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Chen SS, Zhang H. Abrogation and homeostatic restoration of IgE responses by a universal IgE allergy CTL vaccine-The three signal self/non-self/self (S/NS/S) theory. Immunology 2024; 172:91-108. [PMID: 38303079 PMCID: PMC10987285 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the CTLs induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE-secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs, A32 and SP-1/SP-2 nonameric natural peptides produced through the correspondence principle. Vaccination using nECP induced nECP-specific CTL that profoundly suppressed human IgE production in vitro as well as chimeric human IgE production in human IgE/HLA-A2.01/HLA-B7.02 triple transgenic rodents. Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediatepred by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating categorically type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes for regulaing human IgE production. The three signal theory pertains to mechanisms of three cells underlying central tolerance (S), breaking self tolerance (NS) and regaining peripheral tolerance (S) via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. The three signal theory impirically extended, may be heuritic for immuno-regulation of adaptive immune repertoire in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, AAIIT LLC, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics and Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Protein Display and Molecular Evolution, The Institute of Genetics at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hailan Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, AAIIT LLC, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics and Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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Chen SS, Zhang H. Abrogation and Homeostatic Restoration of IgE Responses by a Universal IgE Allergy CTL Vaccine-The Three Signal Self/Non-Self/Self (S/NS/S) Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.561777. [PMID: 37904962 PMCID: PMC10614744 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.561777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE- secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs produced through the correspondence principle 1, 2 . Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediated by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes. The three signal model is proposed on the mechanisms underlying central tolerance, breaking tolerance and regaining peripheral tolerance via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. One Sentence Summary Human IgE self-peptides are identified as universal allergy vaccines that inhibit IgE synthesis while allowing homeostatic IgE recovery.Graphic abstract textThree cell S/NS/S model of Universal Allergy Vaccines (UAV): Natural IgE peptides (nECPs) presented by enabler DCs break central IgE tolerance (Self), leading to CTLs that inhibit IgE production (Non-self). Generative DCs converted by the metabolic milieu transform the pre-existing nECP-specific CTLs into nECP-specific Tregs leading to homeostatic recovery of IgE competence (S).
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Chen SS, Barankiewicz TJ, Yang YM, Goebel P, Liu FT. IgE peptide-specific CTL inhibit IgE production: a transient IgE suppression model in wild-type and HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice. Cell Immunol 2008; 254:28-38. [PMID: 18674755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Effect of IgE peptide-specific CTL on IgE antibody production was studied in mouse models. CTL elicited in B6.A2Kb tg mice against a human IgE peptide nonamer, pWV, lysed human IgE-secreting U266 myeloma cells and inhibit IgE production by these cells. U266 transfected with mouse A2Kb transgene (U266-A2Kb) were optimally lysed by these CTL, because the alpha3 domain of A2Kb interacts well with the CD8 co-receptors. The CTL generated were more effective in inhibiting IgE production by U266-A2Kb cells than lysing these cells. IgE production by and progression of U266 myeloma were suppressed in B6.A2Kb tg mice rendered tolerant to these cells and vaccinated with pWV along with CpG. We also studied the CTL response elicited in wild-type mice by a mouse nonameric IgE peptide, PI-1, along with CpG. This treatment caused a transient suppression of the IgE response in mice previously sensitized to an antigen. In mice treated with this regimen repeatedly, the IgE response was fully recovered 20 days after each treatment. Notably, while IgE peptide/CpG-treated mice remained unresponsive to antigen challenge in vivo, antigen-specific IgE production can be elicited by antigen in cultured splenocytes from these mice. Moreover, IgE peptide/CpG also inhibited an on-going IgE response, including IgE production by bone marrow cells. Taken together, these observations indicate that a CTL-based IgE peptide vaccine targeting IgE-secreting B/plasma cells may be safely employed as a therapeutic approach for suppressing IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Immunology and Vaccinology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Chen SS, Gong J, Yang YM, Oettgen H, Zanetti M. Cytotoxic T-cells specific for natural IgE peptides downregulate IgE production. Cell Immunol 2005; 233:11-22. [PMID: 15913585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a central role in IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity. Since production of IgE depends on Th2, efforts to block IgE production and control allergic reactions include tolerization of Th2 or deviating development of Th2. We hypothesized that cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting natural IgE peptides/MHC I complexes can eliminate IgE-producing cells and inhibit centrally IgE production. CTL to self-IgE peptides were elicited in mice immunized with nonameric p109-117, p113-121, and p103-141 (CHepsilon2 domain), which encompass both peptides with an OVA helper peptide (OVAp restricted for H-2d/b) in liposomes and presented by dendritic cells (DC). CTL from BALB/c lysed IgE peptide-pulsed P815 target as well as IgE-producing 26.82 hybridomas (H-2d). Natural tolerance to self-IgE peptides was tested in IgE sufficient (IgE +/+) as well as IgE-deficient (IgE -/-) 129/SvEv mice (H-2b). Comparable magnitude of CTL