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Van Drunen WE, Johnson MTJ. Polyploidy in urban environments. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:507-516. [PMID: 35246321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is a major driver of evolutionary change in plants, but many aspects of polyploidy in natural systems remain enigmatic. We argue that urban landscapes present an unprecedented opportunity to observe polyploidy in action. Integrating polyploid biology and urban evolutionary ecology, we discuss multiple factors expected to promote polyploid formation, establishment, and persistence in urban systems. We develop a predictive framework for the contemporary ecology and evolution of polyploid plants in cities, and through this novel perspective propose that studying polyploidy in an urban context could lead to breakthroughs in understanding fundamental processes in polyploid evolution. We conclude by highlighting the potential consequences of polyploidy in urban environments, and outline a roadmap for research into this currently unexplored field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Van Drunen
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Lazarević M, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Sanino A, Niketić M, Lamy F, Hinsinger DD, Tomović G, Stevanović B, Stevanović V, Robert T. Genetic Variability in Balkan Paleoendemic Resurrection Plants Ramonda serbica and R. nathaliae Across Their Range and in the Zone of Sympatry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:873471. [PMID: 35574119 PMCID: PMC9096497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ramonda includes three Paleoendemic and Tertiary relict species that survived in refugial habitats of the Balkan Peninsula (R. nathaliae and R. serbica) and the Iberian Peninsula (R. myconi). They are all "resurrection plants," a rare phenomenon among flowering plants in Europe. Ramonda myconi and R. nathaliae are diploids (2n = 2x = 48), while R. serbica is a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 144). The two Balkan species occur in sympatry in only two localities in eastern Serbia, where tetraploid potential hybrids (2n = 4x = 96) were found. This observation raised questions about the existence of gene flow between the two species and, more generally, about the evolutionary processes shaping their genetic diversity. To address this question, genetic markers (AFLP) and an estimate of genome size variation were used in a much larger sample and at a larger geographic scale than previously. The combination of AFLP markers and genome size results suggested ongoing processes of interspecific and interploidy hybridization in the two sites of sympatry. The data also showed that interspecific gene flow was strictly confined to sympatry. Elsewhere, both Ramonda species were characterized by low genetic diversity within populations and high population differentiation. This is consistent with the fact that the two species are highly fragmented into small and isolated populations, likely a consequence of their postglacial history. Within sympatry, enormous variability in cytotypes was observed, exceeding most reported cases of mixed ploidy in complex plant species (from 2x to >8x). The AFLP profiles of non-canonical ploidy levels indicated a diversity of origin pathways and that backcrosses probably occur between tetraploid interspecific hybrids and parental species. The question arises whether this diversity of cytotypes corresponds to a transient situation. If not, the question arises as to the genetic and ecological mechanisms that allow this diversity to be maintained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lazarević
- Department of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Agathe Sanino
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marjan Niketić
- Natural History Museum, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Françoise Lamy
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Biology, University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Damien D. Hinsinger
- Département Biologie et Amélioration des Plantes, Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, INRAE, Evry, France
| | - Gordana Tomović
- Department of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Stevanović
- Department of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Thierry Robert
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Biology Department, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Stutz S, De Clerck-Floate R, Hinz HL, McClay A, McConnachie AJ, Schaffner U. Host Range and Impact of Dichrorampha aeratana, the First Potential Biological Control Agent for Leucanthemum vulgare in North America and Australia. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050438. [PMID: 34066124 PMCID: PMC8150849 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oxeye daisy, a Eurasian member of the daisy family, has become invasive in several parts of the world, including North America and Australia. We investigated whether a root-feeding moth found closely associated with oxeye daisy in Europe could be used as a biological control agent for the plant when weedy. We found that the moth could develop on 11 out of 74 plant species that we tested in laboratory conditions when it was given no choice of plants. When the moths were given a choice of food plants outdoors, we found its larvae only on the ornamentals Shasta daisy and creeping daisy. Larval feeding had no impact on the weight and number of flowers of Shasta daisy, but larval feeding and plant competition reduced both measurements for oxeye daisy. We conclude that it is safe to release the moth species because it will not affect the ornamental value of Shasta daisy or creeping daisy and because it is unlikely to harm any other economically important or native species. Based on the moth’s preference for oxeye daisy, and that we expect it to contribute to the suppression of the weed, we propose its field release in North America and Australia. Abstract We evaluated the potential of the European root-feeding moth Dichrorampha aeratana as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) in North America and Australia. The taxonomic proximity of the ornamental Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) to L. vulgare and its popularity in North America made finding sufficiently host-specific biological control agents a challenge. No-choice tests conducted with 74 non-target species revealed partial or complete larval development on 11 species. In multiple-choice oviposition and larval development tests that were conducted in field cages, larvae were found on five of these, however in multiple-choice tests conducted under open-field conditions, larvae were only found on the ornamentals Shasta daisy and creeping daisy (Mauranthemum paludosum). Larval feeding by D. aeratana had no measurable impact on Shasta daisy, but larval feeding and plant competition reduced the biomass and number of flower heads of L. vulgare. We conclude that D. aeratana is a suitable biological control agent because it will not affect the ornamental value of Shasta or creeping daisies and because it is unlikely to feed on any other economically important or native species. We also expect D. aeratana to contribute to the suppression of L. vulgare populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stutz
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland; (H.L.H.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403—1 Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | - Hariet L. Hinz
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland; (H.L.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Alec McClay
- 12 Roseglen Private, Ottawa, ON K1H 1B6, Canada;
| | - Andrew J. McConnachie
- Weed Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia;
| | - Urs Schaffner
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland; (H.L.H.); (U.S.)
