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Azeem S, Baroch J, Tewari D, Pabilonia KL, Killian M, Bradel-Tretheway B, Sun D, Ghorbani-Nezami S, Yoon KJ. Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006-2011. Pathogens 2024; 13:333. [PMID: 38668288 PMCID: PMC11054893 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The surveillance of migratory waterbirds (MWs) for avian influenza virus (AIV) is indispensable for the early detection of a potential AIV incursion into poultry. Surveying AIV infections and virus subtypes in understudied MW species could elucidate their role in AIV ecology. Oropharyngeal-cloacal (OPC) swabs were collected from non-mallard MWs between 2006 and 2011. OPC swabs (n = 1158) that molecularly tested positive for AIV (Cts ≤ 32) but tested negative for H5 and H7 subtypes were selected for virus isolation (VI). The selected samples evenly represented birds from all four North American flyways (Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic). Eighty-seven low pathogenic AIV isolates, representing 31 sites in 17 states, were recovered from the samples. All isolates belonged to the North American lineage. The samples representing birds from the Central Flyway had the highest VI positive rate (57.5%) compared to those from the other flyways (10.3-17.2%), suggesting that future surveillance can focus on the Central Flyway. Of the isolates, 43.7%, 12.6%, and 10.3% were obtained from blue-winged teal, American wigeon, and American black duck species, respectively. Hatch-year MWs represented the majority of the isolates (70.1%). The most common H and N combinations were H3N8 (23.0%), H4N6 (18.4%), and H4N8 (18.4%). The HA gene between non-mallard and mallard MW isolates during the same time period shared 85.5-99.5% H3 identity and 89.3-99.7% H4 identity. Comparisons between MW (mallard and non-mallard) and poultry H3 and H4 isolates also revealed high similarity (79.0-99.0% and 88.7-98.4%), emphasizing the need for continued AIV surveillance in MWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Azeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.A.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - John Baroch
- Wildlife Services, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA;
| | - Kristy L. Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Mary Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Sara Ghorbani-Nezami
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Provencher JF, Wilcox AAE, Gibbs S, Howes LA, Mallory ML, Pybus M, Ramey AM, Reed ET, Sharp CM, Soos C, Stasiak I, Leafloor JO. BAITING AND BANDING: EXPERT OPINION ON HOW BAIT TRAPPING MAY INFLUENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI) AMONG DABBLING DUCKS. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:590-600. [PMID: 37578749 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the clade 2.3.4.4b (Goose/Guangdong lineage) was detected in migratory bird populations in North America in December 2021, and it, along with its reassortants, have since caused wild and domestic bird outbreaks across the continent. Relative to previous outbreaks, HPAIV cases among wild birds in 2022 exhibited wider geographic extent within North America and higher levels of mortality, suggesting the potential for population-level impacts. Given the possible conservation implications of HPAIV in wild birds, natural resource managers have sought guidance on actions that may mitigate negative effects of disease among North American bird populations, including modification of existing management practices. Banding of waterfowl is a critical tool for population management for several harvested species in North America, but some banding techniques, such as bait trapping, can lead to increased congregation of waterfowl, potentially altering HPAIV transmission. We used an expert opinion exercise to assess how bait trapping of dabbling ducks in Canada may influence HPAIV transmission and wild bird health. The expert group found that it is moderately likely that bait trapping of dabbling ducks in wetlands will significantly increase the transmission of HPAIV among individual ducks, but there is a low probability that this will result in significant population-level effects on North American dabbling ducks. Considering the lack of empirical work studying how capture and handling methods may change transmission of HPAIV among waterfowl, as well as the importance of bait trapping for waterfowl management in North America, future work should focus on filling knowledge gaps pertaining to the influence of baiting on HPAIV occurrence to better inform banding procedures and management decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Provencher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alana A E Wilcox
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Samantha Gibbs
- Wildlife Health Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, 16450 NW 31st Place, Chiefland, Florida 32626, USA
| | - Lesley-Anne Howes
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave., Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Margo Pybus
- Alberta Fish and Wildlife, Government of Alberta, 6909-116 St., Edmonton, Alberta T6H 4P2, Canada
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - Eric T Reed
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 5019 52nd St., PO Box 2310, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P7, Canada
| | - Chris M Sharp
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Environmental Science and Technology Centre, 335 River Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C7, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Iga Stasiak
- Ministry of Environment, Government of Saskatchewan, 112 Research Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3R3, Canada
| | - Jim O Leafloor
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Unit 510, 234 Donald St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 1M8, Canada
