implications for the study of human disorders, including craniosynostosis, which affects 1 in 2,500 live births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta M. Topczewska
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramy A. Shoela
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna P. Tomaszewski
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rupa B. Mirmira
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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14
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Viola M, Brüggemann K, Karousou E, Caon I, Caravà E, Vigetti D, Greve B, Stock C, De Luca G, Passi A, Götte M. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell viability, motility and matrix adhesion are regulated by a complex interplay of heparan sulfate, chondroitin-/dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan biosynthesis. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:411-420. [PMID: 27744520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans modulate numerous cellular processes relevant to tumour progression, including cell proliferation, cell-matrix interactions, cell motility and invasive growth. Among the glycosaminoglycans with a well-documented role in tumour progression are heparan sulphate, chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan. While the mode of biosynthesis differs for sulphated glycosaminoglycans, which are synthesised in the ER and Golgi compartments, and hyaluronan, which is synthesized at the plasma membrane, these polysaccharides partially compete for common substrates. In this study, we employed a siRNA knockdown approach for heparan sulphate (EXT1) and heparan/chondroitin/dermatan sulphate-biosynthetic enzymes (β4GalT7) in the aggressive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to study the impact on cell behaviour and hyaluronan biosynthesis. Knockdown of β4GalT7 expression resulted in a decrease in cell viability, motility and adhesion to fibronectin, while these parameters were unchanged in EXT1-silenced cells. Importantly, these changes were associated with a decreased expression of syndecan-1, decreased signalling response to HGF and an increase in the synthesis of hyaluronan, due to an upregulation of the hyaluronan synthases HAS2 and HAS3. Interestingly, EXT1-depleted cells showed a downregulation of the UDP-sugar transporter SLC35D1, whereas SLC35D2 was downregulated in β4GalT7-depleted cells, indicating an intricate regulatory network that connects all glycosaminoglycans synthesis. The results of our in vitro study suggest that a modulation of breast cancer cell behaviour via interference with heparan sulphate biosynthesis may result in a compensatory upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis. These findings have important implications for the development of glycosaminoglycan-targeted therapeutic approaches for malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Viola
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Kathrin Brüggemann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Caravà
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Stock
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giancarlo De Luca
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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Chen H, Beasley A, Hu Y, Chen X. A Zebrafish Model for Studies on Esophageal Epithelial Biology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143878. [PMID: 26630178 PMCID: PMC4667901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian esophagus exhibits a remarkable change in epithelial structure during the transition from embryo to adult. However, the molecular mechanisms of esophageal epithelial development are not well understood. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a common model organism for vertebrate development and gene function, has not previously been characterized as a model system for esophageal epithelial development. In this study, we characterized a piece of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium similar to human esophageal epithelium in the upper digestive tract of developing zebrafish. Under the microscope, this piece was detectable at 5dpf and became stratified at 7dpf. Expression of esophageal epithelial marker genes (Krt5, P63, Sox2 and Pax9) was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Knockdown of P63, a gene known to be critical for esophageal epithelium, disrupted the development of this epithelium. With this model system, we found that Pax9 knockdown resulted in loss or disorganization of the squamous epithelium, as well as down-regulation of the differentiation markers Krt4 and Krt5. In summary, we characterized a region of stratified squamous epithelium in the zebrafish upper digestive tract which can be used for functional studies of candidate genes involved in esophageal epithelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Andrea Beasley
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Basing RNA-seq explored the regulatory mechanism of the carbohydrate metabolism pathways during chicken male germ cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:690-6. [PMID: 25828361 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of the carbohydrate metabolism signaling pathways and related genes during the differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells to male germ cells, providing the basis for improving the efficiency of the in vitro induction system. Cell sorting was used to obtain highly purified embryonic stem cells (ESCs), primitive germ cells (PGCs), and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The total RNA was then extracted from each cell type. The transcriptions of ESCs, PGCs, and SSCs were sequenced by DNA microarray and mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. The key pathways and genes of carbohydrate metabolism were screened during the differentiation process of chicken male germ cell. We concluded that 419 differentially expressed genes enriched to 26 carbohydrate metabolism pathways during the differentiation process of ESCs to SSCs, all of the chondroitin sulfate (CS) signaling pathway was significant. We screened the key genes CHSY3, B3GAT1, CHPF, and B4GALT7 which was significantly expressed in CS pathway. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression trend of these genes is consistent with DNA Microarray and RNA-seq results. Our study supports the opinion that CS pathway is significantly different during the differentiation of chicken male germ cell (P < 0.05) and that CHSY3, B3GAT1, CHPF, and B4GALT7 are key genes.