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Moura RF, Queiroga D, Vilela E, Moraes AP. Polyploidy and high environmental tolerance increase the invasive success of plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:105-114. [PMID: 33155178 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ploidy level and genome size (GS) could affect the invasive capacity of plants, although these parameters can be contradictory. While small GS seems to favor dispersion, polyploidy-which increases the GS-also seems to favor it. Using a phylogenetic path analysis, we evaluated the effects of both factors on the environmental tolerance and invasive success of plants. We selected 99 invasive plant species from public online databases and gathered information about invasive capacity (number of non-original countries in which each species occurs), tolerance to environmental factors, ploidy level, and GS. The invasive capacity varied depending on the ploidy level and tolerance to environmental factors. Polyploids and species with increased tolerance to elevated temperatures and rainfall values exhibited high invasive capacity. We found no evidence that GS affects the invasive capacity of plants. We suggest that the genetic variability provided by polyploidization has a positive impact on plant competitiveness, which may ultimately lead to an increased ability to colonize new environments. In a global warming scenario, integrative approaches using phenotypic, genetic, epigenetic, and ecological traits should be a productive route to unveil the aspects of invasive plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Fernandes Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38402-020, Brazil.
| | - Drielly Queiroga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Egon Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-070, Brazil
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Gaynor ML, Lim-Hing S, Mason CM. Impact of genome duplication on secondary metabolite composition in non-cultivated species: a systematic meta-analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:363-376. [PMID: 32504537 PMCID: PMC7424755 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-genome duplication is known to influence ecological interactions and plant physiology; however, despite abundant case studies, much is still unknown about the typical impact of genome duplication on plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this study, we assessed the impact of polyploidy events on PSM characteristics in non-cultivated plants. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare composition and concentration of PSMs among closely related plant species or species complexes differing in ploidy level. KEY RESULTS We assessed 53 studies that focus on PSMs among multiple cytotypes, of which only 14 studies compared concentration quantitatively among cytotypes. We found that whole-genome duplication can have a significant effect on PSM concentration; however, these effects are highly inconsistent. CONCLUSION Overall, there was no consistent effect of whole-genome duplication on PSM concentrations or profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gaynor
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Lim-Hing
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Decanter L, Colling G, Elvinger N, Heiðmarsson S, Matthies D. Ecological niche differences between two polyploid cytotypes of Saxifraga rosacea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:423-435. [PMID: 32067225 PMCID: PMC7216898 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Different cytotypes of a species may differ in their morphology, phenology, physiology, and their tolerance of extreme environments. We studied the ecological niches of two subspecies of Saxifraga rosacea with different ploidy levels: the hexaploid Central European endemic subspecies sponhemica and the more widely distributed octoploid subspecies rosacea. METHODS For both cytotypes, we recorded local environmental conditions and mean plant trait values in populations across their areas of distribution, analyzed their distributions by niche modeling, studied their performance at two transplant sites with contrasting conditions, and experimentally tested their cold resistance. RESULTS Mean annual temperature was higher in hexaploid than in octoploid populations and experiments indicated that frost tolerance of the hexaploid is lower than that of the octoploid. Reproduction of octoploids from Central Europe was higher than that of hexaploids at a transplant site in subarctic Iceland, whereas the opposite was true in temperate Luxembourg, indicating adaptation of the octoploids to colder conditions. Temperature variables were also most important in niche models predicting the distribution of the two cytotypes. Genetic differences in survival among populations were larger for the octoploids than for the hexaploids in both field gardens, suggesting that greater genetic variability may contribute to the octoploid's larger distributional range. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypotheses that different cytotypes may have different niches leading to spatial segregation, and that higher ploidy levels can result in a broader ecological niche and greater tolerance of more extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Decanter
- Fondation Faune‐Flore c/o Musée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MünsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
- Unit of Plant EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 8D‐35043MarburgGermany
| | - Guy Colling
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Nora Elvinger
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Starri Heiðmarsson
- The Icelandic Institute of Natural HistoryBorgir vid Nordurslod600AkureyriIceland
| | - Diethart Matthies
- Unit of Plant EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 8D‐35043MarburgGermany
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Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walczyk AM, Hersch-Green EI. Impacts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels on cytotype performance of the circumboreal herb Chamerion angustifolium: implications for polyploid establishment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:906-921. [PMID: 31283844 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Although polyploidy commonly occurs in angiosperms, not all polyploidization events lead to successful lineages, and environmental conditions could influence cytotype dynamics and polyploid success. Low soil nitrogen and/or phosphorus concentrations often limit ecosystem primary productivity, and changes in these nutrients might differentially favor some cytotypes over others, thereby influencing polyploid establishment. METHODS We grew diploid, established tetraploid, and neotetraploid Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed) in a greenhouse under low and high soil nitrogen and phosphorus conditions and different competition treatments and measured plant performance (height, biomass, flower production, and root bud production) and insect damage responses. By comparing neotetraploids to established tetraploids, we were able to examine traits and responses that might directly arise from polyploidization before they are modified by natural selection and/or genetic drift. RESULTS We found that (1) neopolyploids were the least likely to survive and flower and experienced the most herbivore damage, regardless of nutrient conditions; (2) both neo- and established tetraploids had greater biomass and root bud production under nutrient-enriched conditions, whereas diploid biomass and root bud production was not significantly affected by nutrients; and (3) intra-cytotype competition more negatively affected diploids and established tetraploids than it did neotetraploids. CONCLUSIONS Following polyploidization, biomass and clonal growth might be more immediately affected by environmental nutrient availabilities than plant survival, flowering, and/or responses to herbivory, which could influence competitive dynamics. Specifically, polyploids might have competitive and colonizing advantages over diploids under nutrient-enriched conditions favoring their establishment, although establishment may also depend upon the density and occurrences of other related cytotypes in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Walczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
| | - Erika I Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
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