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Ruiz S, Galdames P, Baumberger C, Gonzalez MA, Rojas C, Oyarzun C, Orozco K, Mattar C, Freiden P, Sharp B, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C, Jimenez-Bluhm P. Remote Sensing and Ecological Variables Related to Influenza A Prevalence and Subtype Diversity in Wild Birds in the Lluta Wetland of Northern Chile. Viruses 2023; 15:1241. [PMID: 37376541 DOI: 10.3390/v15061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lluta River is the northernmost coastal wetland in Chile, representing a unique ecosystem and an important source of water in the extremely arid Atacama Desert. During peak season, the wetland is home to more than 150 species of wild birds and is the first stopover point for many migratory species that arrive in the country along the Pacific migratory route, thereby representing a priority site for avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in Chile. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in the Lluta River wetland, identify subtype diversity, and evaluate ecological and environmental factors that drive the prevalence at the study site. The wetland was studied and sampled from September 2015 to October 2020. In each visit, fresh fecal samples of wild birds were collected for IAV detection by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, a count of wild birds present at the site was performed and environmental variables, such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation coverage (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-NDVI), and water body size were determined. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was built to assess the association between AIV prevalence and explanatory variables. Influenza positive samples were sequenced, and the host species was determined by barcoding. Of the 4349 samples screened during the study period, overall prevalence in the wetland was 2.07% (95% CI: 1.68 to 2.55) and monthly prevalence of AIV ranged widely from 0% to 8.6%. Several hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were identified, and 10 viruses were isolated and sequenced, including low pathogenic H5, H7, and H9 strains. In addition, several reservoir species were recognized (both migratory and resident birds), including the newly identified host Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Regarding environmental variables, prevalence of AIV was positively associated with NDVI (OR = 3.65, p < 0.05) and with the abundance of migratory birds (OR = 3.57, p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of the Lluta wetland as a gateway to Chile for viruses that come from the Northern Hemisphere and contribute to the understanding of AIV ecological drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Ruiz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Pablo Galdames
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Cecilia Baumberger
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Maria Antonieta Gonzalez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Camila Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Cristobal Oyarzun
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Katherinne Orozco
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Cristian Mattar
- Laboratory for Analysis of the Biosphere (LAB), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bridgette Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Teitelbaum CS, Casazza ML, McDuie F, De La Cruz SEW, Overton CT, Hall LA, Matchett EL, Ackerman JT, Sullivan JD, Ramey AM, Prosser DJ. Waterfowl recently infected with low pathogenic avian influenza exhibit reduced local movement and delayed migration. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Teitelbaum
- Akima Systems Engineering Herndon Virginia USA
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Michael L. Casazza
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Fiona McDuie
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
- San Jose State University Research Foundation Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing California USA
| | - Susan E. W. De La Cruz
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Cory T. Overton
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Laurie A. Hall
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Elliott L. Matchett
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Jeffery D. Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
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Meng J, Zhang Q, Ma M, Shi H, He G. Persistence of avian influenza virus (H9N2) on plastic surface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155355. [PMID: 35460779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been found to be colonized with pathogens and may become vectors for transmission of diseases. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) on the surfaces of various plastics (PP, PE, PS, PET, PVC, PMMA) under different environmental conditions using glass and stainless steel for comparison. Our results showed that the RNA abundance of AIV on plastics was decreased over time but still detectable 14 days after AIV had been dropped on plastic surfaces. Low temperature (4 °C) was more favorable for AIV RNA preservation and infectivity maintenance. The abundance of AIV RNA was significantly greater on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) than that on glass and stainless steel at higher temperature (i.e., 25 °C and 37 °C) and lower humidity (<20% and 40-60%) (p < 0.05). Infectivity assay showed that AIV infectivity was only maintained at 4 °C after 24 h of incubation. Taken together, the persistence of AIV was more affected by environmental factors than material types. Plastics were able to preserve viral RNA more effectively in relatively high-temperature or low-humidity environments. Our study indicates that environmental factors should be taken into consideration when we evaluate the capacity of plastics to spread viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Ma
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Guimei He
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13083. [PMID: 35906292 PMCID: PMC9338306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in late summer through autumn, temporal and spatial variation across species has not been fully characterized. We combined two large influenza databases for North America and applied spatiotemporal models to explore patterns in prevalence throughout the annual cycle and across the continental United States for 30 waterfowl species. Peaks in prevalence in late summer through autumn were pronounced for dabbling ducks in the genera Anas and Spatula, but not Mareca. Spatially, areas of high prevalence appeared to be related to regional duck density, with highest predicted prevalence found across the upper Midwest during early fall, though further study is needed. We documented elevated prevalence in late winter and early spring, particularly in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal variation in prevalence outside autumn staging areas may also represent a dynamic parameter to be considered in IAV ecology and associated risks.
