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Riddell EA, Burger IJ, Tyner-Swanson TL, Biggerstaff J, Muñoz MM, Levy O, Porter CK. Parameterizing mechanistic niche models in biophysical ecology: a review of empirical approaches. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245543. [PMID: 37955347 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic niche models are computational tools developed using biophysical principles to address grand challenges in ecology and evolution, such as the mechanisms that shape the fundamental niche and the adaptive significance of traits. Here, we review the empirical basis of mechanistic niche models in biophysical ecology, which are used to answer a broad array of questions in ecology, evolution and global change biology. We describe the experiments and observations that are frequently used to parameterize these models and how these empirical data are then incorporated into mechanistic niche models to predict performance, growth, survival and reproduction. We focus on the physiological, behavioral and morphological traits that are frequently measured and then integrated into these models. We also review the empirical approaches used to incorporate evolutionary processes, phenotypic plasticity and biotic interactions. We discuss the importance of validation experiments and observations in verifying underlying assumptions and complex processes. Despite the reliance of mechanistic niche models on biophysical theory, empirical data have and will continue to play an essential role in their development and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Riddell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isabella J Burger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tamara L Tyner-Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Justin Biggerstaff
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ofir Levy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Cody K Porter
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Roberts KT, Stillman JH, Rank NE, Dahlhoff EP, Bracewell RR, Elmore J, Williams CM. Transcriptomic evidence indicates that montane leaf beetles prioritize digestion and reproduction in a sex-specific manner during emergence from dormancy. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 47:101088. [PMID: 37210884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During winter, many organisms conserve resources by entering dormancy, suppressing metabolism and biosynthesis. The transition out of winter dormancy to summer activity requires a quick reversal of this suppression, in order to exploit now-favorable environmental conditions. To date, mechanisms by which winter climate variation affects this transition remains unelucidated. Here we experimentally manipulated snow cover for naturally overwintering montane leaf beetles (Chrysomela aeneicollis), and profiled changes in gene expression during the transition out of dormancy in spring. Upon emergence, beetles up-regulate transcripts associated with digestion and nutrient acquisition and down regulate those associated with lipid metabolism, suggesting a shift away from utilizing stored lipid and towards digestion of carbohydrate-rich host plant tissue. Development of digestive capacity is followed by up-regulation of transcripts associated with reproduction; a transition that occurs earlier in females than males. Snow manipulation strongly affected the ground thermal regime and correspondingly gene expression profiles, with beetles showing a delayed up-regulation of reproduction in the dry compared to snowy plots. This suggests that winter conditions can alter the timing and prioritization of processes during emergence from dormancy, potentially magnifying the effects of declining snow cover in the Sierra's and other snowy mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan R Bracewell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Joanna Elmore
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Mathewson PD, Darnell MZ, Lane ZM, Yeghissian TG, Levinton J, Porter WP. Incorporating species-specific morphology improves model predictions of thermal and hydric stress in the sand fiddler crab, Leptuca pugilator. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103613. [PMID: 37437372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding where and why organisms are experiencing thermal and hydric stress is critical for predicting species' responses to climate change. Biophysical models that explicitly link organismal functional traits like morphology, physiology, and behavior to environmental conditions can provide valuable insight into determinants of thermal and hydric stress. Here we use a combination of direct measurements, 3D modeling, and computational fluid dynamics to develop a detailed biophysical model of the sand fiddler crab, Leptuca pugilator. We compare the detailed model's performance to a model using a simpler ellipsoidal approximation of a crab. The detailed model predicted crab body temperatures within 1 °C of observed in both laboratory and field settings; the ellipsoidal approximation model predicted body temperatures within 2 °C of observed body temperatures. Model predictions are meaningfully improved through efforts to incorporate species-specific morphological properties rather than relying on simple geometric approximations. Experimental evaporative water loss (EWL) measurements indicate that L. pugilator can modify its permeability to EWL as a function of vapor density gradients, providing novel insight into physiological thermoregulation in the species. Body temperature and EWL predictions made over the course of a year at a single site demonstrate how such biophysical models can be used to explore mechanistic drivers and spatiotemporal patterns of thermal and hydric stress, providing insight into current and future distributions in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - M Zachary Darnell
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
| | - Zachary M Lane
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
| | - Talene G Yeghissian
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Levinton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Velander TB, Joyce MJ, Kujawa AM, Sanders RL, Keenlance PW, Moen RA. A dynamic thermal model for predicting internal temperature of tree cavities and nest boxes. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Roberts KT, Rank NE, Dahlhoff EP, Stillman JH, Williams CM. Snow modulates winter energy use and cold exposure across an elevation gradient in a montane ectotherm. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6103-6116. [PMID: 34601792 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Snow insulates the soil from air temperature, decreasing winter cold stress and altering energy use for organisms that overwinter in the soil. As climate change alters snowpack and air temperatures, it is critical to account for the role of snow in modulating vulnerability to winter climate change. Along elevational gradients in snowy mountains, snow cover increases but air temperature decreases, and it is unknown how these opposing gradients impact performance and fitness of organisms overwintering in the soil. We developed experimentally validated ecophysiological models of cold and energy stress over the past decade for the montane leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis, along five replicated elevational transects in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. Cold stress peaks at mid-elevations, while high elevations are buffered by persistent snow cover, even in dry years. While protective against cold, snow increases energy stress for overwintering beetles, particularly at low elevations, potentially leading to mortality or energetic tradeoffs. Declining snowpack will predominantly impact mid-elevation populations by increasing cold exposure, while high elevation habitats may provide refugia as drier winters become more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nathan E Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Ecological adaptation drives wood frog population divergence in life history traits. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:790-804. [PMID: 33536638 PMCID: PMC8102587 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation among populations is thought to be generated from spatial heterogeneity in environments that exert selection pressures that overcome the effects of gene flow and genetic drift. Here, we tested for evidence of isolation by distance or by ecology (i.e., ecological adaptation) to generate variation in early life history traits and phenotypic plasticity among 13 wood frog populations spanning 1200 km and 7° latitude. We conducted a common garden experiment and related trait variation to an ecological gradient derived from an ecological niche model (ENM) validated to account for population density variation. Shorter larval periods, smaller body weight, and relative leg lengths were exhibited by populations with colder mean annual temperatures, greater precipitation, and less seasonality in precipitation and higher population density (high-suitability ENM values). After accounting for neutral genetic variation, the QST-FST analysis supported ecological selection as the key process generating population divergence. Further, the relationship between ecology and traits was dependent upon larval density. Specifically, high-suitability/high-density populations in the northern part of the range were better at coping with greater conspecific competition, evidenced by greater postmetamorphic survival and no difference in body weight when reared under stressful conditions of high larval density. Our results support that both climate and competition selection pressures drive clinal variation in larval and metamorphic traits in this species. Range-wide studies like this one are essential for accurate predictions of population's responses to ongoing ecological change.
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Porter WP, Pauli JN, Kearney MR, Notaro M, Zuckerberg B. Future winters present a complex energetic landscape of decreased costs and reduced risk for a freeze-tolerant amphibian, the Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6350-6362. [PMID: 32871618 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Winter climate warming is rapidly leading to changes in snow depth and soil temperatures across mid- and high-latitude ecosystems, with important implications for survival and distribution of species that overwinter beneath the snow. Amphibians are a particularly vulnerable group to winter climate change because of the tight coupling between their body temperature and metabolic rate. Here, we used a mechanistic microclimate model coupled to an animal biophysics model to predict the spatially explicit effects of future climate change on the wintering energetics of a freeze-tolerant amphibian, the Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), across its distributional range in the eastern United States. Our below-the-snow microclimate simulations were driven by dynamically downscaled climate projections from a regional climate model coupled to a one-dimensional model of the Laurentian Great Lakes. We found that warming soil temperatures and decreasing winter length have opposing effects on Wood Frog winter energy requirements, leading to geographically heterogeneous implications for Wood Frogs. While energy expenditures and peak body ice content were predicted to decline in Wood Frogs across most of our study region, we identified an area of heightened energetic risk in the northwestern part of the Great Lakes region where energy requirements were predicted to increase. Because Wood Frogs rely on body stores acquired in fall to fuel winter survival and spring breeding, increased winter energy requirements have the potential to impact local survival and reproduction. Given the geographically variable and intertwined drivers of future under-snow conditions (e.g., declining snow depths, rising air temperatures, shortening winters), spatially explicit assessments of species energetics and risk will be important to understanding the vulnerability of subnivium-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Fitzpatrick
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael R Kearney
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Notaro
- Nelson Institute Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Shipley AA, Cruz J, Zuckerberg B. Personality differences in the selection of dynamic refugia have demographic consequences for a winter-adapted bird. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200609. [PMID: 32900309 PMCID: PMC7542783 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For overwintering species, individuals' ability to find refugia from inclement weather and predators probably confers strong fitness benefits. How animals use their environment can be mediated by their personality (e.g. risk-taking), but does personality mediate how overwintering species select refugia? Snow cover is a dynamic winter characteristic that can influence crypsis or provide below-the-snow refugia. We explored how wintering ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) selected snow roosting sites, a behaviour that reduces stress and cold exposure. We linked selection for approximately 700 roosts with survival of 42 grouse, and showed that grouse generally selected deeper snow and warmer areas. Grouse found in shallow snow were less likely to survive winter. However, individuals that selected deep snow improved their survival, suggesting that demographic consequences of selecting winter refugia are mediated by differences in personality. Our study provides a crucial, and seldom addressed, link between personality in resource selection and resulting demographic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Shipley
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Enriquez‐Urzelai U, Tingley R, Kearney MR, Sacco M, Palacio AS, Tejedo M, Nicieza AG. The roles of acclimation and behaviour in buffering climate change impacts along elevational gradients. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1722-1734. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Urtzi Enriquez‐Urzelai
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO‐CSIC‐PA)Campus de Mieres Mieres Spain
| | - Reid Tingley
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Michael R. Kearney
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Martina Sacco
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO‐CSIC‐PA)Campus de Mieres Mieres Spain
| | - Antonio S. Palacio
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO‐CSIC‐PA)Campus de Mieres Mieres Spain
| | - Miguel Tejedo
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Estación Biológica de DoñanaCSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Alfredo G. Nicieza
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO‐CSIC‐PA)Campus de Mieres Mieres Spain
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