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Habicher J, Haitina T, Eriksson I, Holmborn K, Dierker T, Ahlberg PE, Ledin J. Chondroitin / dermatan sulfate modification enzymes in zebrafish development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121957. [PMID: 25793894 PMCID: PMC4368567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans consist of unbranched sulfated polysaccharide chains of repeating GalNAc-GlcA/IdoA disaccharide units, attached to serine residues on specific proteins. The CS/DS proteoglycans are abundant in the extracellular matrix where they have essential functions in tissue development and homeostasis. In this report a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate genes coding for the enzymes that modify CS/DS is presented. We identify single orthologous genes in the zebrafish genome for the sulfotransferases chst7, chst11, chst13, chst14, chst15 and ust and the epimerase dse. In contrast, two copies were found for mammalian sulfotransferases CHST3 and CHST12 and the epimerase DSEL, named chst3a and chst3b, chst12a and chst12b, dsela and dselb, respectively. Expression of CS/DS modification enzymes is spatially and temporally regulated with a large variation between different genes. We found that CS/DS 4-O-sulfotransferases and 6-O-sulfotransferases as well as CS/DS epimerases show a strong and partly overlapping expression, whereas the expression is restricted for enzymes with ability to synthesize di-sulfated disaccharides. A structural analysis further showed that CS/DS sulfation increases during embryonic development mainly due to synthesis of 4-O-sulfated GalNAc while the proportion of 6-O-sulfated GalNAc increases in later developmental stages. Di-sulfated GalNAc synthesized by Chst15 and 2-O-sulfated GlcA/IdoA synthesized by Ust are rare, in accordance with the restricted expression of these enzymes. We also compared CS/DS composition with that of heparan sulfate (HS). Notably, CS/DS biosynthesis in early zebrafish development is more dynamic than HS biosynthesis. Furthermore, HS contains disaccharides with more than one sulfate group, which are virtually absent in CS/DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Holmborn
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per E. Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Filipek-Górniok B, Carlsson P, Haitina T, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119040. [PMID: 25767878 PMCID: PMC4359090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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19
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Carvalho D, Mackay A, Bjerke L, Grundy RG, Lopes C, Reis RM, Jones C. The prognostic role of intragenic copy number breakpoints and identification of novel fusion genes in paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:23. [PMID: 24548782 PMCID: PMC3938307 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric high grade glioma (pHGG) is a distinct biological entity to histologically similar tumours arising in older adults, and has differing copy number profiles and driver genetic alterations. As functionally important intragenic copy number aberrations (iCNA) and fusion genes begin to be identified in adult HGG, the same has not yet been done in the childhood setting. We applied an iCNA algorithm to our previously published dataset of DNA copy number profiling in pHGG with a view to identify novel intragenic breakpoints. RESULTS We report a series of 288 iCNA events in pHGG, with the presence of intragenic breakpoints itself a negative prognostic factor. We identified an increased number of iCNA in older children compared to infants, and increased iCNA in H3F3A K27M mutant tumours compared to G34R/V and wild-type. We observed numerous gene disruptions by iCNA due to both deletions and amplifications, targeting known HGG-associated genes such as RB1 and NF1, putative tumour suppressors such as FAF1 and KIDINS220, and novel candidates such as PTPRE and KCND2. We further identified two novel fusion genes in pHGG - CSGALNACT2:RET and the complex fusion DHX57:TMEM178:MAP4K3. The latter was sequence-validated and appears to be an activating event in pHGG. CONCLUSIONS These data expand upon our understanding of the genomic events driving these tumours and represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in these poor prognosis cancers of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carvalho
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
- />University of Coimbra, Palácio dos Grilos, R. da Ilha, Coimbra, 3000-214 Portugal
- />Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, and ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alan Mackay
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Lynn Bjerke
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
| | - Richard G Grundy
- />Childhood Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Kings Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane, Nottingham, NG7 2NR UK
| | - Celeste Lopes
- />University of Coimbra, Palácio dos Grilos, R. da Ilha, Coimbra, 3000-214 Portugal
| | - Rui M Reis
- />Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, and ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- />Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP Brazil
| | - Chris Jones
- />Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG UK
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Spinal deformity in aged zebrafish is accompanied by degenerative changes to their vertebrae that resemble osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75787. [PMID: 24086633 PMCID: PMC3782452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degenerative changes within the vertebral column are a significant cause of morbidity with considerable socio-economic impact worldwide. An improved understanding of these changes through the development of experimental models may lead to improvements in existing clinical treatment options. The zebrafish is a well-established model for the study of skeletogenesis with significant potential in gerontological research. With advancing age, zebrafish frequently develop gross deformities of their vertebral column, previously ascribed to reduced trunk muscle tone. In this study, we assess degenerative changes specifically within the bone and cartilage of the vertebral column of zebrafish at 1, 2 and 3-years of age. We show increased frequency and severity of spinal deformities/curvatures with age. Underlying the most severe phenotypes are partial or complete vertebral dislocations and focal thickening of the vertebral bone at the joint margins. MicroCT examination demonstrates small defects, fractures and morphological evidence suggestive of bone erosion and remodeling (i.e. osteophytes) within the vertebrae during aging, but no significant change in bone density. Light and electron microscopic examination reveal striking age-related changes in cell morphology, suggestive of chondroptosis, and tissue remodelling of the vertebral cartilage, particularly within the pericellular micro-environment. Glycosaminoglycan analysis of the vertebral column by HPLC demonstrates a consistent, age-related increase in the yield of total chondroitin sulfate disaccharide, but no change in sulfation pattern, supported by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry strongly identifies all three chondroitin/dermatan sulphate isoforms (C-0-S, C-4-S/DS and C-6-S) within the vertebral cartilage, particularly within the pericellular micro-environment. In contrast, keratan sulfate immunolocalises specifically with the notochordal tissue of the intervertebral disc, and its labelling diminishes with age. In summary, these observations raise the prospect that zebrafish, in addition to modelling skeletal development, may have utility in modelling age-related degenerative changes that affect the skeleton during senescence.
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