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Yun S, Hong MJ, Yang MS, Jeon HJ, Lee WS. Assessment of the spatiotemporal risk of avian influenza between waterfowl and poultry farms during the annual cycle: A spatial prediction study focused on seasonal distribution changes in resident waterfowl in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3128-e3140. [PMID: 35894239 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies and efforts to prevent and manage avian influenza (AI) outbreaks have mainly focused on the wintering season. However, outbreaks of AI have been reported in the summer, including the breeding season of waterfowl. Additionally, the spatial distribution of waterfowl can easily change during the annual cycle due to their life-cycle traits and the presence of both migrants and residents in the population. Thus, we assessed the spatiotemporal variation in AI exposure risk in poultry due to spatial distribution changes in three duck species included in both major residents and wintering migrants in South Korea, the mandarin, mallard and spot-billed duck, during wintering (October-March), breeding (April-June) and whole annual seasons. To estimate seasonal ecological niche variations among the three duck species, we applied pairwise ecological niche analysis using the Pianka index. Subsequently, seasonal distribution models were projected by overlaying the monthly ranges estimated by the maximum entropy model. Finally, we overlaid each seasonal distribution range onto a poultry distribution map of South Korea. We found that the mandarin had less niche overlap with the mallard and spot-billed duck during the wintering season than during the breeding season, whereas the mallard had less niche overlap with the mandarin and spot-billed duck during the breeding season than during the wintering season. Breeding and annual distribution ranges of the mandarin and spot-billed duck, but not the mallard, were similar or even wider than their wintering ranges. Similarly, the mandarin and spot-billed duck showed more extensive overlap proportions between poultry and their distributional ranges during both the breeding and annual seasons than during the wintering season. These results suggest that potential AI exposure in poultry can occur more widely in the summer than in winter, depending on sympatry with the host duck species. Future studies considering the population density and variable pathogenicity of AI are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Yun
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Hong
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Yang
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Jeon
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Who-Seung Lee
- Environment Assessment Group, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Rysava K, Espineda J, Silo EAV, Carino S, Aringo AM, Bernales RP, Adonay FF, Tildesley MJ, Hampson K. One Health Surveillance for Rabies: A Case Study of Integrated Bite Case Management in Albay Province, Philippines. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.787524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies is a significant public health concern and economic burden in the Philippines. Animal Bite Treatment Centers (ABTCs) that provide post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to bite patients have been established across the country, but the incidence of bite patient presentations has grown unsustainably, whilst rabies transmission in domestic dogs has not been controlled. Moreover, weak surveillance leads to low case detection and late outbreak responses. Here we investigated the potential for Integrated Bite Case Management (IBCM) to improve rabies detection in Albay province. Using information obtained from animal bite histories combined with phone follow-ups and field investigations, we demonstrated that IBCM resulted in a fourfold increase in case detection over 13 months of study compared to the prior period. Bite patient incidence across Albay was very high (>600/100,000 persons/year) with PEP administered mostly indiscriminately. Clinic attendance reflected availability of PEP and proximity to ABTCs rather than rabies incidence (<3% of patient presentations were from “probable” or confirmed rabies exposures) and is therefore not a suitable indicator of rabies burden. Further analysis of the IBCM data suggests that rabies transmission is mostly localized with focal cases from the previous month and current cases in neighbouring villages being most predictive of future rabies occurrence. We conclude that investigations of suspicious biting incidents identified through IBCM have potential to foster intersectoral relationships, and collaborative investments between public health and veterinary services, enabling the One Health ethos to be applied in a more sustainable and equitable way. Triage of patients and investigations of suspect dogs offer an effective tool for improved PEP provisioning and reduction of unnecessary expenditure, whilst targeted field investigations should lead to increased and earlier detection of rabid dogs. Given the enduring risk of re-introductions from neighbouring populations, enhanced surveillance is critical to achieving and maintaining rabies freedom.
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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