responses was observed in both strains immunized with p109-117 or p103-141 concomitantly with CD4 T-cell costimulation. CTL from 129/SvEv lysed not only IgE peptide-pulsed EL-4 but also IgE-producing B4 hybridomas (H-2b). This observation strongly suggests a correspondence of epitope of immunogenic peptide to that of physiologically processed IgE peptides presented on IgE-producing cells. Moreover, CTL were generated in 129/SvEv, immunized with the recombinant antigenized antibody in liposomes encompassing p107-123, p109-117, and p113-121 expressed in CDR3 of VH62/human gamma1. Polyclonal IgE production was inhibited by coincubation with MHC I-restricted CTL in vitro. Furthermore, antigen-specific IgE responses were inhibited in mice, immunized with p109-117 and p103-141 while IgG responses were not suppressed. Since IgE peptide sequences of CHepsilon2 are ubiquitous to all murine IgE heavy chain, peptides made as such can serve as a universal IgE vaccine to prevent allergy for a myriad of allergens in rodents. This observation suggests that similar human IgE peptides should be identified and employed to downregulate human IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, 6740 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Faure M, Calbo S, Kanellopoulos J, Drapier AM, Cazenave PA, Rueff-Juy D. Tolerance to Maternal Immunoglobulins: Resilience of the Specific T Cell Repertoire in Spite of Long-Lasting Perturbations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell tolerance is established and maintained through various mechanisms, the critical component being the persistence of the specific Ag. However, at the molecular level, the nature of the recovering TCR repertoire following breakdown of tolerance is unknown. We address this important question by following κ light chain constant region (Cκ)-specific CD4+ T cells of κ light chain knock-out (κ−/−) mice born to κ+/− mothers. These cells, which were in contact with maternal κ+ Igs from early ontogeny until weaning, were strongly tolerized. Tolerance was reversible and waned with the disappearance of peptide Cκ134–148 presentation in lymphoid organs, including the thymus. Whereas three specific Vβ-Jβ rearrangements emerged in the peptide Cκ134–148-specific CD4+ T cell response of all regular κ−/− mice, soon after breakdown of tolerance only one of these rearrangements was detected. The two others displayed a significant delay in reappearance and were still rare at 26 wk of age, while the control proliferative response had already recovered 3 mo earlier. At 52 wk of age, a complete recovery of the three canonical Vβ-Jβ rearrangements was observed. Thus, although profoundly perturbed for several months, the T cell repertoire returns to equilibrium, highlighting the resilient nature of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Faure
- *Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique (URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1961 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie), and
| | - Sébastien Calbo
- †Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- †Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Drapier
- *Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique (URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1961 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie), and
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- *Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique (URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1961 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie), and
| | - Dominique Rueff-Juy
- *Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique (URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1961 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie), and
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Rueff-Juy D, Faure M, Drapier AM, Cazenave PA. Role of Maternal Ig in the Induction of Cκ-Specific CD8+ T Cell Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although the influence of maternal Ig on the B cell repertoire and subsequent Ab response has been extensively studied, much less attention has been devoted to their effects on T cell responses of the offspring. To address this question, we have studied the influence of maternal κ-positive Ig (Igκ) on the Cκ-specific CD8+ T cell response of κ knock-out (κ−/−) pups resulting from various crosses and foster nursings. These systems allowed control of physiologic transmission of Igκ at defined periods of ontogeny. Our data show that conventional transfer of maternal Ig via the placenta plus colostrum/milk or adoptive transfer via only the colostrum/milk were the most efficient at tolerizing Cκ-specific CD8+ responses. Surprisingly, tolerance was not detected in κ−/− pups born to κ+/− females obtained by cesarean delivery and suckled by κ−/− mothers (transplacental supply only). Tolerance, which was strong until 5 wk of age, was reversible and waned with the decrease of Igκ serum concentration. Depletion of CD4+ T cells at the time of Cκ peptide immunization abolished the tolerance of Cκ-specific CD8+ T cells. These data suggest that an oral supply of Ig is very efficient at inducing and maintaining tolerance of Cκ-specific CD8+ T cells, at least for several weeks after birth, and that suppression rather than deletion is responsible for this tolerance. In addition, they strengthen the view that tolerance of CD8+ T cells to a soluble Ag is never permanently acquired even if it is present in large quantities during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Rueff-Juy
- Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur (Unité de Recherche Associée 161, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et Université Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur (Unité de Recherche Associée 161, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et Université Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Drapier
- Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur (Unité de Recherche Associée 161, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et Université Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur (Unité de Recherche Associée 161, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et Université Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris, France
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